جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ریسک پذیری" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a model of attitudinal factors affecting tax payment using the self-assessment system of taxpayers of the whole country. The research is of a mixed type in terms of the research method, exploratory in terms of the purpose, and applied in terms of the degree of application of the research. Therefore, in the first stage of the research, using a qualitative questionnaire, the main attitudinal factors affecting tax payment were identified and a quantitative (descriptive) questionnaire was designed using content analysis. Using the Cochran formula, the statistical population of this research was considered equal to 384 real taxpayers in Tehran province. The collected data has been analyzed using SPSS22 & Smart-PLS software in the form of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results of the research showed that risk aversion is the norm, ethics, tax justice, perceived risk and obligation to pay taxes; Risk aversion with an impact factor of 0.194, norm with an impact factor of 0.215, ethics with an impact factor of 0.211, tax justice with an impact factor of 0.265, perceived risk with an impact factor of 0.173, obligation to pay taxes with an impact factor of 259 0.0, have a positive effect on paying taxes of taxpayers of the entire country.

This study investigates the role of government policies on innovation by considering the mediating role of risk-taking (fear of failure) in Iran, according to Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature. A questionnaire technique has been used to collect data in this quantitative research. The statistical population of this study is business owners and managers in Iran. The data analysis tools used in this research are SPSS statistical software and AMOS modeling software. In this study, the source of data collection was the global report and the database of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor website. A linear regression model has been used in order to evaluate the research data. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) measures government policies on entrepreneurship through two subcomponents: protectionist and business-related policies; and government policies related to taxes, duties, and bureaucracy. According to the findings of this study, government policies on entrepreneurship in Iran have had a significant and positive impact on innovation, and the risk-taking (fear of failure) index has played a mediating role in the relationship between the government's policies and innovation. Therefore, in the current economic conditions in Iran, attention to the government's policies and its executive behavior should be paid more attention to develop innovative activities and strengthen entrepreneurial competencies.

This research was done with the aim of explaining the effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Financial and Non-Financial Performance. The research method is based on the objective, applied, and in terms of the method of doing the work, descriptive survey. The statistical population of the present study includes employees and managers of small and medium-sized manufacturing businesses in Tehran, and a sample of 277 people was selected using the available sampling method and Cochran formula, and the data collection tool of this research is a questionnaire which validity and reliability have been confirmed. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and the results indicate the positive effect of all dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation including innovation, risk-taking, proactiveness, Competitive aggressiveness and Autonomy on financial performance and non-financial performance. Finally, since the effect of all aspects of Entrepreneurial Orientation on financial and non-financial performance was confirmed, it can be concluded that Entrepreneurial Orientation has an effect on financial and non-financial performance in small and medium-sized manufacturing businesses in Tehran.

Today's changes and developments have led companies to pay special attention to organizational entrepreneurship activities and organizational agility in order not to lag behind the competition. The purpose of this study, which is a quantitative, applied and descriptive correlational research, is to investigate the relationship between organizational entrepreneurship and organizational agility. The statistical population of the present study is 535 managers of companies located in science and technology parks of the University of Tehran. After ensuring validity and reliability, this questionnaire was distributed among community members and finally 230 usable questionnaires were returned. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational entrepreneurship and organizational agility among knowledge-based companies. The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of organizational entrepreneurship such as innovation, risk-taking and pioneer with organizational agility among knowledge-based companies.

Among decision theories under risk and uncertainty, cumulative prospect theory has become very popular, which is evident in its more than 50,000 citations. In applied studies or for scenario making and explaining many phenomena many researchers use the initial parameters estimated by Kahnemann and Torsky (1979). Given the impact of environment and culture on risky behavior and parameters of prospect theory, the present paper elicits the utility and probability weighting functions in both gain and loss domains and estimates parameters of their functional forms. By estimating all parameters of cumulative prospect theory, this paper tries to provide an integrated picture of people's attitude towards risk from an Iranian sample. In addition, the superiority of this theory over expected utility is indirectly tested. Findings confirm many predictions of cumulative prospect theory such as the fourfold pattern of risk attitude and concavity of value function over gains and its convexity over losses. The findings of this experiment show the superiority of cumulative prospect theory over expected utility theory. The findings show that people's perceptions of probabilities are not linear and their degree of risk aversion depends on probabilities. More specifically, most subjects behaved according to the pattern of reducing risk aversion by increasing the probability of loss and increasing risk aversion by increasing the probability of gain. These findings are consistent with the fourfold pattern of risk attitude and indicate that the behavior of the sample is not different from previous samples.

Stock portfolio optimization through artificial intelligence algorithm: comparison of stock portfolio in terms of risk-taking and investor cautionAbstractThe process of selecting stock portfolios for investment is one of the issues that has been considered by many researchers. In decision making for investment, two factors are very important and are the basis of investment. These two factors are risk and return, and in this regard, investors are studied to select the best investment portfolio according to the amount of risk and return. The purpose of this research is to create an intelligent model for selecting the optimal stock portfolio using research algorithms. The proposed model examines the different types of investments that an investor can and is willing to consider in order to form his or her investment portfolio. For this purpose, the expected risk and return of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange have been examined on a monthly basis. The statistical sample of the research includes the financial data of 237 Iranian stock exchange companies during the years 1390 to 1398. The results show that the LISFLA algorithm is able to select a portfolio using the Marquis model for risk-averse and risk-averse investors.Keywords: stock portfolio, risk, return, frog algorithm

The ownership structure is one of the important issues of corporate governance that can affect the efficiency of companies by influencing managerial motivations. The aim of the present study is to investigate the asymmetric effect of ownership structure on bankschr('39') risk-taking behavior. The present study was conducted using the information of twenty-one banks listed on the Tehran Security Exchange and the Iran OTC in the period from1390 to 1398. Using the Panel smooth transition regression model approach, it has been concluded that the influence of major owners in the banking industry on bankschr('39') risk-taking is different in the two regimes. In the first regime (threshold level of 23%), major shareholders have a positive effect on banks chr('39')riskiness and in the second regime (above 23%) have a negative effect on bankschr('39') riskiness. The results showed that the presence of major shareholders in the ownership structure of banks has an asymmetric effect on their risk-taking and based on these findings, one of the foundations for improving risk management is the use of appropriate strategies to concentrate ownership.

In this paper, using a general equilibrium model of overlapping generations, the impact of different financing plans of the banking industry on their risk-taking motivation is investigated. In the non-competitive banking industry, financing is done by imposing taxes on the older generation or the bankchr('39')s internal resources (bank shares). As an effective policy, this action optimizes social risk-taking. But fiscal commitment policies that tax the younger generation always increase the risk. The model predicts that in safe investments due to the existence of depositors with a uniform degree of risk, the optimal path of deposits, bank profits, expected consumption and bank value over time has an upward trend, on the other hand in investment High-risk products are the only optimal path to expected stable consumption. Also in the competitive banking industry, the optimal path of profit and consumption is expected to fluctuate in high-risk investments, but in safe investments, the optimal path of these variables has been smooth after an upward trend.

One of the main indicators for increasing attention to Islamic finance (Cheque or documents) is its consistency with Islamic religious law, that cause to fair conduct and protect sanctity of contracts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of macroeconomic variables and Islamic financing method (Cheque or documents) on the risk of private and public banks of Iran including 15 banks during the period of 2005-2006. For this purpose, Tobit panel data method is used to estimate the model. The estimation results show that Cheque or documents, inflation, government ownership have a undesirable effect on the banks' risk-taking. As the government's share of bank ownership grows, so does the risk of banks. While the log of GDP (ln GDP) and the ratio of total expenditures to total assets has a desirable effect on the banks' risk-taking. In other words, with the increase in the income of individuals, the credit risk of banks in Iran decreases. finally, in order to reduce the credit risk of banks, it seems necessary to increase the banking activities of the private sector compared to the government

The banking industry is one of the main sectors of the economy of any country, that its health is a necessary condition to play a positive role in the economic development of that country. The health of the banking system is assessed by the financial stability criterion, which is evaluated by various risk-taking indexes. On the other hand, the banks risk-taking is affected by various factors, the most important of which is banking competition. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of banking competition on the risk-taking of the Iranian banking industry during the period 2009-2019. For this purpose, banking competition has been studied in the form of two main structural approaches (using the Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index) and non-structural (using the Panzar-Rosse statistic). Z and NPL indexes have also been used as a criterion for assessing the banks risk-taking. According to the results, the concentration index calculated based on the total assets, total lending facilities and total deposits of the 19 banks under review had an almost declining trend, which indicates that the Iranian banking industry is moving towards competitive conditions, while the estimated Panzar-Rosse statistic indicates the existence of a monopolistic competition in the Iranian banking industry. According to the results, the effect of the three Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration indexes on banks chr('39')risk-taking is not always significant, while there is a non-linear U-shaped relationship between the Panzar-Rosse statistic and the banks level of risk-taking. This means that as the banking system becomes more competitive to some extent, the level of banks risk-taking decreases and then begins to increase. Also, according to the results, the level of competition in most years has been at a higher level than the optimal level. Therefore, it is recommended that in order to reduce the banks level of risk-taking, banking policies should be designed in such a way as to reduce the level of competition to an optimal level.

Faced with fierce competition, market pressure, and the need to adapt to environmental changes, organizations cannot limit domains of their activities to specific sectors, and they are needed to make transformative decisions, including setting up new businesses, acquisition of other companies, and diversifying their activities.Increasing changes and changes in the scientific, economic and social spheres are one of the main features of the present era. Entrepreneurship and innovation is a must and need for many companies today in a competitive environment that seeks to survive and be effective. Therefore, many companies are desperately looking for innovative and entrepreneurial approaches to improve their results and performance in the areas of products, services and processes. Corporate entrepreneurial approach is the development of new ideas, methods, processes and opportunities within pre-established organizations (Hodge,2008).Considering the components of corporate entrepreneurship in running a business increases the competitiveness of companies and gains market success and ultimately enhances the financial performance of companies.The purpose of this study is to identify the effective factors on corporate entrepreneurship in the international literature and finally to use the knowledge of indigenous components of corporate entrepreneurship and extract them after extraction. Components, examines the impact of native components on the financial performance of selected companies.
 
Theoretical Framework
One of the effective measures can be taken by companies to stabilize markets and create competitive edge is to employ corporate entrepreneurship tools. Using this approach, companies are creating and utilizing entrepreneurial traits in order to transform. Studies show that utilizing such methods improves corporate performance and makes value for shareholders and other stakeholders.Since the 1980s, as emerging economies have made remarkable advances in industrial production and export, manufacturers and industrialists have faced emerging and powerful competitors in the marketplace. This confrontation has led many large corporations to risk losing their traditional markets and customers. Knowledge products and competitive pricing on the one hand, and the rapid pace of technology change on the other hand, increased the pressure for businesses to compete.

Corporate Entrepreneurship:

Entrepreneurship is a mechanism for economists that provides optimal allocation of resources using the opportunities at stake (Caliendo & Kritikos, 2012). Calisto & Sarkar (2017) have considered corporate entrepreneurship components including innovation and risk-taking to achieve different degrees of entrepreneurial behavior and thus different levels of organizational innovation and performance.In analyzing the impact of corporate entrepreneurship on the financial performance of manufacturing firms, Octan and Bulut (2008) have considered the impact of corporate entrepreneurship components including innovation, risk-taking, pioneering and aggressive competition on the financial performance.Zahra (1993) studied the relationship between firm environment and corporate entrepreneurship including: innovation, organizational restructuring, and new business creation with financial performance. The study also showed that corporate entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect on financial performance.Miller (1983, 2011) examines the important determinants of corporate entrepreneurship. According to the results, the impact of different factors on corporate entrepreneurship depends on the type of firm.Financial performance A wide range of indicators are used to evaluate corporate financial performance. In for-profit businesses, maximizing equity dividends is the primary goal of companies. To evaluate the success of this objective, the asset return index is used as the primary indicator.
 

To achieve this goal, reviewing current literature in corporate entrepreneurship, we, first, try to identify the components of corporate entrepreneurship. Then, the identified components were reviewed by elites to screen exotic components out. In the third step, juxtaposing performance of the selected companies, we compare the entrepreneurial rank and financial performance of the companies.

Our findings highlight that, in line with international research papers, there is a significant relationship between the entrepreneurship rank of companies and their financial performance.Creativity and innovationIn order for these features to flourish, managers must devote considerable resources to this area. Another notable case in this section is the importance of selecting managers based on their creativity and innovation characteristics.Risk-taking Companies and managers must carefully study the characteristics of their risk-taking in recruiting individuals, and look at their family, environmental, social, and professional backgrounds using human resources. Competition Companies must adopt groundbreaking behaviors in order to improve their competitive position compared to other companies, and this approach is due to formulating a strategic competitive plan and targeting all corporate actions to achieve this goal.

Conclusion and suggestions:

According to the results, some suggestions are put forward to make more use of the research results in the business environment of the companies under study.The need for self-renewal and adaptation requires that the capabilities and resources of the company change from time to time, so the strategic plan of the corporation should include specific objectives in order to adapt to the environment.In the case of strategic restructuring, corporate executives should be committed to providing favorable conditions to create strategic restructuring and to encourage employees to take this path.Given the competitive economic environment, proper planning to achieve competitive advantage and seek new opportunities is one of the most important tasks for corporate executives.

Strategic variables:

Having a proper roadmap is definitely one of the key factors in the success of companies. In the face of ever-increasing economic competition, a comprehensive and dynamic strategic plan is crucial, taking into account market and competitor aspects and the type of product and service provided by companies. Therefore, corporate boards should formulate, review, and approve strategic plans that are appropriate to corporate goals and seek to control CEOs to fully implement these plans.Studies show that organizational structure is the most appropriate tool for creating entrepreneurship in organizations. An overview of the evolution of organizational structure shows that traditional organizational structures are not capable of nurturing creative and innovative individuals.Given the very high importance of corporate culture in corporate entrepreneurship implementation, boards of directors and CEOs need to spend time and money on reforming corporate culture patterns and gradually reforming and implementing entrepreneurial culture in the company.

In most of countries, banks are one of the important parts of the financial system and have a considerable role as fiscal intermediates on getting economic growth and development.Generally, in every country, banks are the main basics of banking system especially in developing countries where capital markets are not developed; hence, evaluating banks’ performance is important. Competition and risk are two important factors that have effect on performance. In Iran, along with entry of private banks, demands for different types of bank services has increased in that banks are looking for more proportion of market share and more profitability.
The goal of the present research is to analyze profitability, as a performance index, of banking system in Iran. This research can be distinguished from former studies in that it uses variables like diversification index of bank operations, capital market development, and manpower productivity. In general, there are three theories that explain the relationship between market structure and performance. These theories are SCP hypothesis, efficient-structure hypothesis, and quiet life hypothesis.
The SCP view represents a positive relationship between profitability and market concentration since banks can collude and get a more profit.
Efficient-structure theory was first coined by Demsetz in 1973. He said that bank profitability is extracted from efficiency. He maintained that more efficient banks have a more ability to increase its market shares and sizes that let them be more concentrated and gain higher profit.
The quiet-life hypothesis predicts a negative relation between concentration and profitability in which the firms with a higher market power tend to be inefficient so that its authorities and managers just charge the monopolistic profit and do not make an considerable effort. This research investigates profitability determinants of banking system in Iran during2003-2014.To this aim, 33 banks were selected. Two softwares, namely, Eviews.7 and Stata.14 were used. According to the Tan model (2015), the equation includes:Where:ROA: return on assets (profitability index)
Liq: liquidity index
Div: diversification index
Com: index of expenditure management
Pro: manpower productivity
Risk: risk index
HHI: concentration index (Herfindahl- Hirschman)
Cmd: development index of capital market Before estimating the model, test of stationarity must be done. The results of four stationarity tests (LLC, IPS, ADF-Fischer and PP-Fischer) shows that all the variables are stationary.
Homogeneity test should be done in the next step.
Considering autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity problems in model, GLS method should be used for estimation.
The results show that all the coefficient are significant, statiscally. The probability of F-statistic represents that the regression is significant, generally. The R-squred statistic indicates 99 percent of dependent variable variations be explained by the regressors. Variables liquidity, diversification and risk have got a negative effect while the rest, have influenced profitability, positively. When the risk increases one unite, profitability would decreases 0.009 unit.With regard to concentration coefficient, it influences profitability,positively. In other words, SCP hypothesis be confirmed in banking system of Iran. The coefficient of HHI shows that if concentration in banking system increase one unit, profitability would increases 0.193. :This research investigated the determinants of banking profitability in Iran with respectto market structure and risk variables. The results gained using fixed effect and GLS procedures showed that both hypotheses were confirmed,and that concentration influenced profitability positively while risk had a negative effect on it.
Considering the results, the following suggestions are made:1.Negative sign of the diversification index shows that it is better that banks focus on traditional activities (giving loans).
2.Concentration influences profitability positively; hence, banks should increase proportions from the market.
3.The sign of risk index shows that banks should pay attention to quality of loans or paying them back will be delayed.
4.The positive coefficient of productivity represents the importance of this factor in that banks should protect their staff through several ways like education, and issueslike peyments and salary so thatit can lead to productivity and finally profitability.

In economic growth and development literature, the role of human capital and its development is always considered with great importance. One of the most important types of education in human capital creation is primary (elementary and secondary) education, which is invested by public sector and since primary education has comprehensive role for society, it is also referred to as general education. Therefore, the role and contribution of public education on GDP and economic growth is one of the fundamental questions for economists in the field of education. There are always many questions about general education. For example, given the budgetary constraints, how much investment should be made in the field of public education? What is the impact of investment and budget allocation to this sector on economic growth? Does spending in public education has led to development of human capital? Do the educational conditions i.e. economies of scale in education and society conditions i.e. risk-taking of individuals affect the impact of general education on human development? These questions are addressed in this paper, with the focus on the effects of different risk-taking scenarios and economies of scale in education on human capital development and economic growth. In this research, we have further developed Teles and Andrade (2008) model to examines the contribution of government public expenditure on primary and secondary education (Ministry of Education) on economic growth in Iran based on various risk-taking and economies of scale in educational scenarios for year 2016. Based on our results, the average contribution of general education on economic growth was 1.141 percentage points with different exact values in different risk-aversion scenarios. But with decreasing risk aversion, primary education contribution on economic growth will increase. In different situations, the effect of general education on economic growth has always been positive but when there is a decreeing return on human capital in national production, there is a negative contribution for risky people. A 1.141 percentage point of primary education contribution to economic growth indicate that 13.7 percent of economic growth in year 2016 (3.8 percent) was the result of investing in primary (elementary and secondary) education.

Using Blundell and Bond generalized method of moments (GMM) system estimator, this study investigates the effect of degree of competition and capital requirements on the risk-taking of the Iranian banking system over the period 1385-1394. The results suggest that the first lag of degree of competition in the deposit market has a significant and positive effect on bank's risk-taking. But the increase in the degree of competition in the loan market, leads to bank's risk-taking reduction. Regarding the effect of capital to asset ratio on bank`s risk-taking, the results show a significant and negative effect on bank's risk-taking. Moreover, the results suggest that the increase in capital per unit of assets leads to reduction in bank's profitability. A decrease in bank's profitability due to increase in capital to asset ratio, leads to capital requirements inefficiency for mitigating bank's risk-taking.

The relationship among ownership structure and risk of banks is one of the main issues in the money and banking literature and has been considered empirically in recent years. Hence, the aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of ownership structure on the behavior risk of private and public banks with a sample of 15 banks during the 2005-2014. For achieving this objective, two models have been estimated by applying dynamic panel data approach for these groups of banks. The main findings of this study indicate that the ownership structure has a positive effect on the return of banks and the risk of private banks is less than of other public banks after the implementation of privatization rule. Moreover, the leverage effect and growth of GDP has positive effects on the return of banks over the period of study.

This study aims investigating Impact of corporate governance mechanisms on risk-taking behavior of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Researches show that costs of risk management failure is ignored in private and state enterprises, while risk taking is an essential motive in business and entrepreneurship. Corporate governance must ensure that risks could be identified, managed and timely handled.
corporate governance mechanisms include ownership percentage of institutional shareholders, ownership concentration and duration of CEO’s tenure as well as risk dependent variables (financial risk (long-term leverage) and cash flow risk). Financial information of 86 Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange in 1386-1393 has been used. To test hypotheses, multi-variable regression (EGLS) and mixed data method using Eviews 8 Software has been applied.
In summary, results showed a positive and significant influence between ownership concentration, duration of CEO’s tenure, and risk dependent variables (financial risk and cash flow risk). Also, they showed a negative and significant relationship between ownership percentage of institutional shareholders and risk dependent variables.

The main purpose of banking regulation is promoting banks resilience in crisis and reducing banks risk. This occurs by the market and regulatory pressure. In this paper, we attempt to investigate the causal relationship between capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and risk, adequacy of capital requirement in controlling risk and explore bank's behavior in a different level of capital ratio. Using data of Iranian banks in period of 1389-1394 and simultaneous equation model (SEM), the results show that first, there is mutual causal relationship between risk and capital, second, besides the regulatory pressure, market discipline affect the changes of capital ratio, and finally low-capitalized bank adjust their capital slower than other banks.

Nowadays, the entrepreneurial activities are increasingly considered to be important for economic growth and competitive advantage. One of the concerns of managers is investment and the efficient use of information system. In this paper, the efficiency of the information system and organizational entrepreneurship is examined using the data collected through questionnaire from the University of Tehran. A range of techniques is used to test hypotheses and estimate empirical model. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between information system indicators in administrative processes and organizational entrepreneurship at the University of Tehran. The information system indicators included in the model comprise the level of system quality, information quality, services, use of system and user satisfaction as well as efficiency of electronic system.

The main logic behind the demand for life insurance is to hedge against the labor income uncertainty due to premature death of a wage earner. In other words, life insurance is the device by which this labor income uncertainty is handled. For insurers, the uncertainty arises from the lack of knowledge about the age of death of the wage earner. This paper attempts to derive life insurance demand curve theoretically. To derive the optimal path of demand for life insurance, the expected joint utility functions for consumption and legacy subject to the wealth accumulation process in deterministic and stochastic cases are maximized. To find the explicit optimal life insurance demand, the specific utility and bequest functions, which exhibit constant relative risk aversion, are examined. Examining a class of CRRA utility function, the effect of explanatory factors on the life insurance demand is discussed. The paper shows that the effect of loading factor, survival rate, and wealth are negative. The effect of degree of risk aversion and, probability of death are positive on the demand for life insurance.