جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سیاست های دولت" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Macroeconomic conditions are important in the start-up, performance, development and sustainability of businesses. Some concepts related to economic conditions affecting entrepreneurial activities include economic recession and boom conditions, inflation level, monetary and credit policies, financial policies and government expenses, and economic instability. Changes in economic conditions may cause changes in decision-making in starting or continuing businesses. Therefore, awareness of the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and macroeconomic performance is inevitable for entrepreneurship researchers and policy makers. In this study, in order to investigate economic environment factors on the development and sustainability of entrepreneurial activities, the data of 20 developing countries during the years 2009-2019 have been used. Using panel data and the method of generalized moments in panel data, the relationship between variables was analyzed. The results of the research show that government expenditures in the education sector and the amount of credits granted to the private sector have a significant and positive effect on the entrepreneurship index. While economic growth has no significant relationship with the level of entrepreneurship. Also, the level of inflation and interest rate has a positive effect on the entrepreneurship index, so that from the point of view of entrepreneurs, the presence of liquidity and increased demand, as well as the supply of more financial resources, is preferable to reducing their costs.

Introduction Tourism has become one of the growing sectors in the world today and its effect goes far beyond the economic and business aspects. With the ever-increasing demand for travel and the tourism industry becoming one of the largest industries in the world, every country needs to strive for social economic development and infrastructure growth to attract potential tourists. In this regard, the expansion of communication techniques along with the transfer of medical knowledge has led to the emergence of a new form of tourism called health tourism. In other words, the combination of medicine and tourism is considered a new form of tourism today [1]. Familiarity with medical medicine and the transfer of medical knowledge from different regions of the world to each other has led to the emergence of a branch of the tourism industry called health tourism. Factors such as changes in consumer values, structural changes, aging of the population, and the requirements of the health service system can be considered as the main factors of the emergence of health tourism. Among the most important factors affecting the development of the health tourism industry, we can mention social security, having international standards in medical centers, issuing treatment visas, developing public infrastructure strategy, human resource development strategy, information and marketing system development strategy, and product development strategy [21]. Therefore, considering the importance of marketing in tourism, especially health tourism, no research shows a scientific model in this field. Based on this, the main problem of the current research is to investigate the impact of marketing on the development of health tourism and to present a marketing model for the development of health tourism in Tehran.Materials and MethodsIn this research, the marketing model of health tourism development in Tehran has been presented. According to the purpose, the research method is applied and in terms of approach, it is exploratory and explanatory, and the research method is also qualitative. The statistical population of the research includes experts in the tourism and health industry. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, first pluralism was used in library resources. For this purpose, domestic and foreign article databases and human databases were used to obtain resources, and then the interview method was used to collect data. For this reason, the purposeful snowball sampling method was used. Thus, first, an interview was conducted with people who had the necessary expertise in the field of the research subject, and at the end, they were asked to introduce others who could help the researcher in the research. For this purpose, by referring to a number of tourism and health industry experts, the prototype was selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. At this stage, by asking the interview questions and taking into account the expertise of the people, the interview space was initiated and promoted. Accordingly, in this research, data collection was carried out until the theoretical saturation of information on the subject and where the new data collected did not differ from the previously collected data. Finally, 12 people were selected as research samples in this phase in the qualitative section. The interview was conducted face-to-face, without bias, and mainly at the workplace of the participants, alone and using their voice recordings (with coordination).FindingsIn the current research, the steps of foundation’s data theory is in 4 steps: studying and collecting primary data; conducting semi-structured interviews with tourism and health industry experts; coding data to obtain concepts, components, and dimensions; and finally, identifying new components and establishing relationships between components and dimensions. Based on this, three types of coding (open, central,and selective) were done. Next, after open coding, 160 concepts, totaling 760 words, were extracted from the data. After open coding, axial coding was done and research categories (components) were determined. Based on this, 22 components were determined in the form of 7 dimensions. After extracting the components, in the selective coding stage, the components were categorized in the form of themes (dimensions). After open coding, axial coding is done. Categories (components) can be obtained through axial coding. After determining the dimensions, components, and concepts, to determine the relationships between the identified components and dimensions, the framework prescribed by the Foundation Data Theory was applied for modeling.ConclusionThe development of health tourism infrastructure in the tourism industry will be extremely vital and sensitive in this era and will create a new direction and perspective in the development of research in the field of the tourism industry. The tourism industry, like other industries, must accept the requirement that it must adapt its business to the required infrastructural transformations and carefully monitor the future prospects of this field to be able to meet the needs of the market according to the new conditions. In the qualitative part, the results showed that the health tourism model has 5 causal, contextual, interventional, strategy, and consequences components. By analyzing and interpreting the conducted interviews, a set of mixed elements of marketing were also identified as causal factors that affect the central factor which is the intention of health tourism. Therefore, it can be claimed that the first factor that affects the intention of health tourism and causes the behavioral control of tourists is the mixed elements of marketing like medical services (product), treatment cost (price), location, promotion (promotion), preventive processes, and natural factors.The central action of the research was the intention of health tourism. Therefore, during the analysis of the conducted interviews, tourism intention was determined as the basis of attracting health tourists to tourist destinations, especially in Tehran. In most of the interviews conducted, the interviewees emphasized that the attraction of health tourists requires the intention of tourism. In other words, tourists’ learning and their evaluation of travel and destination conditions have led to acceptance and belief in travel, internal motivation, and accurate choice of tourist destination, which further compels tourists to plan for travel, use opportunities and resources, coordinate with travel agents prepare tickets, hotel reservations, and travel plans. Environmental and organizational factors have been the intervening factors of the current research model. The analysis of conducted interviews showed that environmental factors including political security factors, economic factors, and cultural factors of tourism are among the most important intervening factors that can influence the attraction of health tourists in tourism destinations. The results showed that the political and security factors of the region, especially the tourist destinations, which are heavily affected by terrorist acts, kidnapping of tourists, regional wars, internal and regional disturbances, and the conditions of sanctions, cause political instability and security threats. This issue affects the economic recession, currency fluctuations, unemployment rate, excessive price growth, and hinders the attraction of tourists. The improvement of infrastructure has been one of the underlying factors of the present research model and has a significant effect on the attraction of health tourists. To attract health tourists effectively, a suitable platform should be adopted. The results of this research showed that the infrastructure provides a platform for attracting health tourists in Tehran and the destinations should use these criteria to improve empowerment, especially in the human and environmental fields, and adopt a targeted strategy according to their strengths and weaknesses. The results also showed that the development of infrastructure including transportation systems, accommodation and health services, hospitality services (food and restaurants), and information and communication systems are effective in attracting health tourists to Tehran. Attracting health tourists has been the strategic factor of the current research model. The analysis of the conducted interviews showed that the attraction of health tourists through the satisfaction of therapeutic travel, revisiting if needed, and introducing the tourist destination to friends and acquaintances with similar intentions, causes economic, cultural, social, political, and environmental development in tourism destinations. Therefore, the tourism industry as the largest social mobility has numerous cultural, economic, and political consequences.

Optimum use of energy as one of the production inputs has been one of the main goals of many countries in the world (especially after the first oil shock of 1973). The sensitivity about the optimal energy consumption in the production sectors in developed countries is much higher than in developing countries, because many developing countries (especially oil countries) have better primary energy resources compared to most developed countries, which leads to the lack of sensitivity of this group of countries in optimal energy consumption. Energy intensity is one of the indicators of optimal energy consumption, which is affected by various variables, such that the variables representing fiscal policies are one of them. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the impact of fiscal policy variables on the energy intensity of selected developing countries during the period of 2010-2020 using the generalized moments model (GMM). To achieve the goal of the research, three models have been estimated that, in addition to the control variables, government spending variables, paid subsidies and taxes are included as three variables (representing fiscal policies) in three separate models. The estimation results of the models show that the impact of taxes and government expenses on energy intensity in the selected developing countries is negative and significant, but the impact of subsidies paid on the energy intensity of the mentioned group of countries is positive and significant.

In this paper, attempts are made to empirically examine inequality in Iran which has hindered the government to achieve a balanced provincial socio-economic development. Income inequality affects economic growth sustainability through certain channels such as different saving rates of people, incentives to work hard, political instability and other factors as a whole. The effectiveness of government policies to address a balanced and an equitable development needs of each province depends mainly on quality of existing institutions, individual participation and their capabilities to contribute to development effort in each province. Inequality in provinces is partly due to regional inequality which in turn stems from unequitable provincial privilege to some resources, production specializations, the degree of centralization and unequitable budget allocation. In addition, the orientation and expenditure allocations mechanism pursued by government, if not rightly targeted, may affect spatial planning and economic growth which ultimately brings about inequality. In the present study, we examine how government policies have contributed (if any) to achieve the balanced growth objectives in order to decrease the existing provincial inequality gap. Based on Theil’s and Williamsons indices, we estimated inequality coefficient in Iran’s provinces for the period of 2000 to 2019. The findings in this research show that the policy measures adopted by government in some provinces, have had mixed consequences. For some provinces it has contained and reduced the inequality and for some other province it has worsened the inequality gap over the same period. Based on Theil’s Index, inequality coefficient has increased in provinces such as Tehran and some other relatively more developed provinces and for less developed provinces the index has decreased. Government budget expenditures disbursed among various provinces have had a bearing on inequality through the provision of public physical investment, promoting education provision, expanding health care services and capacity building enhancement.

Macroeconomic conditions are important in the start-up, performance, development and sustainability of businesses. Some concepts related to economic conditions affecting entrepreneurial activities include economic recession and boom conditions, inflation level, monetary and credit policies, financial policies and government expenses, and economic instability. Changes in economic conditions may cause changes in decision-making in starting or continuing businesses. Therefore, awareness of the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and macroeconomic performance is inevitable for entrepreneurship researchers and policy makers. In this study, in order to investigate economic environment factors on the development and sustainability of entrepreneurial activities, the data of 20 developing countries during the years 2009-2019 have been used. Using panel data and the method of generalized moments in panel data, the relationship between variables was analyzed. The results of the research show that government expenditures in the education sector and the amount of credits granted to the private sector have a significant and positive effect on the entrepreneurship index. While economic growth has no significant relationship with the level of entrepreneurship. Also, the level of inflation and interest rate has a positive effect on the entrepreneurship index, so that from the point of view of entrepreneurs, the presence of liquidity and increased demand, as well as the supply of more financial resources, is preferable to reducing their costs.

There are different views about definitions of entrepreneurship. Shane and Venkataraman introduce entrepreneurship as discovery, assessment, and use of opportunities, and Schumpeter believes that entrepreneurship is creative destruction and innovation in a current position. But most of the entrepreneurial scientists are agree that entrepreneurship is the main factor in economic development. In recent years, by the growth of studies in the research area of entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship development has become as one of the known factors in dynamic business environments and economic development of countries. In terms of sanctions, Iran put itself in self-sufficiency status and tried to explore, evaluate and use internal opportunities. Now with the disappearance of international sanctions, more opportunities will be created in entrepreneurship development, that uses these opportunities can help for rehabilitation of the country situation in economic development. One of the key factors in facilitates this process is the policies that are applied for entrepreneurship development in the country and exploitation of available entrepreneurial opportunities. The emphasize of this article is, to present a conceptual framework, in the direction of highlighting the role of government policy in the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities and facilitating entrepreneurial activities. This research has an overviews nature, and reviews, analysis, documents conclusions, text and theoretical foundation have been used to provide a theoretical framework. Findings show that government policies can influence on exploitation process of entrepreneurial opportunities in different domain like economic, social, politic, cultural or education.

In this research, the effect of macroeconomic variables on the housing prices in Iran during 1972-2013 is studied using the ordinary least square (OLS) method. To do this, the effects of following variables on the housing prices are taken into account: urbanization rate, rental rate, per capita income, Maskan bank granted credits to housing sector, property tax, unemployment rate, GDP, government expenditures on housing provision, construction materials’ price index, and the number of issued building permits. As the results show, the urbanization rate, per capita income, Maskan bank granted credits to housing sector, property tax, unemployment rate and the construction materials’ price index have positive effects on the housing prices, while GDP Fluctuations, government expenditures on housing provision and the number of issued building permits, have negative effects on the housing prices.
The housing prices are affected by urbanization rate, per capita income, rental rate and GDP in the first place, and secondly by construction costs. Finally government fiscal and monetary policies have insignificant effects on housing prices.

In recent decades، in order to Protect vulnerable groups، equitable distribution of income، stabilization of prices and protection of production Subsidies directly paid to part of the essential goods and services costs and Energy carriers but population growth، expansion of subsidized goods and services، consumption and trafficking increase due to high difference between domestic and international commodity prices led to great increase in size of subsidies in Iran. This paper aims to analyze the pathology of the government policy in subsidies reform. The results show a significant mismatch between the plan executers (government and people) and also indicate that objectives of plan (such as economic structural reform، energy consuming management and equitable distribution of income) have fundamental weaknesses. The plan has implemented in improper، because considering macroeconomic and its variables weaknesses government cannot design short، medium and long term Structural reform plan. Furthermore، predisposing factors has remained in an aura of ambiguity. The economy’s readiness to create optimal and efficient allocation mechanism، decreased and sometimes disturbed the price mechanism. According to the results Pragmatic، Quantity-oriented and Quality monitoring management is not desirable because the negative economic effects of the plan are more than its positive ones.

Government supporting policies in the case of strategic crops have been inclined toward consumers. The polices influence farmers cultivation pattern. Nominal Protection Rate is as a measure to investigate the impact of government pricing polices on crop production. The impact of government pricing policy on wheat growers response over 1353-1385 (1974-2006) was studied using Cointegration analysis. Fluctuations of nominal protection rate during the selected period revealed that price polices have not been flexible in proportion to the changes in conditions. Nominal protection rate of less than unity over the study period indicates that not only wheat growers have not been supported but also have paid tax implicitly. The cointegration analysis showed a positive long run relationship between nominal protection rate and cropping area as well as wheat production.

There has been an increasing interest in examining regional convergence in the field of economic growth models in the past decade. A standard method of examining convergence has been the method introduced by Barro and Sal-I-Martin (1991, 1992, 1995). Although there have been many extensions in examining convergence and especially in line with endogenous growth models, but there has been few studies to analyze the effects of government policies on regional convergence. We have examined convergence in Iran's provinces by using per capita demand deposits (a method first applied by Rahmani and Eckey (2004)). The results on convergence are mixed. By assuming convergence (which is confirmed by empirical on Beta-convergence), we have examined the effects of government policies by using some indexes. The empirical results imply that the speed of convergence across Iran's provinces has been lowered by the government policies. Therefore, this study shows that government policies to reduce the gap between provinces have not been successful in Iran.