جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « effectiveness » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Efficiency and Effectiveness of the government are integral components of good governance, and its realization in government investment in development projects also appears in legal rules, so it can be realized by improving the legal rules governing such projects. Among the numerous legal rules of project controlling, it can be found the one that emphasizes the efficiency and effectiveness of the projects more than other types. Operational supervision is controlling the efficiency and effectiveness of development projects, and in the Iranian legal system, according to Article 126 of the constitution, it is one of the responsibilities of the president who exercises it through his deputy. On the other hand, in many countries, such as the United States, operational supervision of the controlling pertains to the Audit Court, which in turn is overseen by parliament. The question is whether it is possible to change the controlling Institution from "Plan and Budget Organization" to the "Supreme Audit Court"? Article 55 of the Iran constitution takes Audit Court only in charge of traditional controlling, so it seems that considering the current constitution, it is not possible to change the competent institution in charge of operational supervision.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of financial development on efficiency of monetary policy in Iran during 1979-2020. The ratio of banks' domestic credit to GDP was considered as an indicator of financial development based on banking sector and ratio of the value of stock market transactions to GDP was considered as an indicator of financial development based on the capital market. In this regard, 4 models were introduced to achieve research objectives and were estimated using the Kalman-Filter approach. The results of estimating the first two models of the research showed that with improvement of financial development indicators, the efficiency of monetary policy in influencing economic growth will decrease. The results of estimating the third and fourth models of the study also showed that effect of financial development indicators on efficiency of monetary policy in impact on inflation has been negative and statistically significant, meaning that with improvement of financial development indicators in country, monetary policies will lead to lower inflation.

In this paper, the effect of government debt crowd out on private sector investment in the Iranian economy is investigated, using the New keynesian model in a stochastic dynamic equilibrium model (DSGE) and the Bayesian estimation solution method during the years 1997-2017 .Financing government resources is important, especially in recent years, when government issues bonds and it is necessary to apply shocks and examine the effects of government policy. In this regard, several policy shocks have been applied to the system and the response between fiscal and monetary policies has been examined. The results show that direct government policy interventions are made, the effect of crowd out government debt on private investment is greater than in conditions where there is a market system or at least less government policy.Contrary to the conventional view, no systematic relationships between real interest rates and  private investment.

Hedging the risk of crude oil prices fluctuation for countries such as Iran that are highly dependent on oil export earnings is one of the important subject to discuss. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to calculate and analyze the optimal dynamic hedging ratio for Iranian light and heavy crude oil spot prices based on one-month to four-month cross hedge contracts in New York Stock Exchange (NYMEX) futures using DCC-GARCH, CCC-GARCH, and BEKK-GARCH approaches. For estimation of the optimal dynamic hedge ratio, we use daily light and heavy crude oil spot prices and WTI futures from January 1985 to December 2017. We found that by using longer maturity contracts, the optimal hedge ratio for dynamic models will increase for both light and heavy crude oil spot prices. Also, by using various multivariate GARCH models and comparing them, we find that for Iranian light and heavy crude oil, the most reduction in portfolio risk is for one-month contracts by using BEKK-GARCH model; so we can reduce the risk of Iranian light and heavy crude oil price volatility by hedging the risk of one-month future contract, respectively up to 47/79 and 35/19 percent. The findings show the benefits of using future markets for hedging risk of crude oil price volatility for Iran after Removing the current financial barriers and restrictions caused by sanctions.

Valid estimates of price elasticity of energy demand lead to a better understanding of the economic, environmental and distributive impacts of energy price changes, and enable policymakers to make efficient energy management decisions. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of pricing policies for the modification of energy consumption patterns among Iran’s provinces. In this regard, price elasticities of energy demand ‎are estimated for selected energy carriers and total energy price index during 2000-2015. For this purpose, a dynamic panel model is used and the price elasticities of energy demand are estimated by Arellano-Bover (1995) and Blundell-Bond (1998) approaches. When total energy price index is applied in the model, the results show that the short-run and long-term price elasticities of energy demand are -0.038 and -0.567 on average, respectively. However, regarding energy carriers, the highest price elasticities of the aggregate energy demand belong to electricity and gasoline, respectively. The effect of climate change (as a proxy for heating and cooling needs) on energy demand is significant, and the average climate elasticity of energy demand is 0.15 in the short run and 2.30 in the long run. Since price elasticity of energy demand is less than one, and its climate elasticity is greater than one in the long run, non-tariff policies are proposed for energy conservation in the country.

Over the past two decades, research on the role of government in the economy has focused on the size of government and its tasks in the economy in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness of the state in the economy. This change of view on the state of the economy has led to the formation of several studies on the formulation and presentation of indicators of government efficiency and effectiveness in global reports and research. In this regard, the adaptation of these indicators and the presentation of indicators derived from the principles and duties of the government in Islamic economics is of great importance. By adopting a straightforward conceptual approach to efficiency and effectiveness, the efficiency and effectiveness of the government can be arranged so that using resources and authority, the tasks are carried out in such a way that it has the highest output and revenue and achieve the most effective results. This research is based on the position and duties of the government in the economic system of Islam, after separating the areas of government duties, including macroeconomic, monetary and financial areas, government revenue and expenditure, justice and public welfare, administrative and management, regulation and market surveillance, security Economic and property rights and the field of science and education to extract and provide indicators of assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of government in the above areas and ranking each of the indicators based on the experts questionnaire. The index of the ratio of households under the headline of poverty to total households in the area of justice and welfare among64 indicators, ranked first, which shows that according to expert opinions, the area of justice in measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of the government with the index (low) ratio Households under the poverty line are the most important component and indicator. The set of identified and ranked indicators in this research can be used to measure government performance in accordance with Islamic economics.

Productivity is a behavioral trait that relies on relationship optimization and interaction between internal and external factors. Productivity derives its vitality from the fact that when it increases, total output can increase without increasing the factors involved in production. This study aimed to evaluate productivity (efficiency and effectiveness) of select banks in Islamic Republic of Iran’s Interest-Free Banking system. By using a numeric index method, indices of labor productivity, Intermediary inputs productivity, capital productivity and total factor productivity were measured in select commercial banks with and without considering effectiveness factor. Our findings suggest that average growth of labor productivity, capital and intermediate consumption in selected banks in the period under review was descending, the average productivity growth of deposits in banks in the study period was 0.2% and average total factor productivity growth without and with equivalent effectiveness indicators were 1.82 and -4.2% respectively.

The purpose of this research is to measure and evaluate the total productivity (efficiency and effectiveness) of Abfa company in West Azarbaijan province during the period of 2009-2016. The effectiveness was measured by a questionnaire and using ANOVA test,  and the efficiency was evaluated through a variety of costs, then  they were weighed and Prioritization  with a fuzzy AHP model. Finally, the total Productivity was calculated by combining these two indicators. Results showed that in terms of the effectiveness dimensions,  the provided services, customers’ perception and satisfaction, reducing the  unwanted results, application of information technology, knowledge level, and company improvement and promotion, had the most share, respectively. Also, they did not have significant differences between different units of Abfar company. In the ranking of the effective factors on efficiency, water costs (with a weight of 0.1458) and equipment costs (with a weight of 0.1446)  had priority. During this period, the productivity had much fluctuations with an average of 52 unit, so that a decline in the efficiency of energy and labor force were the reasons of its low level. Whereas, capital efficiency and effectiveness indicators had better status than the other indicators and had an improving trend.

Nowadays, there is an increasing tendency towards decentralization around the world. Because, it is supposed that decentralization policy is one of the ways most countries adopt to improve public sector performance. It is expected that, the policy leads to better social welfare, economic efficiency and ultimately economic growth. Because the local governments are closer to people living in the region and better recognize their people's tastes. This paper is a basic research and uses an analytical method. Using a mathematical framework, the paper explains the central and local governments' recognition of people's tastes. So, comparing their recognition function, the paper will consider the devolution of power to local governments. Thus, on the basis of capability and effectiveness of local governments, the paper tries to analyze the suitability of the devolution of power to local governments. The results show that the level of democracy, skilled human resources and information about people's needs, among other factors, play a crucial role in the recognition of priorities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency (productivity and effectiveness) of selected banks in the interest -free banking system of Iran. The study’s presupposition was that interest -free banking system is an introduction to Islamic banking. In terms of content, the research method in this study is developmental, and in terms of data collection, it is analytical-descriptive and survey-based. The data collection method is documentive, library – based and questionnaire. In this study, Delphi method has been used to measure the efficiency index and the approach to measuring the input and output of Islamic banks. Using the numerical index approach, the trend of the total index of production factors in commercial banks is measured with and without considering efficiency. Using the data envelopment analysis (vrs model), the relative efficiency of selected banks in two areas (value added output, total revenue output) is measured. The findings of this study indicate that the average total productivity growth of all production factors without efficacy indices was higher than the productivity index with efficiency indices.

In order to carry out their duties and missions, the organizations are highly dependent upon their human resources. Developing human resources requires educational planning and exploiting educational models and methods, to achieve maximum efficiency and effectiveness. The organizational structures, conditions and characteristics, pave the way to successful implementation of the educational planning and the operational models, and they are of due significance in this regard. This Study aims at examining the possibility of implementation of the teaching model in the human resources system in the Iranian National Tax Administration (INTA). Consequently, in the framework of the qualitative approach and by using the data-based research method, the data were collected and examined through the field study and carrying out the semi-organized interviews with related elites, expert observers and INTA managers. The findings of this study are the outcomes of the analysis of five main issues, twenty subsidiary issues, and thirty two minor issues, which were examined and analyzed in five main areas, including: 1) Causal Situations; 2) Platform and Background; 3) Intruding Situations; 4) Strategies; and 5) Outcomes and Effects.

One characteristic of natural gas markets is frequent price swings, which create a price risk that needs to be managed through appropriate hedging strategies. This study attempts to estimate an optimal hedging option. We use the information provided by the stock exchange for future contracts of between one and four months for the period 2000-2016. We apply the OLS, VECM -GARCH and BEKK-GARCH methods to compare the risk born with or without hedging using futures contracts. We find that the use of futures contracts is justified. We notice that the longer the time frame of future contracts, dynamic models suggest an increased rate of hedging.

Training is a convenient tool for investing in human resources. Tehran Municipality, as an institution that its mission is servicing to the public, is responsible for important mission of staff’s training and development that they should attempt in line with servicing to citizens. This is much more delicate in areas involving in financial and economic issues. The remarkable point is that training is not profitable by itself, unless presented training to be evaluated and specified whether they have had necessary effectiveness or not. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and it is descriptive-survey considering method. The effectiveness of seven specialized courses of financial and urban economy experts of Tehran Municipality held in 2014 has been assessed. Statistical population is all financial and urban economy experts of Tehran Municipality who they were 227 people. 143 of them were selected as available sample attended in these courses by using simple random method. 36 people were direct managers. Data collection tool is research-made questionnaire based on Kirkpatrick Model. Its validity was verified by professors and experts in the field of training and assessment and its reliability has been verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. One sample t test was used for the first, third, and fourth levels (reaction, behavior change and results), and paired samples t test was used for the second level (learning). The results indicate that specialized training courses have had appropriate efficacy at all four assessment levels of Patrick model special for financial and urban economy experts of Tehran Municipality held in 2014 including employees’ reaction to training courses, learning gained from training courses, behavioral changes in employees, and changes in organizational performance.

The aim of the present research is to identify and study effective factors on tax compliance advertisement for legal taxpayers of Mashhad with AHP approach. The research method is descriptive-survey and this research is of applied one. The statistic society includes middle managers, senior managers, legal taxpayers and State Tax Administration’s content of the advertisement in 1392-1393. In this research, we can conclude that the most effective criteria can be summarized in the form of criteria for taxpayers’ attitudes in their behaviors, advertisement performance, mentally receiving advertisement, way of message transfer, tendency steps, and finally literary structure of advertisement. Also the study of legal taxpayers indicates that each of these identified criteria is important on improving the effectiveness of advertisement on tax compliance.

Just like other fields, the formation of Islamic economics as a scientific course is not possible unless the bases are almost ready. Considering the fact the in all societies the contractual parts do affect the real economic phenomena, the Islamic contractual teachings will have their own effects on the real sector. This paper logically explains these effects and emphasizes on them as preconditions for the formation of Islamic economics theories and finally the birth of the Islamic economics as a whole science.

This study is to investigate the relationship between staff's empowerment and organizational effectiveness in state organizations and administrations in Rafsanjan. Staff's empowerment is measured through aspects such as feeling of merit, confidence, effectiveness, autonomy, and feeling of having a meaningful and significant career. Organizational effectiveness is measured by methods which are based on the internal procedure of organizations through factors such as organizational culture, organizational situation, human relations, decision-making method, and organizational rewards. The research method which was used in the current study is descriptive-co relational. Population of the present research consists of the staff in state organizations and administrations in Rafsanjan. To select target sample, random stratified sampling was used. After checking the validity and reliability of two questionnaires, they were administered to 325 respondents. Then, collected data were entered into SPSS statistical software and analyzed by using descriptive statistics as mean, median, frequency table and various figures as well as inferential statistics as Spearman's correlation and Kendall test.Analyzed data showed a significant relationship between staff's empowerment and organizational effectiveness of state organizations and administrations in Rafsanjan. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found among staff's feeling of merit, confidence, effectiveness, autonomy, their feeling of having a significant job and organizational effectiveness in state organizations and administrations in Rafsanjan.