جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "feasible generalized least squares (fgls)" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of information and communication technology on the quality of the environment in major Asian Emitters. This survey is conducted in the period of 2000-2020 in the form of a panel model with the FGLS method for two groups of developing and developed countries. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to construct ICT and good governance (GG) index. The variables of ICT index are mobile, internet and fixed telephone subscriptions and the variables of GG index are control of corruption, freedom of expression and political stability. Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is confirmed in both groups of countries. In both groups of countries, energy consumption and trade openness leads to a decrease and good governance leads to an increase in the quality of the environment. ICT significantly reduces the quality of the environment in developing countries. In developed countries, ICT does not have a significant effect on the quality of the environment (positive and meaningless), while access to the Internet significantly improves the quality of the environment. It is expected that the carbon-increasing effects of ICT development, such as direct and rebound effects, will be larger in total in developing countries than the carbon-reducing effect of ICT, such as substitution effect. Considering the impact of ICT on economic growth and development, it is recommended to use renewable energy and optimize energy consumption in developing countries. Also, stimulating and activating the substitution effect will help to improve the quality of the environment .

Inefficiency and injustice of subsidy system in Iran over the years induced the government to implement targeted subsidy law since 2010. As a result, the share of poor households receiving government subsidies decreased. Utilizing the micro-data of Households’ Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES) from 2005 to 2014 and applying seemingly unrelated regression(SUR) technique through feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) method, this study examines the effect of targeting subsidies on households’ consumption combination. The results show that the shares of necessary goods in households’ expenditure have increased. According to Engle theory, these indicate reductions in households’ welfare. In addition, the “subsidy” dummy variable has the most effect on food expenditure share among different goods groups. One reason for the welfare reduction is higher increase in relative prices compared to increase in income due to subsidy. Since, the permanent income is of the highest effect on allocation of households’ budget among different goods groups; therefore, policy makers should focus on increase in the households’ real permanent income instead of inflationary policies, which increase nominal cash subsidies.