جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « gdp per capita » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The main purpose of present study is to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic variables and tax evasion using nonlinear approaches. . First of all, it was used Markov Switching Vector Autoregression method, statistics and information from 1969 to 2019 to find Kuznets’s hypothesis and nonlinear relationship between macro-economic variables and tax evasion, annually. Then, after confirming the existence of a nonlinear relationship, the Threshold Vector Autoregression was also used for further investigation. According to the results of the markov-switching, the existence of the Kuznets's law between per capita GDP and tax evasion is confirmed. Therefore, in order to reduce tax evasion, it is necessary to reduce the share of oil in GDP and increase the share of productivity in production. For variables of direct burden tax, public education expenditure, Government expenditure omitting education expenditure, Gini coefficient and currency outside the bank, Kuznets law is rejected. However, the existence of a nonlinear relationship is confirmed. Also, tax evasion, GDP per capita, direct tax burden and currency outside the bank was used for Threshold Vector Autoregression model. Tax evasion was selected as threshold variable and The threshold value of the tax evasion was specified 21906/1 Milliard Rials.The results of the Threshold Vector Autoregression model show that the impulses of per capita GDP and currency outside the bank have the greatest effect on increasing tax evasion. The results of the Threshold Vector Autoregression model show that the impulses of per capita GDP and currency outside the bank have the greatest effect on increasing tax evasion.

Economic stability via Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has sparked interesting discussions among scholars. ICT plays a crucial role in realizing sustainable development objectives. Globally, the prospective advantages of ICT are widely acknowledged. Some research has solely emphasized ICT's role in mitigating air pollution, but the ecological implications of ICT have largely been overlooked. This article is pioneering in domestic studies of ICT's influence on ecological footprint. In addition, the present research uniquely computes the ICT index through the principal component method, distinguishing it from other ICT studies conducted within Iran. In recent times, the ecological footprint has been embraced as a broader gauge for assessing environmental damage. One reason for this choice is that other environmental harm indicators, such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and others, only represent a part of the total environmental degradation. However, the ecological footprint index incorporates diverse elements like agricultural lands, pastures, fishing areas, forests, carbon footprint, and constructed lands, hence offering a more holistic measure. Concerning the topic in question, it is evident from national studies that there has been little research on identifying the factors contributing to the ecological footprint.

In this research, we investigate the impact of the information and communication technology (ICT) index on selected oil-exporting countries' ecological footprint from 2006 to 2020. To do this, we use the generalized moments method. We extracted the model of this research from the studies of Higon et al. (2017) and Caglar et al. (2021) for carbon dioxide emissions. The variables of our study include the ecological footprint (as the dependent variable), the information and communication technology index (an explanatory variable calculated using the principal component analysis (PCA) method), and control variables such as GDP per capita, exports of goods and services, financial development, and economic Complexity Index which is chosen on the review of other studies. The data used for this study are taken from databases such as the World Bank and the Global Resource Footprint Network and the Atlas of Economic Complexity.
Discussion and

Given the challenges posed by global warming to current and future generations, this study aims to explore the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on the ecological footprint in chosen oil-exporting nations. This study studied the inverse U relationship of the information and communication technology index with the emission of ecological footprints from 2006 to 2020. The ecological footprint is an index of the amount of environmental pollution and a more comprehensive index than CO2. A data description was undertaken before estimating the model. The research model, built on theoretical underpinnings and past studies, was structured, and estimated by the Generalized Moments Method.The findings showed a non-linear connection between ICT and the ecological footprint in oil-exporting countries. ICT augments the ecological footprint per capita before a certain threshold, but it begins to diminish after that.The positive and significant coefficient of GDP per capita indicates the increase in ecological footprint per capita for the increase of GDP per capita. This result indicates that economic activities such as industrialization and development cause the exploitation of natural resources, which causes more pollution.Financial development has had a positive and significant effect on the ecological footprint. To prevent the destructive effect of financial development on the environment, governments in selected oil-exporting countries should develop financial markets in such a way that financial resources are available for investing in projects that help introduce clean energy technologies. The economic complexity index has had a negative and significant effect on the per capita ecological footprint. In fact, the expansion of economic complexity in the studied countries will lead to the reduction of the ecological footprint. According to the obtained result, the economic complexity index can be considered as one of the ecological footprint control factors; Therefore, the production of more complex goods that contain higher technology can lead to a reduction in energy consumption and ecological footprint; Therefore, governments can provide tax exemptions and subsidies for those companies that use new technology and clean energy, and also support knowledge-based products.The influence of goods and services exports on the ecological footprint has been negative and substantial. The significance of the quality and diversity of exported goods regarding environmental destruction has not yet been thoroughly considered. Therefore, the focus should be on enhancing the quality of export goods via cleaner production methods. Overall energy consumption should also be reduced in all countries, with policymakers prioritizing the use of renewable energy resources and promoting the reduction of fossil-fuel energy export products.The influence of urban population growth on the ecological footprint has been positive and substantial. Essentially, uncontrolled population growth, especially in developing countries, creates grave issues including scarcity of food, poor air and water quality, environmental contamination, degradation of the ecological structure, waste disposal problems, and high energy usage.

The purpose of the current research is to analyze the effect of administrative corruption on GDP per capita in 11 selected oil exporting countries as countries with natural resources, which due to the existence of rents caused by oil, the possibility of administrative corruption in them is higher due to the possibility of rent-seeking activities. For this purpose, the country risk corruption index (ICRG) was considered as the main independent variable and the control variables of foreign direct investment, foreign trade and human development index, inflation and population growth rate were also considered. The research model was estimated for the period of 2012-2021 using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results of the estimation of the model indicate the positive effect of the first lag of GDP per capita, corruption control, foreign direct investment, foreign trade and human development index on the GDP per capita of the selected countries. On the other hand, inflation and population growth rate have a negative effect on the GDP per capita of selected oil exporting countries during the studied period.

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon that plays a vital role in the economic and social development of many countries. The tourism phenomenon has a special direct and indirect relationship with different aspects of human life. Inbound tourism has a positive effect on the economy of destinations by affecting the income of the residents, creating jobs, attracting investment, and increasing the demand for local goods. However, the development of tourism in a destination can lead to some negative aspects, which can cause serious problems after it becomes an established activity. Increasing health expenditures, as an indicator of the health status of communities, is one of the negative effects of tourism. In recent years, tourism and health expenditures have considerably grown in most countries. The GDP per capita is one of the important factors to determine the amount of health expenses. In the tourism literature, few studies have investigated the effect of inbound tourism on the health status of residents. Since there is no consensus on the effects of inbound tourism on the health of the host community, this study aims to investigate the effects of the tourist congestion, carbon dioxide emissions per capita and GDP per capita on health expenditures per capita. To this end, the non-linear relationship between the GDP per capita and the dependent variable is taken into account.

In this study, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to investigate the effects of tourist congestion, GDP per capita and carbon dioxide emissions on the health expenditures per capita in 30 OIC and oil-exporting countries. These countries were selected based on the maximum available data during the period of 2004-2018. To estimate the model, the index of the ratio of inbound tourism to the population of the host community was used for the tourist congestion variable. The GMM econometric method was used owing to its ability to solve the problems of possible endogeneity, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in the variables. In this study, the cross-sectional dependence was examined by Pesaran’s cross-sectional dependence test (2004), and the stationarity of the variables was checked by Pesaran’s unit root test (2007). The cointegration between the variables was also checked by the Pedroni cointegration test and the Kao cointegration test. The validity of the instruments was assessed by the Sargan test, and the lack of correlation of the second order and the general validity of the estimation was investigated by the Arellano-Bond test and the Wald test, respectively. The data of this study were obtained from the World Bank Database and analyzed with the Eviews 12 software.

Based on the results of Pesaran’s unit root test, the variables of GDP per capita and health expenditure per capita were non-stationary at level. Moreover, the results of the the Pedroni cointegration test, the Kao cointegration test and the unit root test on the model residual term showed that the estimate was not spurious. The results of estimating the research model with the GMM method showed that the variables were statistically significant at the significance level of 1%. The variables of carbon dioxide emission per capita and logarithm of tourist congestion had a negative and significant effect on health and caused an increase in health expenditures. The GDP per capita variable had a nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship with health expenditure. According to this finding, the increase in the GDP per capita after reaching the maximum point was 43405 international dollars, reducing the health expenditures. After the maximum point, the increase of GDP per capita is expected to make investing in the infrastructure of the health sector possible and provide easier access to health services. Therefore, it can be expected that the increase in GDP per capita will eventually lead to the improvement of the health status of the society. The results of the Sargan test and the Arellano-Band test confirmed the efficiency of the used tool and the lack of correlation of the second order residual. The Wald test also confirmed the validity of the results of the estimated model.

Based on the results of this study, an increase in GDP per capita before reaching the maximum point causes an increase in health expenditures. After reaching the turning point, however, it reduces the health expenditures per capita. Since the per capita GDP of some countries, including Iran, has a significant distance from the maximum point, there is a good opportunity to achieve the downward range of the inverted U in smaller amounts of per capita GDP by investing in health infrastructure. Therefore, before reaching this point, it is recommended to allocate a part of the tax revenue from the top income deciles to investment in the health sector in order to improve the health of the society. Furthermore, in order to reduce the pollution caused by the GDP of polluting industries, the government should adopt policies to prevent environmental damages from directly endangering the health of people. Also, for the reduction of the adverse effect of tourism on health, a tax is suggested to be collected from incoming tourists. Moreover, it is recommended to include environmental and occupational health methods in the design, construction and utilization of tourism industry facilities. It is also suggested that a part of foreign exchange income from the tax on inbound tourists be allocated to the monitoring, control and prevention of epidemic diseases as well as research on diseases and occupational hazards related to the tourism industry. Finally, it is suggested to create a system for registering disease outbreaks in the tourist population and evaluate the disease burden attributed to tourism.

In recent years, the increasing growth in health expenditures has led to the recognition determinants of health expenditures be considered by researchers. According to studies, GDP and the emission of pollution are the important determinants of health expenditures. In this study, the effect of CO2 emission as an environmental indicator, GDP per capita as an economic indicator, urbanization rate and age dependency ratio as social indicators on health expenditures per capita has been estimated through use of the Panel Generalized Moments Method (PGMM) and the nonlinear relationship approach between income per capita and health expenditures per capita in 19 Oil Exporting countries including Iran in the period 2004 - 2018. The findings reveal that the variables of carbon dioxide emission per capita, urbanization rate and age dependency ratio have positive and significant effect and GDP per capita has a nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship with health expenditure. This nonlinear relationship suggests that increment in GDP per capita leads to an increase in health expenditures per capita until the threshold level, and after that, this increment can lead to a reduction in health expenditures.

Today, information and communication technology (ICT) has affected human societies in all dimensions. Despite its significant effects on the economic, political and social development of societies, this technology also has adverse effects. Among these effects, we can mention the background of information and communication technology on social actions and conflicts. Accordingly, in this study, using Autoregressive Distributed Lag method the effect of information and communication technology and income distribution (Gini coefficient) on social unrest was investigated in Iran during the period 1984-2018. The Internal Conflict Index presented by the ICRG Political Risk Index was used as a proxy for social unrest. The results showed that information and communication technology and unfair income distribution significantly increases social unrest in Iran. As well as Inflation also significantly increases social unrest in Iran. However, GDP per capita has no significant effect on Iran's social unrest. Therefore, the policy of developing information and communication technology based on the internal Internet network, improving income distribution and curbing inflation in controlling Iran's social unrest seems necessary.

Demographic transition is known as one of the main factors affecting economic growth. But this effect may depend on natural resource rent s in resource-rich countries. In other word s, resource rent s may shape the impact of the demographic transition on national income. This paper examines d the interaction effect of oil revenue on demographic transition and GDP per capita of Iran during 1978 - 2017. The results suggest that the capacity of the economy to productively absorb the entry of young people into the labor market is limited by higher oil revenue. Given the significant increase in the share of the working-age population in the last decade and also decreasing of Iran's oil revenue s in beginning of 1400 Implementing effective planning to take advantage of demographic transition into an economic prosperity seem s more important than ever.

The purpose of this paper is to identify factors affecting tax evasion with emphasis on financial development. For this purpose, we estimate an ARDL model for the period 1978 to 2014. Our results show that, at first, there is a long-run relationship between tax evasion and explanatory variables (financial development, literacy rate, government size and industry value added (%GDP). Secondly, financial development has a significant negative effect (in short-run and long-run) on tax evasion. In other words, higher financial development leads to lower tax evasion. This finding is consistent with the theoretical expectation. Thirdly, literacy rate, government size and industry value added (%GDP) have a significant negative effect on tax evasion. That means tax evasion is decreases by increasing each of them. Also, the variables of GDP per capita and tax complexity did not have a significant effect on tax evasion.

During the recent decades, the environment has been damaging by many massive factors. Due to the increase of demand for clean environment and international organizations and countries’ attempts to control the environmental damages, it is more important to consider of factors that affected in environmental degradation. In the meantime, despite the importance of the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and money market (financial development), this issue has been neglected in the literature. In this study, we investigate the role of money market development in carbon dioxide (co2) emissions. To this purpose, we gather data from some countries among OECD members over the period 2011 -2001, and the results are compared countries with high and lower-middle per capita income. The results show that Money market development and increase in per-capita GDP lead to increase emissions of carbon dioxide in the lower-middle-income countries and reduce the emissions in the countries with high per capita income.

In this research the main objective is to explore the impact of country risk index on business insurance demand in MENA countries. To this end, understanding the impact of per capita GDP, risk transition function, education level, inflation, urban population and the real interest rate risk in terms of macro-economic, financial, political and commercial insurance demand in the MENA countries are targeted. The research model estimates, the demand for life insurance in three models (with regard to financial risks, economic and political) and three commercial insurance claims (by taking economic, political and financial risks), using data MENA panel of 16 countries during the period from 2007 to 2014, were to examine the effect of country risks. According to the results, political risk in business demand model is ineffective while the other risks related to financial and economical variables are positive and have a significant effect.

data for 30 provinces of Iran during the period 1385-1391 were considered. The panel data method of estimation was applied to estimate the relationship between the variables. The results show that economic development in provinces measured by GDP per capita decreased the fertility rate. Economic development accompanied by urbanization and industrialization increased the share of women with higher education in population. These developments by changing the rule of women in family decision making and postponing the marriage increased the average age of women in first marriage. These factors had a reverse and significant impact on fertility rate in Iran for the period under consideration. These results confirm the modernization school of thought. Furthermore the results show a positive relationship between the labor force participation of women and fertility which confirm the –Pennsylvania theory of fertility.

The Population and its Related Properties, Is The Foundation and Cornerstone of any Planning and Policy. Economic Growth of any Society is a Sign of Welfare. Among the Most Important Factors that Influence the Economic Welfare of the Country Population. Therefore, the Present Study Sought to Examine and Analyze the Impact of Population on GDP Per Capita in The Country in The Period 1360-1390 using Iterative Methods Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The Results Show That the Coefficients of The Variables That Affect all Economic Theories and Models in Accordance With The Long-Term Fertility Rate Significantly Positive Effect on The Welfare State. Also Coefficient of Error Correction Shows That in Every Year about 53 Percent of The Lack of Balance Short Term for Long Term Access to Balance Adjustment.

In recent years، the impact of non-economic incentives such as life satisfaction and beliefs of community has been examined on economic behavior، such as growth and per capita income. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between life satisfaction index and per capita income with the intensity of religious beliefs. To this end، 2SLS estimator and cross-sectional data in 88 countries in 2010 were used. The results showed that the index of per capita income has a significant positive impact on life satisfaction. Also higher religious restrictions in communities were associated with less life satisfaction، and this shows government involvement in religious beliefs and consequently loss of life satisfaction. In addition، investment، government expenditure and trade variables have a positive and significant relationship with per capita income. Also، life satisfaction has a significant and positive effect on per capita income. Based on the used data in this study، there is a mutual relationship between life satisfaction and percapita income.

Poverty traps as vicious circles preserve people‘s poverty and undermine the poor effort to overcome their own misery. This paper presents an empirical test for a subclass of poverty traps hypotheses. This test is based on the production function to generate multiple equilibrium, while must be present in the region between the equilibrium. Therefore, increasing returns should be strongest when the economy is transiting between steady state than when it is at or near in one of those steady states. We implement this idea by estimating the degree of increasing returns during growth accelerations and growth transitions for a panel of developing and developed economies using World Bank Industrial data. Results of this study show that economies of scale occur where there is collapse in growth. Nevertheless, there are no criteria to distinguish transitory ranges from non-transitory ones. Although, this assumption confirmed economies of scale in industry result in poverty traps.