جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "i" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

In this study, the effect of the components of the corporate governance system on the financial soundness of 12 banks in Iran during the period 2006-2023 was investigated using unbalanced panel data and fixed effects. In the present study, the CAMELS composite index has been used as a representative of the banking soundness index. The survey results have shown that among the corporate governance system's components, only the independent directors variable has a positive effect on the financial soundness. In contrast, the size of the board of directors, the number of meetings of the board of directors, the number of meetings of the audit committee, the duality of the CEO, and the number of meetings of the risk monitoring committee have a negative impact on the financial soundness of banks. In general, it can be expressed that the corporate governance system does not have a desirable effect on the financial soundness of the studied banks in Iran, which can be caused by the lack of real establishment of the corporate governance system in the country's banking system, especially in private and privatized banks, the absence of a correct strategy, corporate governance, lack of monitoring mechanisms, lack of proper transparency and effective accountability regarding information disclosure, poor management of assets and liabilities, etc.

One of the most important necessities of every country's economy is to identify the economic sectors with high job creation capacities and at the same time to adopt appropriate policies to create employment and job opportunities. In the meantime, the exhibition industry, as one of the economic activities that plays a significant role in the process of creating and increasing employment, is the focus of this study in order to evaluate the job creation potential of this industry in Iran using the input-output table in 2016. The results of this study showed that the activities: Rental services of machinery and equipment without operator and personal and household goods, other support services, repair and maintenance services of machinery and transport equipment, services related to sewage and waste disposal, environmental health and other services related to environmental protection, police services and fire department, art services, libraries and museums, travel agencies services, residential buildings, other scientific, technical and professional services, government administrative services, and transportation support services have the greatest impact on job creation potential of the exhibition industry.

The realization of foreign direct investment in the form of joint venture contracts, with many benefits for the host country, requires the necessary alignment between two economies (the country of origin and host) with different characteristics. According to the theoretical literature, it is expected that the sanction of the host country as a factor of increasing risk and uncertainty has a positive effect on attracting foreign investment in the form of joint ventures, but its effect can be decreased by factors such as the weakness of the legal infrastructure and transparent legal procedures of the host country. In the present study, an appropriate framework is investigated for attracting foreign direct investment based on partnership with local investors under the conditions of Iran’s industry sanction. This study was done using the Bayesian vector autoregression  (BVAR) model. Based on the results of this study, a substantial difference in the investment behavior of the developed countries' subsidiary companies and the subsidiaries companies and individuals of the developing countries in the region is evident. According to the results, the sanction of the host country causes a decrease in the desire to enter the industry sector in the form of joint investment, but its effect depends on the effect of other variables such as market size, governance efficiency and commercial openness on the attracting foreign direct investment in the form of Joint venture is less.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing the effect of export shocks on innovation decisions and patent inventory in Iranian manufacturing industries. This research consists of two steps: 1) calculating the export shock index through exploratory factor analysis modeling and extracting the time series of the export shock index and 2) examining the effect of export shocks on the stock of patents and innovation decisions in manufacturing industries. Iran, based on ISIC-4, in the classification of Iran's economic activities in 2011 through VAR regression was done for the period from 2008 to 2023. The findings of the research showed that the stock of patents had an effect of 1.39 on export shocks, while export shocks had an effect of 0.20 on the stock of patents. Other findings show that the effect of innovation on export shocks is equal to 0.78, while the effect of export shocks on innovation is equal to 0.14. Based on this, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between patent stock and export shocks, as well as innovation and export shocks for Iran's manufacturing industries. In addition, the investigation of the interrelationship between innovation and the effect of export shocks on the decision to innovate in Iranian manufacturing industries showed that export shocks and innovation had a mutual relationship; In this way, innovation affected export shocks by 0.292 and export shocks affected innovation by 0.0000492.

Productivity and competition in manufacturing industries have a vital role in economic growth and development. In each industry, various firms compete with each other and have different productivity level (productivity dispersion). Theoretically, there is a negative relationship between productivity dispersion and competition in an industry. To examine this relationship in the country's manufacturing industries, first, the total factor productivity at the firm level with 4-digit ISIC codes was estimated using the Mollisi and Ravigati method in 2017. Then, productivity dispersion at the industry level with 2-digit ISIC codes was calculated using the Gini inequality index. The competitive behavior of industries at the 2-digit level of the ISIC code was also obtained based on the John Boone index in 2008 as a new method for calculating the size of competition and monopoly for the average period of 2016 to 2020. Then, the relationship between these two variables was analyzed. Finally, the most important findings of the article showed that there is no significant negative relationship between competition and the dispersion of factor productivity in Iran’s manufacturing industries, and they are statistically independent.

Today, with the expansion of globalization and increased economic competition, capital accumulation has been proposed as one of the main factors of the economic growth process of the countries, which can be provided through domestic or foreign sources. Meanwhile, inadequacy of internal resources and the need for high technical knowledge in some countries that seek economic growth have required a serious approach to this issue. Furthermore, countries with limited domestic resources are not able to expand exports and acquire shares from new markets, and they need stable resources to provide capital and their needs, among which attracting foreign capital is one of the economic solutions. Indirect foreign investment includes investments made by foreign natural and legal entities in the form of buying securities of a financial institution and company and providing them to the host country during a process. Due to the important role of foreign direct investment, the global market for attracting these funds has become really  competitive. Such competition has been formed especially among developing countries due lack of financial resources on the one hand, and the need for achieving rapid development on the other. Therefore, it is crucilaly important to identify the factors affecting the flow of foreign direct investment. As a result, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between foreign investment and crimes committed in 31 provinces of the country during 2001-2021 using panel data regression models and unit root stationarity tests of Levin, Lin and Chu, Im, Pesaran and Shin, Fisher and Fisher.

According to the theoretical foundations of foreign direct investment and crime and the study conducted by Daniele and Marani in 2008, regression model (panel data) and static test have been considered to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment and crime. In other words, in the estimation of regression models in the form of time series, it is critically important to check the stationarity of the variables, and for this purpose, Levin, Lin and Chu, Im, Pesaran and Shin, Fisher and Fisher tests were used in this study. The variables investigated in this study include foreign direct investment as a dependent variable and population variables, GDP per capita, industry index, degree of openness of the regional economy, infrastructure index and crime variable as an independent variable.

The results indicate that the test of the first model shows a negative relationship between foreign direct investment and crime, which is not statistically significant. In other words, with the increase in crime, the power to attract foreign direct investment in each province decreases. The results of the second model indicate that the logarithm of GDP per capita has a negative and significant effect on the entry of foreign direct investment. In other words, with the increase of GDP in each province, the amount of foreign direct investment attraction decreases. In the third model, in addition to the gross domestic product, the logarithm of the investment of exploitation licenses issued in each province as an industry index of each province has been entered into the model, which has a negative and significant effect on foreign direct investment. In the fourth model, the variable related to the country's infrastructure, which in this study is the amount of electricity subscribers of each province, has a positive and significant effect, and by entering the infrastructure variable, the effect of other variables is the same as before. The variable of the degree of openness of the economy in the fifth model shows a positive and significant effect on foreign direct investment, and it shows that the more suitable the country has for trade with other countries, the more the desire to invest in the country increases and the more foreign direct investment is attracted. GDP per capita variables and industry index have a negative and significant effect, and the infrastructure variable also has a positive and significant effect on foreign direct investment. In final model where the population variable is entered, the results indicate a negative and significant effect of the population on foreign direct investment. In other words, with the increase in population, the power to attract direct investment in each province decreases.

The results obtained from the present study indicate that although, based on the data examined in this study, crimes have not had a significant effect on the attraction of foreign direct investment, but the negative effects of GDP per capita and the industry index indicate that despite Iran's capabilities, it requires official and long-term planning to provide the necessary ground for attracting foreign direct investments. It seems that a step can be taken in this direction by applying the reduction of restrictions in the field of commercial policies, especially the foundation through tariff and customs policies and application of protective laws and regulations

Aim and Introduction:

 Achieving a high GDP requires an answer to the question of the factors that determine GDP. Social progress is one of the important and influential factors on the GDP. The Social Development Index is a scale for measuring social well-being, which is a completely new way of looking at well-being among countries in the world without referring to GDP. On the other hand, considering the fact that economic and social indicators must be improved as preconditions for increased  living standards, which would be only possible in the shadow of economic growth, assumes it as a critical component contributing into improvement of social indicators. In this study, the mutual relationship between social progress index and GDP per capita for selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, during the period of 2012-2021 is investigated. The countries studied in this research are: Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Tunisia, Turkey and UAE. Since the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation are developing countries, due to problems such as lack of human skills, inefficiency in production, lack of technological development, as well as the lack of expertise needed to produce and export competitive goods, have not been able to make significant progress in economic growth and development. Therefore, it seems that in these countries, development can be realized with social progress by paying attention to the issue of education and the basic needs of human resources in order to form and develop human capital. Investing more in human power has increased the level of productivity of production factors and technological development, and in this way, it is able to provide the necessary ground for the development of international trade and to achieve higher economic growth.

In this research, the statistics related to social progress and GDP per capita in 27 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which are respectively taken from the social progress index and the World Bank in the years 2012 to 2021, have been used. In order to investigate the relationship between social progress and GDP, the simultaneous equation system approach in the form of the three-stage least square method (3SLS) has been applied` using Stata software. In the application of the system of simultaneous equations, it is necessary to have two recognizability conditions, which include the degree and rank condition. For this purpose, before estimating the model, these conditions have been examined first, and then preliminary tests of the model specification, such as the cross-sectional correlation test in the disturbance component, the unit root test of the combined data, the cointegration and endogeneity test have been performed.

The results of the data estimation over the period showed that in the model of GDP, social progress index, economic freedom and government consumption expenditure have an increasing and significant effect on the GDP per capita of the studied countries. The trade openness variable also has a negative and non-significant effect on GDP per capita. In the model related to the social progress index, the global innovation index, education index and GDP per capita have a positive and significant effect on the social progress index. The urban population variable also has a negative and insignificant effect on the social progress index.

The results of the model estimation show that the social progress index variable in the per capita GDP model has the greatest impact on the per capita GDP among other influencing variables. The contribution of social progress into the performance of the economy and development process can be considered through reducing inequality and poverty, increasing market efficiency, economic growth, reducing costs, increasing the efficiency of human resources and capital, creating economic institutions and organizations and improving their performance, and increasing investment and employment, as well as increasing innovation and technology. The results of the estimation of the social progress index model also show the presence of a positive and significant effect of GDP per capita on the social progress index. In other words, with the increase of GDP per capita, many basic human needs such as nutrition and health care, water, health, shelter and personal safety, which is one of the indicators of social progress, are improved. In addition, in the mentioned model, the education index among other influential variables has more weight in influencing the social progress index. In other words, manpower training improves welfare infrastructure as well as opportunities, which are two dimensions of the social progress index. Finally, according to the results obtained from both models, which confirm the existence of a positive and significant relationship between the social progress index and GDP per capita, it can be concluded that there is a complementary relationship between these two variables

The importance of poverty and dealing with that is so critical that poverty alleviation is the first goal in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Therefore, it is essential to be aware of the poverty dynamics and the mechanisms involved to influence such parameters. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting poverty in Iran and analyzing the interactive mechanisms of the factors that cause poverty in the country. This study emphasizes the fact that knowing the factors affecting poverty and the mechanisms of influencing these factors can have a significant impact on alleviating poverty.

The current study is applied research in terms of purpose, and analytical-exploratory research in terms of information analysis. The data collection tool is semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Since the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting poverty in
Iran from the point of view of experts on Iran's economic, social and political issues, the samples were selected and interviewed using theoretical sampling under the snowball method. By conducting 16 interviews, the research reached theoretical saturation. In order to ensure that the subsequent interviews do not add new information to the previous findings, 4 more interviews were conducted, but no new information was added to the previous findings. Therefore, theoretical saturation was ensured by conducting 20 interviews and the target study sample was 20 cases. After identifying experts and conducting deep and semi-structured interviews, thematic analysis method was applied. This analysis is the process of identifying themes in qualitative data. In this method, a suitable conceptual model is obtained using qualitative data obtained from interviews. It should be noted that the MAXQDA software is used for coding the interviews. Finally, the specified codes were categorized and analyzed in the form of factors affecting poverty in the country. Also, in order to show the complex relationships between factors affecting poverty in iran in the form of main and sub-themes, a qualitative dynamic approach and feedback loops were used in the Vensim 6.4E software environment. In this study, an approach is needed that can reflect the relationship of factors affecting poverty in its formation. Therefore, the relationships between the main and sub-themes extracted from the thematic analysis of expert interviews are depicted with a dynamic view. This method is a tool to show cause and effect relationships about a problem in society. This approach maps the relationships of a set of variables involved in a system. The relationship between system variables is displayed using causal loops.

In recent decades, despite the fact that the debate on poverty and poverty alleviation strategies has been raising in the world, and in some countries, basic measures have been taken to reduce income poverty and multi-dimensional poverty have taken place, not only has the situation not improved in Iran, but the country is facing huge crises in this field.
In this study, the factors affecting poverty in Iran have been presented in the form of four main themes of political, cultural, production and educational structure.
Cultural structure: cultural structure is a force that determines, realizes, facilitates and empowers or inhibits, binds or hinders action. Cultural structure identified in the interviews has been classified into two categories: the mental paradigms of actors (people and officials) and the culture of poverty.
Political structure: the elements related to the political structure identified among the experts' interviews have had a significant effect on poverty in Iran by reducing economic growth and creating inequality. These elements include: limited access orders, the presence of subordinate institutions in the economy, political isolation, lack of guarantee of property rights, lack of transparency in access to information, lack of freedom of expression in the press, rent, lack of a strong mechanism for monitoring, weak labor unions, government unresponsiveness, weak local government, not believing in law and legislation, and finally, the lack of education in demanding in schools and universities.
Educational structure: in relation to the interaction between education and poverty, it can be acknowledged that without adequate education and appropriate for the society, the individual and the society are limited to a poor life. Sen states that inadequate education in itself can be considered a form of poverty in many societies.
Production structure: the elements related to the production structure that were extracted from coding are: false beliefs due to unfavorable conditions, weakness in production culture, non-guaranteeing of property rights, political isolation, erosion of social capital, elimination of comparative advantage in production, corrupt monetary and banking system, presence of institutions subordinate to power in the economy, lack of written program in production, centralization in the center of the country and the environment of rentier economy.

Contrary to the opinion of many officials and people of the society, poverty is not a simple and linear problem, but a complex and systemic disease. There is no specific problem in a system and all problems are related. According to the aggregated model and the self-reinforcing causal relationship, to break the causal relationships, planned policies in the form of main and sub-themes are suggested as follows:Ensuring property rights for a large part of society, so that different people are motivated to invest and participate.

Water crisis is considered as one of the biggest challenges that most regions of the world, especially Iran, are facing. Indiscriminate surface and underground water extraction and successive droughts have limited water resources. Population growth has also led to an increase in demand and consumption in the water chain and food industry (especially agricultural products) and emphasizes the necessity of using virtual water as an efficient approach.
According to the report of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) in 2022, half of the world population faces severe water shortages at least for part of the year. Due to the centrality of the severe lack of water resources in the world, the first major United Nations conference on water was held in 2023, and in general, the decade from 2018 to 2028 was named as the "International Decade of Water for Sustainable Development". Although the water cycle changes are often evaluated only based on physical water flows and its reserves, this method is not effective on a larger scale and in relation to the global water cycle, and it also emphasizes the need to pay attention to "virtual water" flows which should be considered in addition to the physical flows of water.

In order to design the patterns examined in this research, the gravity pattern has been used. This model is mainly used for the analysis of environmental effects in international trade, as it allows the consideration of variables with potential impact such as income, population, geographical distances and institutional factors in an economic framework. The gravity model was applied in this research in order to estimate the research patterns and since the current research has faced the problem of zero in the independent variables as well as zero imports from trading countries for some products, using the estimator method Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood (PPML) was also used. It is worth mentioning here that PPML is a suitable method to solve the problems mentioned above.

According to the investigations, Iran's virtual water trade balance has a positive relationship with the bilateral exchange rate and a negative relationship with the distance and population ratio, and for the variable of GDP, this relationship is positive for other products except watermelon. Iran is also an exporter of watermelon and pistachio products and an importer of virtual water for two products of wheat and rice, and an exporter of virtual water for date products due to the fact that it is only for export. In general, it is considered a virtual water exporter. The existence of quantitative and qualitative problems in the country’s water resources and the location of Iran in an arid and semi-arid region and facing water shortage crises, is necessary to pay attention to the demand for water at the macro level and formulate basic plans for the sustainable use of water resources. Therefore, the use of virtual water trade approach by countries shows a favorable performance in relation to useful management measures. This research, while using the gravity model and the PPML estimator, studies the factors affecting the bilateral trade balance of virtual water in five major agricultural products of Iran (wheat, rice, dates, pistachios, and watermelon) in terms of sustainable development approach.

In this research, bilateral virtual water trade about rice, watermelon, dates, wheat, and pistachio products between Iran and its major agricultural partners has been investigated. Examining the export and import data of agricultural products shows that these products are important and strategic products which include the largest amount of export and import of Iran's agriculture and the largest volume of virtual water trade. Therefore, the obtained results can be an example of the country's virtual water business. According to the investigations, Iran's virtual water trade balance has a positive relationship with the bilateral exchange rate and a negative relationship with the distance and population ratio, and for the variable of GDP, this relationship is positive for other products except watermelon. Also, the results indicate that virtual water import is more for wheat and rice products and virtual water export is more for pistachio and watermelon products. Regarding the date product, water extraction is relatively less than other studied products, and since the product is exported and the import level is very small, virtual water export is higher. In general, Iran can be considered as an exporter of virtual water over the period.
Considering the existing conditions, Iran should act in order to achieve sustainable development by reducing virtual water exports and saving water resources. Since access to water resources and its optimal use and food production are among the benefits of human societies, sustainable development is considered an excellent approach that emphasizes the necessity of water resources management and its impact on human societies

Fiscal policy is one of the most effective government means to intervene in the economy. The relationship between government intervention in the economy and macro variables such as economic growth and employment is always one of the discussed issues in economics. The impacts of fiscal policies on production, employment and economic growth have been estimated in numerous empirical studies. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimum size of Iran's government. Furthermore, Considering the role of the manufacturing sector in Iran's economy, the impact of government optimal size on Iran's Manufacturing employment would be estimated.  while using data from the period 1360 to 1398, the optimal control method was used to determine the optimum size of the government, and then by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method( ARDL), the short-term and long-term Impacts of government optimum size on the employment of the manufacturing sector evaluated. The research results showed that the optimal size of the government both in the short term and in the long term had a positive and significant impact on manufacturing sector employment. In addition the results indicated that the Impact of government optimum size on manufacturing sector employment is greater compared to the current size of the government. In other words, if the size of the government is optimum, fiscal policies will have a greater impact on the manufacturing employment.

Studding the entrepreneurship literature shows that the Economic performance and the extent of entrepreneurial activities depend on the quality and different levels of institutions, and in addition, the mechanism of institutions' influence on entrepreneurial activities in developed and developing countries differs. The purpose of this research is to understand the difference in the type of influence of micro and macro institutions on entrepreneurial activities in developed and developing countries. For this purpose, while using the dynamic panel data, the good governance index and the business environment index used as macro and micro institutional factors, respectively. The results showed that the good governance significantly increase the level of entrepreneurial activities in both developing and developed countries. Contrary to expectations, micro-institutional factors do not increase the level of entrepreneurial activities in the studied developing and developed countries. The degree of economic freedom has a small effect on entrepreneurial activities in developed countries, while it strengthens entrepreneurship in developing countries. Government expenditure has a positive impact  on the level of entrepreneurial activities in developing countries, but it is ineffective in developed countries. Economic growth in both groups of countries has positive impact on the level of entrepreneurial activities. The impact of liquidity on the entrepreneurial activities of developing and developed countries is negative and positive, respectively.

This article's objectives are to assess the current state of the textile and apparel industry's value chain by breaking it down into its component parts, identify industry challenges based on its various subsectors, and offer solutions for the industry's development and completion of its value chain in order to increase its competitiveness. This industry can be considered important due to its low capital intensity and ability to meet all three of the country's goals of industrial production, development (employment), and foreign exchange; Its 8.2% share of industrial enterprises (10 employees and above), 7.3% share of industrial employment, and 3.5% share of fixed capital formation demonstrate this. The study's conclusions demonstrate that the main issues facing Iran's textile and apparel sector are related to the value chain's fragility as well as the inadequacies of the regulations that are supposed to encourage it. The development of the textile and clothing industries in Iran is facilitated by policies and executive mechanisms that include re-engineering the value chain's structure to maximize the benefits of internal content, facilitating the transfer of technology and equipment to this sector, and outfitting it with ancillary and support services. This is what recommended in this article.

This study examines the impact of acquisitions on the financial performance of target companies with an emphasis on the role of managerial ability in Iran for the first time. To achieve this goal, a sample of 71 publicly listed companies that underwent major and block-share acquisitions from 1389 to 1400, resulting in changes in primary ownership and management, was selected. These companies, identified as being in financial distress or bankruptcy according to the Kurdestani and Tutley (2014) model, served as the target group. A control group of 71 other financially distressed or bankrupt listed companies that did not undergo acquisitions during the same period was also selected. The financial health index of the companies was calculated using a bankruptcy formula, and managerial ability was assessed based on the Demerjian et al. (2012) model. The findings reveal that acquisitions have a positive and significant effect on the financial health of firms in the years following the acquisition. Moreover, managerial ability in acquired companies has a significant positive impact on their financial health at the 5% level. Comparing the average financial health using paired t-tests and managerial ability using binomial tests over the two years before and after the acquisitions confirms that both acquisitions and managerial ability significantly improve firms' financial health within the two years post-acquisition. Therefore, it can be concluded that acquisitions positively influence financial health in subsequent years, and skilled managers play a crucial role in enhancing the financial health of firms.

Narcissism is a prominent personality trait, particularly common among corporate leaders, with a significant impact on their judgment and decision-making. This influence extends to the level of investment in research and development (R&D) within the companies they lead, potentially affecting corporate innovation. This study examines the impact of CEO narcissism on corporate innovation and the moderating effect of credit risk. Given the research constraints, a sample of 26 pharmaceutical companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 1389 to 1401 was analyzed. Data were collected from explanatory notes attached to financial statements and board reports. CEO narcissism was measured using signature size, while corporate innovation was assessed through R&D expenditure. Hypotheses were tested using panel data (with year effects controlled) and multivariate regression models. The results reveal that CEO narcissism does not affect corporate innovation. Additionally, credit risk does not moderate the relationship between CEO narcissism and corporate innovation. These findings expand the theoretical understanding of CEO narcissism and offer practical implications for R&D investment decisions and the selection of corporate managers.

Assessing the interplay between the fundamental conditions of listed companies and stock price movements provides insights into the relationship between stock market indices and economic growth. This study examines the mutual effects of Tehran Stock Exchange indices, including the total Index (TEDPIX), Price Index (TEPIX), and Dividend Yield Index (TEDIX), as well as their responses to changes in non-oil economic growth and inflation rates during the period Q4 1389 to Q2 1402, using a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model. The findings reveal that the TEDIX, representing the overall profitability of listed companies, is influenced by non-oil economic growth but is not significantly affected by inflation and TEPIX. Furthermore, the TEPIX does not exhibit a positive response to non-oil economic growth or the TEDIX. Therefore, the notion that stock price movements in the capital market and the subsequent growth of stock indices reflect the fundamental conditions and profitability of companies is not supported. Additionally, the results indicate that increased investor interest in purchasing a company's stock and the resulting rise in its stock price do not necessarily lead to improved corporate financing or fundamental conditions.

Taxation is one of the primary fiscal policy tools available to the government, playing a crucial role in economic growth, price stability, and promoting social equity. The value-added tax (VAT) law serves as an effective alternative to many indirect taxes and fees that cause significant distortions across economic sectors. VAT, by addressing shortcomings in the tax system, can provide a reliable income source for the government. Since the introduction of a pilot VAT law in 2008 and the enactment of a permanent law in 2021, Iran’s tax system has faced various legal and operational challenges. This study simulates the effects of VAT rate increase shocks across three scenarios (12%, 15%, and 20%) on Iran’s economic sectors using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model based on the ORANI-G-Iran model and a 2016 input-output table. The results indicate that higher VAT rates lead to increased inflation and investment while reducing GDP and consumption.

This article examines the effect of oil price fluctuations on Iran's economic growth. The research data are quarterly and cover the period from 1991:1 to 2021:4. For this purpose, first the oil price instability index is estimated using the GARCH model, then the mutual relationships between the model variables are examined using the vector autoregressive (VAR) method, and finally the long-term relationship between the variables is extracted using the Johansen cointegration method. Based on the impulse response functions, the oil price shock has had a negative impact on production. Also, according to the estimated long-term relationship during the study period, the variables of private consumption expenditure, investment, and net exports have had a positive and significant impact on GDP, which is consistent with the theoretical basis of the research. In the long run, the oil price variable has had a positive effect and the oil price instability has had a negative effect on GDP. Given the country's strong dependence on oil and oil revenues, the above results are acceptable. Another finding of the study is that the effect of an increase in oil prices has been significant in all cases and greater than the effect of a decrease in oil prices. The results also show that monetary shocks, along with oil price shocks, have a significant effect on GDP.

In recent decades the removal and reduction of subsidies or concessions for consumers of fossil fuel products such as oil has always been the focus of researchers in the field of energy economics .While the removal concessions for producers of these resources has rarely been discussed by researchers .This research with the purpose of studying the behavior of the oil producing company and considering the elimination of producer privileges ,in addition to developing an economic optimization model of oil production on one of the oil fields in the south of Iran according to the actual production of the field in the period from 2018-2037,has also been studied and investigated in the from of Iran`s new oil contracts (IPC).Therefore the implementation of the scenario of removing the privileges of the oil producing company shows the reduction of the optimal production rate .Despite the fact that the increase in the discount rate accelerates  the negative effects of removing points and has the opposite impact on the producer`s benefits.

The intermediary role of electricity in various industries and its correlation with societal well-being have gained increased significance. Awareness of the demand for this energy plays a crucial role in guiding the country towards development. In recent decades, with the advancements in deep learning models and their heightened accuracy, their usage has become prevalent. In the realm of modeling and predicting electricity consumption, incorporating influential variables is crucial for enhancing prediction accuracy. Thus, in this research, variables such as non-oil Gross Domestic Product (GDP), average country temperature, holidays, and electricity consumption trends are utilized. The TPE optimization algorithm is employed to optimize the LSTM model. For result comparison, an alternative model excluding two variables, non-oil GDP and holidays, is designed and optimized using the TPE algorithm. The study results indicate that the model incorporating variables like non-oil GDP and holidays exhibits higher accuracy compared to the model without these two variables

Due to the concerns caused by the uncontrolled consumption of fossil fuels, governments and organizations are moving towards the use of new technologies with low environmental pollution as the renewable resources such as wind sources. Therefore, it is expected that the capacity of the mentioned resources in the distribution network will increase a lot in the next few years. Therefore, to prevent accidents that can be expected from the lack of management of these elements in the distribution network, there is a need to manage the energy of the mentioned elements and also to reconfiguration the network structure to increase the capacity of the distribution network to use these resources. In addition to this, increasing the number of mentioned elements in the distribution network will increase the uncertainty parameters of the distribution network. Therefore, the operator of the distribution network should be able to perform certain management conditions for all the scenarios resulting from the uncertainty of various parameters, so that in this case the distribution network is able to operate with proper performance. The results show that the use of distributed generations reduces costs by 77%, and the use of compensation and reconfiguration reduces costs by 18%.