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The issue of attracting foreign direct investment is essential for the production and economic growth. So, in these situations identifying the factors affecting the attraction of foreign direct investment is important. This research wants to identify the factors affecting the attraction of foreign direct investment, with an emphasis on the presence of non-renewable energy resources in the host country. This is important because it shows the key features in the countries that absorb foreign direct investment. The method here is the panel vector auto-regression model (p-var) for the 45 selected countries in the world. Countries have been chosen in such a way that some of them have non-renewable energy resources and some lack them. The results show that out of the four factors and motivations for investment, market incentives, resources, productivity and financial incentives, resources have little effect on investors' motivation. But, the main motive for investment decision is market incentives.

Economic sanctions serve as tools for Western countries, especially the United States, to enforce their demands on other nations by exerting pressure through the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Over time, these sanctions have included measures like blocking the return of foreign exchange revenues from oil sales due to SWIFT restrictions imposed on Iran. This study explores oil sanctions, the SWIFT financial system, blockchain, and cryptocurrencies. By conducting interviews with 12 experts in oil, cryptocurrencies, and blockchain, key themes were identified using the "thematic analysis" method. Through the "system design" method, a model for the process of international financial settlement flow to return foreign exchange revenues from oil sales to the country using a shared cryptocurrency in the form of a token on the block-chain was developed. The findings suggest that Iran, being heavily reliant on oil, struggles to repatriate revenues due to SWIFT sanctions. As a result, adopting a shared cryptocurrency on the blockchain could provide a creative and effective solution to bypass sanctions. Furthermore, this approach could open avenues for collaboration with organizations and countries such as BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, OPEC, and other sanctioned entities. 

The aim of this study was to examine energy efficiency and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran.The study was conducted between 1980 and 2021.The approach used in this research has been ARDL.The data from the research was obtained from the World Bank, and the software used in this research was the avivos software with version 12 to analyze the data obtained.The findings of the study have shown that: In the long term, the effect of energy efficiency on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and meaningful, and the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions is also positive and meaningful, as well as the results of the relationship of variables in the short term, and the results of its estimates have shown that variables adjust the imbalance error at a rate of 0.54 percent and tend towards the long term. Therefore, according to the results obtained, the hypotheses of the research have been approved.

The present research aims to investigate the role of productivity in the impact of non-renewable energy consumption on ecological resilience.For this purpose,the statistical data of Iran from 1990 to 2022 and the Threshold Structural Vector Autoregression(TSVAR)model,were used in this study.The productivity of the production factors was also estimated by the bootstrap method.The findings show that the effective threshold of non-renewable energy consumption in terms of productivity is 0.06%, and increasing and decreasing productivity will increase and decrease ecological resilience,respectively.According to the results,depending on the mechanism of transfer of momentum effects in the Threshold Structural Vector Autoregression model,the impact of the momentum of non-renewable energy consumption on ecological resilience is different in various regimes;this indicates that the effect of non-renewable energy consumption on resilience depends on the level and amount of non-renewable energy consumption,and the change in non-renewable energy consumption under any circumstances has not led to an increase in ecological resilience.To increase the productivity of factors,the use of new technologies that have high efficiency and low energy intensity can be recommended as a policy note.

Features such as natural monopoly and economies of scale in network industries such as the electricity industry led to the fact that in most countries, the ownership and management of  the mentioned industries in a vertically integrated form is provided to the government. Such an attitude prevailed in most countries until the end of the 1980s. Technological advances in these industries, including the electricity industry, led to a new attitude in the 1990s. Based on this approach, vertically integrated network industries include separate activities that have different economic characteristics from competitive to monopoly levels, and this provided the basis for power sector reform. This study employs analytical-descriptive methods and a case study approach, structured into three parts. The first part establishes a theoretical framework, examining the key components of electricity sector reforms and the importance of sequencing these reforms. The second part analyzes China's electricity sector reform process in five stages, based on the developed framework. The third part provides tailored policy recommendations for Iran's electricity industry. The findings of this research show that China's experience in the gradual separation of policy-making, regulation, and service provision affairs from each other, decentralization through the mechanism of provincial and local governments, and the commercialization of state-owned companies can bring lessons learned for Iran's electricity industry. In this regard, recommendations such as a-reorganizing the Ministry of Energy as a policy-making body and state-owned companies as actors of the service provider layer and b- Redefining the new financial relationship between the key companies of the electricity industry and the Ministry of Energy in order to commercialize the behavior of state-owned companies are suggested for Iran's electricity sector.

This study examines how real commodity prices affect foreign exchange market pressure (EMP) in resource-exporting countries using a Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) approach. Exchange market pressure, characterized by excess demand or supply of domestic currency, often requires monetary policy intervention to stabilize currency values. This research specifically investigates the relationship between EMP and real prices of four commodity categories: food, metals, energy, and raw materials. Using data from 1990-2022, we first calculated the EMP index using an independent model method. Our findings reveal the non-linear nature of exchange market pressure, with studied countries experiencing continuous fluctuations between appreciation and depreciation pressures throughout the period, never reaching a pressure-free equilibrium. The PSTR model results demonstrate that real commodity prices have a significant indirect effect on exchange market pressure across the studied countries. The real price index shows a strengthening effect on market pressure in both regimes for all exporting countries, with food-exporting nations particularly exhibiting positive and significant pressure effects across both regimes. Our findings indicate that monetary authority intervention is necessary across all four country groups to achieve target exchange rates and mitigate exchange market pressure. These results have important implications for monetary policy in resource-exporting countries, suggesting the need for active management of exchange market pressure in response to commodity price fluctuations.

This study investigates the impact of government subsidies on economic well-being in Iran, using both symmetric and asymmetric approaches. Economic well-being is first quantified using a composite index based on four components: consumption flow, wealth stocks, income distribution, and economic security. The study then applies an ARDL & NARDL model to assess the linear and non-linear effects of subsidies on economic well-being over the period from 1973 to 2022. The findings reveal a significant decline in economic well-being from 1975 until the end of the Iran-Iraq War, followed by an upward trend until the Sixth Development Plan. The average index value increased from 20.9 in the First Plan to 60.3 in the Fifth Plan, but then fell to an average of 8 in the Sixth Plan. The share of subsidies in total government expenditure increased from 1973 to the end of the war and during the First to Fourth Development Plans, but decreased thereafter, particularly in the Sixth Plan.Long-term estimates indicate that both increases and decreases in subsidy expenditures directly impact economic well-being. However, the effect of subsidy reductions on economic well-being is more significant than that of increases, suggesting the presence of an asymmetric impact. Moreover, the analysis of the optimal subsidy level reveals that subsidies enhance economic well-being up to a threshold of 8.8% of government expenditure; beyond this point, increasing subsidies has a detrimental effect on economic well-being.Additionally, the study highlights a marked decline in economic well-being during the periods 1976-1989 and 2017-2022, with the post-JCPOA period witnessing a more substantial decline due to the intensification of sanctions.

Globalization as a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon has wide-ranging effects on various economic, political, social and environmental areas. In recent decades, its importance has increased as one of the most important issues in policymaking and decisions among global communities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of globalization dimensions on economic growth and environmental quality in Iran during the period of 1971-2021 using the wavelet method. Based on the results of the globalization and economic growth index, initially, there is a relatively high dependence on high frequencies during the middle period under review, and the two indices are in the same phase (in the same direction) and economic growth is the reason for the increase globalization. Economic, political and social globalization lead to a decrease in the quality of the environment. The findings also show that in order to improve the quality of the environment and achieve sustainable development, policy makers should pay attention to reducing its negative effects on the environment in formulating globalization policies and adopt strategies to reduce CO2 emissions.

Adopting appropriate exchange rate policies in developing countries is always controversial. In order to prevent losses from changes in exchange rates, monetary policymakers have always sought to find a suitable method for forecasting exchange rates. However, the political and economic characteristics of the exchange rate have caused complex and nonlinear behavior, indicating the use of better models in forecasting. In this study, the optimal exchange rate model was simulated using metaheuristic algorithms. For this purpose, from 257 monthly data of exchange rate, inflation rate, OPEC basket oil price and gold coin price during the period from December 2000 to March 2021, the data were first divided into two groups of training and testing. Each of the metaheuristic algorithms was run for the next 24 months with the parameters related to each algorithm. In each run, the value of the error coefficients was selected after reaching the stop criterion and finally the best algorithm was selected based on the highest convergence. The results show that the particle swarm algorithm had very good convergence in low number and iteration and had a more accurate performance in forecasting the exchange rate. Given that metaheuristic algorithms are capable of optimizing various processes such as time management, resources, and facilitating daily planning, this study suggests that policymakers use this algorithm to predict the exchange rate before planning in sectors.

One of the characteristics of oil-exporting countries like Iran is the dependence of the economic structure on the income from oil exports, which causes the Iranian economy to be affected by the conditions of recession or boom prevailing on the world economy. In this case, extreme oil price fluctuations can affect inflation. In this research, the time-frequency characteristics of the oil price-inflation relationship and oil price-inflation volatility with wavelet analysis approach and monthly data are investigated for the period 1980-2020. The results show that there is a positive, in-phase and significant coherence between inflation and oil prices in the short term. However, in some years, a negative and out-of-phase correlation has been established, so that with the passage of time and in the medium and long term, the coherence between the two series has disappeared. Also, there is a positive and significant correlation between inflation and oil price volatility and by controlling the effect of liquidity growth, the correlation of oil price and oil price volatility with inflation has intensified. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce the country's dependence on oil revenues to the minimum possible amount.

One of the main challenges when studying economic sanctions is the indexation of sanctions. Without a specific index that clearly shows the effects of sanctions, economic modeling does not provide reliable results. This article quantifies the effects of sanctions against the Iranian economy on the consumer price index (inflation) over the period 1979-2022. For this purpose, a quantitative index was used to measure the strength of sanctions and compare their severity with each other using mathematical calculations. Then, by using the Structural Vector Autoregression model and Vector Error Correction model, the effects of sanctions on inflation in the Iranian economy and its amount were separated from other effective factors is measured. The main goal of this article is to answer the question “Do sanctions have an effect on inflation in the Iranian economy?” The results indicate that sanctions have contributed to an increase in the general consumer price index (inflation) of 7.9 percent. This shows that in inflation targeting, in addition to variables such as liquidity volume, interest rate, etc., the policymaker should pay special attention to the quantification of the severity of sanctions.

Monetary policies and factors influencing liquidity creation are among the key drivers of inflation in the economy. Various elements play a role in the process of liquidity creation and analyzing the impact of each can greatly aid in controlling inflation and shaping macroeconomic policies. This study investigates the effects of different components of liquidity on inflation in Iran during the period 1981-2021, employing Bayesian averaging methods. Using three Bayesian averaging techniques -BACE, BAS, and BMA- the study identifies the main factors influencing inflation. Subsequently, inflation models are estimated using JMA and MALLOWS methods. Robust checks, conducted via machine learning techniques, confirm the findings of JMA and MALLOWS. The results reveal that among the six key factors contributing to liquidity creation, the most significant drivers of inflation are commercial banks overdraft, the money supply, and inflation expectations. Across all methods employed, the findings indicate that the net debt of government to the central bank has a far smaller inflationary effect compared to the aforementioned three factors. Additionally, growth in quasi-money and the central bank's foreign assets exhibit anti-inflationary effects.

Iran's demographic window opened in 2006 and is projected to continue until approximately 2050. Therefore, it is essential to focus on the youthfulness of the population and extend this demographic window through various policies and regulations. This article examines the relationship between housing characteristics and fertility of households in Iran using an ordered logit model and data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of 2022. The results indicate that factors such as increased living space, non-apartment housing, quality, and homeownership are positively and significantly associated with an increased likelihood of fertility in households. These findings suggest that housing is a crucial factor that can influence fertility. Policymakers can positively impact households' fertility preferences by creating stability in the housing market and allocating appropriate facilities or tax exemptions for constructing larger and non-apartment housing units. Another finding of this research is the tendency of households with higher per capita income and higher education levels of the head of the household to have fewer children.

The level of investment by firms and the factors influencing it have always been a subject of interest for researchers. With the advancement of technology, the significance of intangible investment in this field has increased. Intangible investment shows less responsiveness to changes in firm valuation compared to tangible investment. It depreciates more quickly and has lower collateral value, leading to different behavioral patterns compared to tangible investment. This research aims to evaluate the impact of monetary policy on the intangible investment of listed companies in stock market of Iran through the monetary transmission channel. The Generalized Method of Moments approach has been used to analyze this issue for 50 companies during the period of 2011 to 2022. The results indicate that monetary policy has a positive and significant impact on companies' level of investment in intangible assets. Moreover, firm size, Tobin's Q ratio, cash flow, and the level of intangible investment have a positive and significant impact on intangible investment by firms in the examined period. Another finding is the significant and positive influence of changes in gross domestic product on the level of intangible investment by manufacturing firms.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the difference in the economic structure among different provinces of the country with the average of the country on the difference of employment among the regions. For this purpose, the technique of spatial structural decomposition analysis has been used in the input-output model between the two regions and the effect of three factors: difference in the technological structure of production or inter-sectoral relations, the difference in employment coefficients (employment per unit of production) and final demand. The results of the study have shown that the effect of the difference in the final demand of the regions has a greater contribution (absolute value) in the employment difference except the regions of Kerman, West Azerbaijan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Gilan and Alborz. The difference in the final demand has a positive effect in 8 provinces and a negative effect in 23 provinces. Tehran province has experienced the most positive effect and Chahar Mahal Bakhtiari province has experienced the most negative effect compared to the country's average. The effect of difference in employment coefficients is positive in 22 provinces and negative in 9 other provinces. Inter-sectoral relations have been positive in 7 provinces and have caused more employment in these provinces than the average of the country. The most positive effect of all three factors is in sector of "other industries"(All industries except food, clothing and textiles).

In order to reduce speculative behavior in Iran's economy, the Capital Gains Tax Law was approved in the Islamic Parliament in 2023. According to Keynes' theory of liquidity preference, bank term deposits are an example of the speculative motive for holding money. Therefore, increasing the share of bank term deposits in Iran's economy is known as a potential capacity in the occurrence of speculative behavior in the economy. On the other hand, the government has faced financial instability as a result of the sanction, which can lead to stagnation and chronic inflation in the economy. Now the question is, can a tax on such deposits be a suitable solution for financing the government and controlling inflation in Iran's economy? This research aims to explore the impact of the tax shock on the amount of bank term deposits as a new tax base in the event of budget deficit in the framework of a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model. The findings indicate that implementing this tax as a shock can lead to a decrease in the government budget deficit and inflation while it can increase consumption. Therefore, it can be an effective tool for decreasing budget deficit and inflation.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the economic sanctions on urban households' expenditures in the healthcare sector. In this study, the statistical information prepared from the household budget of Tehran city in the period of 2011-2022 and the difference-in-difference regression method were used. In the first stage, economic sanctions lead to a reduction in health and pharmaceutical products, and as a result, health is reduced to these basic goods, which affects the acceptable population, especially women, children, and the elderly. The results of this study indicate that economic sanctions have reduced the cost of health and treatment in the household budget. The result obtained from the difference in the difference of the model indicates that due to the change in the results of the sanctions and also the net economic target households through the reduction in household purchases, it leads to a reduction in the costs related to health and treatment costs for households. So, it is suggested that government policies in the health and treatment sector should be targeted and identify low-income families so that this group can meet their medical needs in this situation.

The expansion of technology and the increasing development of global financial markets have transformed cross-border markets (Forex and cryptocurrencies) into one of the preferred markets for investors and traders in Iran. Given the growing interest of investors and traders in cross-border markets, this study examines the relationship between these markets and the stock market, as well as the spillovers of volatility and return among them in Iran during the period from February 2019 to March 2023 using daily data and the DCC-AR-EGARCH method. The results indicate that Forex, cryptocurrencies, and the Tehran Stock Exchange are symmetric, sensitive to crises, and affected by negative news, while the currency market (US dollar) is asymmetric and influenced by positive news. Also, Forex, cryptocurrencies, and currency markets have a correlation with the Tehran stock exchange, suggesting that the growth of one market leads to the growth of another. The results of investigating spillovers of return and volatility between markets under study based on the Diebold & Yilmaz and Barunik & Krehlik indices indicate that there is a spillover of return and volatility from the Forex, cryptocurrency, and currency markets to the Tehran stock exchange during the period under study. The Tehran stock exchange market is the largest return and volatility spillover recipient, while the cryptocurrency market is the smallest recipient of volatility spillover. The results of the Barunik & Krehlik frequency spillover index also suggest that the Forex market is the largest sender of return spillover, and the currency market is the largest sender of volatility spillover to the stock market in Iran. The estimated results of this index indicate the predominance of return spillover from the markets under study to the Tehran stock exchange in the short term.

Numerous empirical and theoretical evidence emphasizes that poverty is one of the main obstacles to development. Therefore, the eradication of poverty is the challenge which is facing the international community in the effort to create a peaceful and just world, and the first priority of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is "ending poverty in all its forms". In fact, if conscious participation in development is considered not a privilege but a right, one of the most important obstacles to this right is poverty. The first step in effectively dealing with a problem is to know its determining factors. The present research is devoted to the investigation of factors affecting poverty with an emphasis on gender wage discrimination in Iran's provinces during the 2006-2021 with five-year intervals. After determining the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty indices, the Neumark decomposition method is used to calculate gender wage discrimination. The variables of mobile phone penetration rate, the share of government construction expenditure, dependency ratio and inflation rate are entered as control variables in the model, and effective factors on poverty indicators are investigated using the panel data model. The results show that the effect of wage gender discrimination, dependency ratio and inflation rate on poverty is positive and significant, and the effect of mobile phone penetration and the share of government construction expenditures on poverty is negative and significant. The results indicate that measures that reduce gender wage discrimination can also be effective in reducing poverty.

The main goal of this study is to investigate the effects of political risks, uncertainty, and economic complexity on the ecological footprint in a selection of developing countries. We estimate our model using the Systemic Generalized Moments method (SYS-GMM) for a panel of 22 oil-exporting developing countries. The method allows us to resolve the possible endogeneity problem. Other control variables include economic growth, human capital, and trade openness. The estimation results show that reducing political risks increases the quality of the environment. Moreover, an increase in the world uncertainty index improves the quality of the environment because it reduces investment and output growth in oil-exporting developing countries and, hence, decreases the use of natural resources. In addition, we also find that economic complexity increases the ecological footprint. In other words, higher complexity might result in lower environmental quality in oil-exporting economies. Furthermore, higher per capita GDP growth rate, human capital, and trade openness increase the ecological footprint. It means these variables are likely to increase environmental degradation in oil-exporting countries. Our results might have important policy implications for policymakers. Our research emphasizes the significance of mitigating political risks to enhance environmental quality.