جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « informal settlements » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Todays, encouraging the growth of small businesses has been a matter of concern and interest in most developed economies. It is often argued that entrepreneur and small businesses play a major role as an engine of economic growth and they contribute to social wealth through the creation of new businesses and jobs. For these reasons, governments have recently paid more attention to the role of entrepreneur and small businesses. In particular, innovative entrepreneur and small businesses with growth potential are seen as pioneers to develop new business fields in stagnated economies. The issue of business sustainability is important not only in big cities but also in medium and small cities and even informal settlements. In Iran, the phenomenon of informal settlements is one of the most important problems in big and small cities. Meanwhile, East Azerbaijan province, especially the metropolis of Tabriz, is not exempt from the phenomenon of informal settlements. Khalilabad of Tabriz city is one of the informal settlements, which according to the obtained estimates, has a population of 21 thousand and 373 people and is approximately 1.5% of the population of Tabriz city. Surveys have shown that in informal settlements, despite the high capacities in the field of entrepreneurship, the use of these potentials for the development of employment and the labor market has been neglected, and the continuation and stabilization of these types of jobs and businesses is always a problem for entrepreneurs.

Sustainability comes from sustainable development, which simply means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Scholars have defined sustainability differently, with complicated meanings and interpretations. Some researchers, defines sustainability as the balancing of the environment, social and economic aspects. Meanwhile, the stabilization of small businesses and entrepreneurs plays an important role in the economic growth and development of countries.
Entrepreneur and Small Businesses are becoming increasingly important for the creation and development of a modern, dynamic and knowledge-based economy.  This is because of their capacity to promote entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills, and because of their ability   to be flexible and adapt quickly to a changing market, and to generate new jobs.  Entrepreneur and Small Businesses is the backbone of the economy. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development reports   These enterprises make a major contribution in the field of innovation and support regional development and social cohesion.  Also, Entrepreneur and Small Businesses in most low-income countries give significant contribution to GDP growth and the creation of new jobs. For this reason, the identification of external and internal factors affecting the development of Entrepreneur and Small Businesses in informal in informal settlements is very important.
 Researchers divide the causes of instability into two categories: external and internal factors. The external factors of business instability are: 1- Features of the economic system, 2- Competition, 3- Rapid changes in technology, 4- Commercial fluctuations.
 The internal factors of business instability are: 1- Inefficiency of management, 2- Insufficient sales, 3- Pricing Mistakes, 3- Legal-financial issues, 4- Social-value barriers

In this study, Questionnaire was used for information collection. The questionnaire was validated after some revisions following consulting with professionals and experts. An interpretative equation (ISM) is used to analyze the results of the findings. Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM or Interpretive Structural Modeling is a method for designing the pattern of complex and multiple relationships between the variables of a phenomenon. This method is a type of structural analysis based on the interpretation paradigm. Designing an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) is a method to investigate the effect of each variable on other variables; In this method, the effective and essential factors are first identified, and then, using the method that has been presented, the relationships between these factors and the way to achieve progress by these factors have been presented.

Based on the findings and affecting factors on development of small businesses and entrepreneurs (Financial-Economical, social-psychological, environmental, legal-political, communication-information, technical-technological, marketing, infrastructure-institutional, personality-individual and physical-spatial factors), variables were classified in 5 different levels. After analyzing the MICMAC, the variables were divided into three groups: influence, independent and dependent variables. Since, according to the results, Financial-economical, institutional- infrastructural, and technical-technological factors are one of the most basic factors in the sustainable development of small businesses and entrepreneurs (Khalilabad of Tabriz).

The results of the research show that financial-Economical, social-psychological, physical-spatial, infrastructural-institutional, marketing, communication-informational, technical-technological and personality-individual factors influence on the sustainability of small businesses and entrepreneurs. Also, because of the importance of the market in the field of small businesses, it is necessary for the government to increase its support in the field of providing suitable platforms (economical, legal, infrastructural, technical factors, etc.), by using the facilities and equipment of other executive bodies.

Today, informal settlements are a major indicator of the spread of unsustainable urbanization in the world. The environmental problems of these settlements are seriously intertwined with the economic and social aspects of human activities; DPSIR framework is a flexible approach that considers both economic and social factors as well as environmental factors in assessing environmental pollution. In this research with field survey based observation method, Meta-analysis of previous studies, Library studies and review of upstream documents, the main components of DPSIR were identified in the research topic; Then, using the semi-structured interview method with panel of experts based on the main extracted indicators, Their opinions are collected and then by extracting and categorizing the factors proposed by the experts and removing the overlaps with the primary factors extracted by the authors and combining synonymous items, final effective factors in environmental pollution of informal settlements of Mashhad were identified. Then, by analyzing the final factors, an integrated conceptual model of environmental pollution management in informal settlements of Mashhad was obtained. Population growth due to high Immigration rate to Mashhad and unbalanced spatial-physical development of informal settlements, social, cultural and economic characteristics of these settlements, along with low environmental literacy of residents and lack of good urban governance as the most important driving forces in creating the effects of environmental pollution in informal settlements of Mashhad were identified. In accordance with these works, policy making and planning responses were provided in order to create a situation of sustainable development of these settlements.

In contemporary Iranian cities, especially in metropolises and industrial cities, there were more attractions for migration, and this is the reason for the emergence of a high percentage of marginalization. However, there is no agreement on the estimate of Inhabitants of marginal areas.  At the moment, there are at least 13 million people according to official statistics and urban experts talk about 22 to 25 million residents that live in these communities. The interview of the head of the welfare organization in June 2022 with ISNA news agency stated that "marginalization is one of the five important and fundamental problems of the country'. Marginalization is the result of many factors and conditions, which often change from city to city, some causes and factors are more or less prominent. Meanwhile, the industrial cities of Iran such as Saveh, Arak, Qazvin, and Isfahan have faced more challenges in this field compared to cities of the same size due to the need for a large and generally unskilled labor force. Saveh has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years due to the migration to this destination, which is caused by the industrial attractions of Saveh in special job opportunities and accessibility location, etc. In this study, various methods have been used by researchers: observations, second data analysis, documents, in-depth interviews with key informants, and finally we used the SWOT technique to identify the opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses in these neighborhoods. The obtained data show that during the last decades, the population of Saveh city has been continuously growing and an important part of this growth has belonged to migration and informal settlement areas emersion so that this form of settlement has surrounded the city, and a population of more than 70,000 people make up a third of the city's area in the form of 22 suburbs. From the economic, institutional, historical, and natural points of view, there are significant opportunities for urban regeneration and the implementation of development-stimulating or flag projects like the existing Emarat Hakem Heritage Complex in West Abdol Abad or the proposed project “the pomegranate garden museum” in Abbas Abad and other development driver’s projects in next communities. At the same time, there are many threats and challenges (housing, environmental issues, health, poverty,…) in this area to achieve a livable city with sustainable indicators.