جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « intellectual capital » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The aim of the current research is to explain the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital in Iran's economic environment. Also, in terms of nature and method, this research was analytical-correlation, which examined the factors affecting intellectual capital. The statistical population of the current research includes all the studies and researches done in the past in the field of intellectual capital. Therefore, sampling was not done and all the researches that have been done about intellectual capital were reviewed until the end of 2019. STATA software was used to analyze the data, and according to the results of the research, among the factors related to intellectual capital, the added value of the market has the largest effect size and the capital structure has the smallest effect size. In conclusion, we find that the study of intellectual capital has made undeniable progress and has become more complete during the last thirty-three years in Iran. Nowadays, not only academics from different fields, but also other important social stakeholders (professionals, policymakers, managers, etc.) know more about this field. Researchers can challenge the status quo in future research and use innovative methods and new experiments on intellectual capital.

One of the competitive advantages, which most enterprises have disregarded, is intangible capital. The objective of the present survey is to determine the relation between the intellectual capital, social capital and function of enterprises. The individuals of the sampling of this survey were 134 enterprises located in Semnan’s Industrial Town. The data were gathered with a help of a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were examined. The hypotheses were surveyed by structural equation modeling. According to the results received in this survey, intellectual capital has a direct, positive and significant effect on the employee performance. On the other hand, social capital had not significant impact on employee performance. The participants with the least questionnaire mark were choose for in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews with 18 number of managers analyzed by content method. The factors distinguished and categorized in three type, infractin, manager power and efficiency. On the other hand, social capital had not significant impact on employee performance. The participants with the least questionnaire mark were choose for in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews with 18 number of managers analyzed by content method. The factors distinguished and categorized in three type, infractin, manager power and efficiency. The factors distinguished and categorized in three type, infractin, manager power and efficiency.

Currently, knowledge is the key factor in development in its various dimensions. Organizations in different societies (with different intensity) by understanding the importance of knowledge, have moved in the direction of using it more. Intellectual capital plays an important role in organizational innovation and knowledge accumulation in the organization and and has a vital impact to enhance business financial performance. The importance of intellectual capital is much greater in knowledge-based companies. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the knowledge-based industries and intellectual capital in these companies has been in the center of researchers' attention. Therefore, it is very important to examine the position of intellectual capital in this industry and its effect on financial performance. The purpose of this research is to calculate the intellectual capital for pharmaceutical companies listed to the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the years 2011 to 2020 and to investigate the impact of intellectual capital on financial performance.

According to the access to the required data, 26 pharmaceutical companies were selected. Relying on the theoretical foundations and previous studies, the present research has selected the most widely used intellectual capital calculation method which was first presented and used by Pulic (1998 and 2004). Based on the data of 26 pharmaceutical companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2011 to 2020, the intellectual capital of pharmaceutical company has been measured by the Value added intellectual coefficient  method (VAIC). Panel regression analysis has been used to analyze the impact of intellectual capital on the financial performance (return on assets as an indicator of financial performance) of selected pharmaceutical companies. In this regard, after the panel stationary test to avoid spurious regression and checking the establishment of classical hypotheses, panel regression equations were estimated by FGLS (Feasible generalized least squares) method due to the variance heterogeneity of errors and serial autocorrelation of errors. For data analysis, Eviews and Stata software were used.

Based on the results of calculations, the average Value added intellectual coefficient for Darou Pakhsh Pharmaceutical Company, Daru Pakhsh Raw Materials and Alborz Daru Company are in the first ranks, and Industrial & Chemical Sina Company has the lowest value. The intellectual capital performance of the selected Iranian pharmaceutical companies is generally affected by human capital efficiency. Between 2011 and 2020, Value added intellectual coefficient has been up for most of selected companies. To check the validity of the hypothesis of convergence between selected pharmaceutical companies, the convergence regression (Growth rate of intellectual capital as a function of the amount of intellectual capital in year 2011) has been estimated. The sign of the convergence regression coefficient is negative but not significant. As a result, it does not confirm the existence of convergence of intellectual capital between these companies. The results of the Levin, Lin, and Chu (LLC) panel unit root test for all variables indicate that all variables used in panel regressions are stationary at level. The results of Chow test and Hausman test for each of the panel regression confirmed the fixed effects method. The results of the serial autocorrelation test of panel regression errors shows the existence of serial autocorrelation between regression errors, and also the variance heterogeneity test of panel regression errors shows the non- heterogeneity of variance of regression errors. According to the results of panel regression estimation, the efficiency of capital employed, the efficiency of human capital and the efficiency of structural capital have a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of selected pharmaceutical companies. The efficiency of capital employed has a greater impact on the financial performance of selected pharmaceutical companies. Company size and financial leverage have a negative and significant effect on the profitability of selected pharmaceutical companies.

Based on the results of panel regression analysis, it can be concluded that pharmaceutical companies should use their financial and physical capital if they wish to reach a higher profitability level. Although the most important assets of companies are their employees, the low human capital ratio of Iranian pharmaceutical companies does not confirm this. In addition to paying attention to the proper use of physical and financial assets, it is necessary for pharmaceutical companies to include issues such as employee training, increasing employee skills, and creating various incentives to motivate employees to improve efficiency and create creativity in performance. Considering the nature of pharmaceutical companies, which are among knowledge-based companies, to improve the level of human capital efficiency and increase its impact on financial performance, constructive and continuous communication with universities and scientific institutions is suggested to create dynamics in the activity.

The importance of technology as the main factor and engine of sustainable economic development in the world is clear. Since technology is developed in the lap of knowledge and by passing through the valley of research and development, it is possible to create fields of application of knowledge in human life, so today intellectual capital has become a very precious capital in the current business world. In this article, we intend to investigate the interactive effect of intellectual capital and sustainable development on technological policies in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, during the period 2015-2019, using the Tobit panel research method. The results of the research indicate that there is a significant relationship between sustainable development and technological policies, because technology not only causes change, but is itself a response to change towards sustainable development in society. There is no significant relationship between intellectual capital and technological policies. Intellectual capital affects the relationship between sustainable development and technological policies

Due to the limitations pertaining to recent modelling in Iranian economy particularly about discussions related to financial economy in which contradictory behavior concerning economic theories are observed, intellectual capital and recursive preferences affected by rational expectations have received attention by many financial specialist. However, modeling of these functions involves solving complicated mathematical relations. Researchers often avoid employing the functions. The current study follows the dynamic stochastic model. This study attempts to analyze the effect of productivity shock on macroeconomic variables including recursive preferences in household pattern and firm pattern based on physical capital and intellectual capital. The source for obtaining the examined samples collected from seasonal data from 1996 to 2017 was Iran economy. The parameters of the model are derived from calibration and Bayesian using daynare package in the software of matlab. This general equilibrium model is modeled in regard to neo-classical economics. The results show that, the highest difference between leverage returns of physical capital and intellectual capital is related to basic scenario in which all tree factors, i.e., heterogeneous productivity of vintage capital, long-run productivity risk, and intellectual capital are included. The result is indicative of the presence of intellectual capital for explaining the facts of Iranian economy. Generally, results indicate that occurrences in the economics of Iran can be merely explained in terms of recursive preferences, intellectual capital and relative risk aversion.

Intellectual capital is defined as "the ability to transfer knowledge and intangible assets to resources for wealth creation. Intellectual capital can be recognized as knowledge-based assets that underpin the growth of the country. Knowledge increases the country's wealth if its importance is known and is different from the existing work practices, and Knowledge transfer is essential in this regard. Intellectual capital can be recognized as knowledge-based assets that underpin the growth of the country. In recent decades non-financial assets that constitute intellectual capital are the most important source of wealth creation and national progress. Knowledge and information are the main features of nations seeking development.

Theoretical frame work: 

  Investing in intangible assets is recognized as an essential factor in improving performance. Companies and countries' attention to the use of knowledge has led to creating competitive advantage and the implementation of national and regional innovation systems. Intellectual capital is an abstract and complex concept that is difficult to identify and define and can be examined at firms and countries. Most of the observations have been from the classification of intellectual capital to human capital, communication, and structure, and this model is used in many measurements at the organizational and national levels.

This paper examines the impact of intellectual capital on Iran's economic growth using the system dynamics model.  The system dynamics model is one of the best scientific methods for complex models such as technical, economic, and nonlinear dynamic systems. It is, therefore, appropriate to monitor and evaluate the effects of intellectual capital on economic growth. It is an advanced method of analyzing the dynamic behavior of a complex system. The dynamics model structure gives a better picture of complex systems such as the intellectual capital system and the economic growth system. In this study, the indirect effect of this factor on economic growth has been investigated by changing the factors related to intellectual capital. Realism test and limit condition test, and sensitivity test of variables were performed to examine the behavior of variables, as a result of which the model of this research showed a logical behavior. The study period is 2001-2015, and its simulation is planned until 2031. It is also confirmed based on the DOLS model

Within the framework of this study, three hypotheses were examined. According to the first three hypotheses, with increasing intellectual capital, productivity increases and increases with increasing economic growth productivity. Of course, this effect does not happen quickly and is delayed. According to the second hypothesis, when human capital increases, intellectual capital also increases, and according to the third hypothesis, intellectual capital doing activities in a new and better way leads to higher productivity. The results obtained from the system dynamics model indicate the positive and small impact of intellectual capital on Iran's economic growth, which is also confirmed based on the DOLS model. The reason for the small impact of intellectual capital on growth is the lack of infrastructure and complementary conditions that can be provided with appropriate planning and policies.

Conclusions and Suggestions:

From the policy applications of this research, it is important to note that if the high growth of intellectual capital is to be fully effective in economic growth, there must be other conditions that are not entirely possible in the real world but can be Reduce this gap with proper planning and policies. Another important point is the importance of paying attention to the development and promotion of human capital to increase human resources productivity and the development of intellectual capital, which policymakers should consider. To improve the status of human capital, it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of skills and capabilities of the workforce at the beginning and during entry through rational investments in secondary and higher education and skills training. In conclusion, the discussion of intellectual capital, given that it is a new topic, has a very important and valuable role in individuals' prosperity, improving living standards and income, increasing knowledge and skills, production capacity, economic growth, and poverty reduction. It should be noted that the economic attitude to intellectual capital (on education and training) is very useful for the country's productivity and guarantees the country's success and economic progress.

The purpose of this paper is to measure the intellectual capital of related affiliated companies and examine its relationship with financial performance. For this purpose, intellectual capital was estimated using financial statements and its relationship with firm performance was investigated during the period of 1375 to 1395. The results of the model of market value of firm performance indicate that the relationship between the firm's normal value and the firm's normal market value is positive. While, the relationship of normalized announcement earnings with the normal value of the firm's normal market is negative. In addition, the relationship between the costs of building a normal intellectual capital and the normal value of the firm's market is positive. In addition, the normal costs of creating a latent intellectual capital have a positive effect on the firm's normal market value, and the effect of the cost of creating intellectual capital is dynamic. Furthermore, the results of performance model estimation show that the relationship between normal intellectual capital and the performance of affiliated firms in Tehran Stock Exchange is positive.

Intellectual capital is considered by many scholars as an important resource in organizations, as well as for the impact that can have on corporate performance.  In this research, the relationship between methods of measuring intellectual capital and investment efficiency has been investigated. The research, in terms of target type is a part of applied research and the method of research, in terms of substance and content, is a correlation research. The research framework is deductive-inductive reasoning. Research hypotheses have been analyzed based on information gathered from 141 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2009 to 2015. The results of the hypotheses test showed that there is no significant relationship between intellectual capital calculated using conventional value method and investment efficiency and the existence of a significant and positive relationship between the intellectual capital calculated by the coefficient of intellectual-Pulic value added and the calculated intellectual capital calculated using the intangible value coefficient with more investment and there is a significant and negative relationship between the intellectual capital calculated by the coefficient of intellectual-Pulic value and intellectual capital calculated using the intangible value coefficient with low capitalization

This study examines the impact of intellectual capital on changes in productivity and efficiency in Iran’s insurance firms for period 2008-2013. First, it estimated the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) and efficiency index with data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Second, this paper examines the impact of intellectual capital components (human capital, structural capital, financial capital) on changes in productivity and efficiency through panel data regressions.
Our MPI findings indicate that most of insurance firms experienced decrease in productivity over the sample period; which it is due to decline in efficiency. The fixed effects estimation results reveal that intellectual capital and its individual components have significantly positive impacts on changes in productivity and efficiency of insurance firms. We suggest that general insurers in Iran should invest in intellectual capital, including improving their managerial skills, to gain sustainable growth in productivity. The findings of this study may lead to a better understanding of the relative changes in total productivity of general insurance firms. By identifying changes in efficiency and productivity, better management decisions can be made to achieve greater productivity.

Unrecorded tax debt among companies is an important issue for Iranian National Tax Administration (INTA). In this regard, judgment of auditors plays an important role to help INTA while dealing with this kind of condition. Several scholars in accounting area have discussed the factors affecting auditors’ judgments. However, this study attempts to introduce and examine different components of individual view of spiritual capital (ethics, morals, personal values and culture) on auditors’ judgments. The extracted data from Iranian certified Public Accountants’ questionnaire have been tested through Spearman correlation and multiple regressions. The results of study imply that the spiritual capital of an individual could affect adjustments of auditors’ judgments when they face ethical dilemma like unrecorded tax debt.

In the recent decade, intellectual capital has become increasingly important, with the introducing of knowledge-based economy in the organizations. The purpose of this research is clarification the role of intellectual capital in tendency to organizational citizenship behavior of Bank Shahr staffs. The method of this research is descriptive- correlational, and its target society is all the 2204 staffs of Bank Shahr-Tehran City. 327 people were selected randomly as a research sample by using Cochran sampling formula. Two standard questionnaires of Bonti’s intellectual capital and Podsakoff’s organizational citizenship behavior were used for data collection. In order to statistical analysis of data, “r” and “R” were used respectively for the coefficient of Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between intellectual capital and its dimensions (human capital, customer capital/relational, structural capital) with tendency to organizational citizenship behavior of Bank Shahr staffs. furthermore, the results of stepwise regression indicated that among intellectual capital dimensions (predictor variables): structural capital predictor variables and relational capital are the predictors of tendency to organizational citizenship behavior of Bank Shahr staffs.

Knowledge assets and intellectual capital are the major leverages for profitability and maintaining competitive advantages of corporations in today’s knowledge-based world. The difference between book value and market value of corporations, specifically since 1980’s onwards, which is analytically attributed to increased corporate investments in intellectual capital, indicates the importance of intellectual capital by itself. The purpose of this research is to investigate the association between the intellectual capital and the market value of corporations listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The researchers used both “pulic’s model” and “modified pulic’s model” to measure intellectual capital. The population data sample was restricted to 130 corporations during 2005-2009. According to the results of testing the hypotheses through panel data least squares regression method, the intellectual capital has significantly positive correlation with the corporation’s market value. Moreover, the findings verified that “modified pulic’s model” presented more authoritative explanation than that of the preliminary “pulic’s model”. In the end, the research demonstrated that from among the various elements composing the intellectual capital, it was “human capital efficiency” that had the most significantly positive correlation with the corporation’s market value.

Economic growth is originated from knowledge and information. This affair has caused importance increase of intellectual capital as research or economic category. The role and share of intellectual capital has been placed as new researches subjects in economy management, technical and social progress, So that organizational knowledge has been known as the main factor of competitive advantage and value creation. Therefore, acquiring competitive advantage and organization’s survival depends on its ability in knowledge assets’ creation, storage, distribution and appliance. Intellectual capital measurement is based on a strategic approach of intangible assets. The effect of these assets is measured based on the rate of value and advantages creation that it has for the organization. In recent years, several approaches and pattern have been mentioned for intellectual capital measurement.

Many economists now argue that Intellectual Capital is more likely to be the key source of a firm’s competitive advantage than tangible resources. Hence, leveraging knowledge is often the key to a firm’s prosperity. The study aims to understand the social and organizational factors that influence knowledge sharing. A model of knowledge management and knowledge sharing was developed inspired by the work of Nahapiet and Ghoshal(1998). This paper explores the role of social capital in the knowledge-based economy with a focus on the creation and diffusion of knowledge in companies. Social capital consists of norms and networks that support cooperation. Bridging social capital, aimed at exchanging and learning skills instead of facts,may increase knowledge flows between various communities of practice in companies. The paper suggests that employees’ ability,motivation, and opportunity to share their human capital can be viewed as both the cause and the outcome of the cognitive, relational,and structural dimensions of social capital embedded in an organization ’s – formal as well as informal – social architecture respectively.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of intellectual capital dimensions (customers capital, human capital and structural capital) on the productivity. To test the conceptual framework, structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used to analyze the Data was collected from 1900 staff of banking system in the Lorestan province of Iran. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to examine reliability of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was reported to be 0.88% based on Cronbach's alpha method. The results of the study indicate there was a positive significant relationship between the intellectual capital along with it’s dimensions and productivity in the banking industry. Among dimensions of intellectual capital, customers capital had the most influence on productivity.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between Intellectual Capital,Financial Flexibility and Financial Performance. Using data drawn from 73 Iraniancompanies listed in Tehran Stock during 2003-2008, the authors construct regressionmodels to examine the relationship between Intellectual Capital, Financial Flexibilityand Financial Performance. The results support the hypothesis that firms’ intellectualcapital has a positive, significant and strong impact on financial flexibility (Free cashflow and Operational cash flow). In addition, evidence is presented that intellectualcapital has a positive impact on financial performance (return on assets and cumulativeabnormal assets) but intellectual capital does not have a positive impact on sustainedcapital. Also evidence is presented that the relationship between intellectual capital andfinancial flexibility is stronger than the relationship between intellectual capital andfinancial performance.