جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « national security » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

In the past twenty-five years, stability in the security environment of Central Asia has always faced increasing complications and challenges. Nationalist tendencies have been experienced with intensity and weakness in Central Asian republics. As regional powers, Iran and Turkey are located next to each other and in the most sensitive regions of the world, including the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. These two countries have their own semantic system and interests, and they have a series of common interests and some conflicts. On the other hand, the importance of the border in diplomatic relations is the recognized boundaries based on international covenants and international law, which are considered a factor for stability and peace between countries or differences and conflicts and territorial claims of countries against each other. An important part of the foreign and domestic policies of the countries are formed and defined according to how they share their borders with each other and enjoy the geopolitical position affected by the borders. Borders can create obstacles against plans and threats that endanger their economy. Therefore, one of the most tense borders of Iran is the northwestern border strip, which has long been the focus of Iran's security and law enforcement authorities, and the issue of security in this region is of the highest importance. It has been special. The main goal of this research is to examine the effects of regional developments on the security of the borders of Iran and Turkey. This research has been done using analytical-explanatory method and using library sources and articles and macro documents. The method of data collection is library and using scientific-research articles. The tool for collecting information is the use of charts and graphs. The results of the research show that recognizing the impact of border markets, the issue of ethnicity, the role of the media, Turkey's membership in NATO, and the presence of terrorist groups in the border strip are among the regional developments that have an impact on the security of Iran and Turkey's borders.

An examination of the relationship between the economics of security and economic security reveals the close interrelation between these two concepts, as well as their mutual dependence on the costs involved in maintain economic security and economic risks that affect security in general. Economics of security is a more general concept than economic security and includes the relationships, institutions, and costs that affect the management of social and economic risks that affect security. The present study first starts with a review of concepts such as security, security economics and economic security, and subsequently examines some of the methods proposed for measuring these concepts, and the proxies often used for modeling these two concepts. Thereafter, the study examines some of the economic variables and components of economic security that affect the economic security. The results obtained indicate that the welfare index has a positive and significant effect on the economics of security, and that variables such foreign investment, household consumption and inflation have a negative and significant effect on this index.

The question of the direction and extent of the relationship between military spending and economic growth has perhaps been one of the most contentious macroeconomic issues discussed by economists during the past decades. Thus far, numerous studies have been conducted in different countries around the world on this subject that have produced varied and often contradicting answers to this question. This article, by employing a Stochastic Dynamic General Equilibrium modeling approach, isolates the effects of military expenditure on various economic sectors, including households, enterprises, and the government, to examine how military expenditure affects macroeconomic variables in Iran. In so doing, the methodology of this paper utilizes the Bayesian estimation method to determine the structural parameters of the model. For this purpose, seasonal time series data on GDP, Consumption and Military spending for the 1988 to 2020 period were obtained from the Central Bank of Iran and SIPRI. The results obtained from the simulation output of the variables in the model indicate the positive effect of military spending on production and consumption growth. Considering the status of national security as a public good, in conjunction with the effect of military spending on output in economic models, households, and enterprises as the two key sectors in general equilibrium model benefit greatly from the enhancement of national security and its associated industries. It should be noted that even though the effect military spending on output has been positive, based on the output of analysis of the variance of the model, productivity and technological shocks are the most significant factors in creating sustainable changes in production and other real macroeconomic variables.

One of the most important issues that today is emphasized in the strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran is self-reliance. Numerous factors have motivated the Islamic Republic of Iran to pay attention to and emphasize self-reliance, including the experience of imposed war and international sanctions. However, it remains to be seen what the effect of the implementation of this strategy on national security is, because for a long time, the issue of national security has always been the most important concern of past and present governments and has been expanded and taken under the influence of various factors. Accordingly, the leading question of this study is what effect does the idea of self-reliance have on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis is that the underlying factors of self-reliance such as national cohesion, major geo-political position of the country, historical-civilizational background, will of political independence, mutual trust of people and rulers, and also the effective and constructive relationship with regional and international players on the realization idea of self-reliance and national security will be effective too. Also, the method used in this research is descriptive-analytic method using survey method. The statistical population was selected from the academic elite and researchers, and then the collected data were analyzed by SPSS l. Finally, the data were analyzed by descriptive-analytic method with reference to the Copenhagen theoretical ideology. The findings showed the existence of a meaningful relationship between contextual variables and national security.

Given the ongoing tensions in the international community in the present era national security concerns have become a top priority for most countries. The contracts that underpin trade relations, such as offset contracts, are one of the means for enhancing national security. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of offset contracts as an insurance mechanism for promoting national security. In this regard, national security in five dimensions of economic, military, political, social and cultural security, were examined. The statistical population of this study consists of all trade, security and economics experts that are related to these fields. This research is applied in terms of its type and purpose and in terms of data collection method can be characterized as a descriptive-survey and a correlation study in type. The sampling methods adopted were the Convenience Judgmental Sampling and Snowball and the sample size was determined by the Theoretical Saturation Method. To achieve this purpose this purpose, a suitable questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the sample members. Subsequently, 25 of the received responses were analyzed using the SPSS and Smart PLS software and Structural Equation Methods. The results of the analysis indicate that the use of offset contracts has a positive and significant effect on national security. Moreover, a positive and significant impact on economic, military, political, social and cultural security was confirmed. Findings showed that the use of offset contracts as an insurance mechanism with a significant coefficient of 33.649 has a positive and significant effect on national security and the magnitude of this effect is 0.645; Furthermore, the positive and significant effect of offset contracts on economic, military, political and social security was confirmed with significant coefficients of 51.267, 22.902, 29.086 and 9.722, respectively. However, its impact on cultural security was rejected with a factor of 1.039. The results of this study indicate that by using offset contracts as an insurance mechanism, the Islamic Republic of Iran can enjoy several benefits in various dimensions of national security, the most important of which is economic security.

It is predicted that Liquefied natural gas (LNG) commerce will grow sevenfold the rate of expansion of the pipelines. Iran with huge expanses oil and gas will naturally be affected by developments in this sector. Using a descriptive approach, this paper first depicts the current state of the LNG industry in Iran and globally. Thereafter, by reviewing the current literature on the subject this paper proposes three distinct approaches for Iran to adopt; First, joining the current group of LNG exporting countries. Second, developing pipelines and focussing on neighbouring countries markets. Third, using the surplus production of gas for injection into oil fields for the purpose of preserving production, and completing the value chain in petrochemicals sector for export. With current sanction, the first approach considering the diversity of the market and current prices will likely encounter difficulties. Furthermore, exporting to nearby markets will not be economically justifiable. With long-term agreements, the second approach could secure longer term demands. Yet, it would not be economically justifiable for distant markets. The third aproach, would be in the long-term interest of the country since, in contrast to gas exports, petrochemicals yield higher added value and, furthermore, it would ensure the long-term increase in the production of crude. The drawback for the last approach is the dissipation of current commercial advantages. This paper proposes using a combination of all three approaches for the LNG sector.

Oil price wild fluctuations impact the economies of developing countries as well as those of developed ones, and in particular the economy of Iran. Focusing on OPEC’s national security as a proxy for precautionary demand, this study aims to disentangle oil price factors using an SVAR approach for 1994Q1 to 2016Q4 and then using its result to examine how different oil shocks impact OPEC’s economies differently. We disentangled oil price shocks into political risks, supplies, global demand for industrial goods and other oil price shocks. Our results highlight that shocks originated from different sources affect oil prices differently in terms of both their lifetime and directions. Besides, it is revealed that even though OPEC’s economies can take advantage of OPEC’s national security shocks to increase their national incomes, the economy of Iran is affected adversely by these shocks except for the situations in which the raise of national security tensions is not from Iran’s sanctions side.

The process of development and thus national security and protection of the national sovereignty of the oil exporting countries at the global level depends on the conclusion of oil contracts and how they apply their sovereignty to such contracts. National security in the field of oil,gas and energy,which constitutes the most important economic sector of the country is affected by the extent of national sovereignty in oil contracts and the extent to which national sovereignty is observed in these contracts will also provide national security. According to the analysis of the scientific researches investigated by qualitative research method and by the use of meta analysis and directional content analysis by open coding method as well as implementation of Holesty test for coding validation high oil and gas handheld contracts in two main categories of assessing national sovereignty and security with the components (government ownership,host government management,sovereignty) and the evaluation of law with its component (intrest laws and regulations,jurisprudential rules,international law and regulation,international financial standards and accounting) and a variety of up stream oil and gas contracts including production Sharing contracts, concession and services contracts based on the level of compliance with the above factors,appropriate approaches have been developed and appropriate legal solutions have been Presented.

Today in many developed countries, renewable energies has been considered as an alternative for fossil energies. Expecting to run out of fossil energy resources and the pollution resulting from using them are the two main reasons that many countries are focusing more and more on renewable energy resources. In an attempt to reduce its dependency on fossil energy sources and the pollution caused from it, Iran is also turning its focus toward alternative resources and there is still much room for improvement in this area. This study aims to investigate the impact of using renewable energy resources through a different aspect in the country. The impact of using renewable energies on the national security of Iran is the subject of this article. In order to investigate that, national security is divided into four dimensions including economic, social, environmental and energy.The impact of using renewable energies has been examined on each of these dimensions using vector autoregression method. The result shows that using more renewable energy resources amplifies each of these four dimensions, hence amplifying the national security of Iran.

National security stands amongst the most important goals of each country. This goal is influenced by many factors including macroeconomic variables. One of the aims of the brutal economic sanctions against Iran was affecting national security through macroeconomic variables. Investment is regarded as injection of new blood to economy. It, reflects robustness and resilience of the economy and is a critical variable, so examining the mutual impacts of investment and security is a main concern for policy makers This study examines the impacts of macroeconomic variables on National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran" The findings indicate that investment can be very influential in maintenance and enhancement of national security.

Today, national security namely located in a situation that can be reduced Sensitivity and vulnerability of the system components in the face of internal and external threats and it is particular importance. This is important because on the one hand, affected by internal developments and increase public awareness on the other, it influenced by variations in the external relations.In applying the concept of national security there are two important points: First, most people in terms of individual rights and social (such as it is Political participation) Feel safe and it can imagine in Micro and macro aspects of security, individual, group and state. Second, with the realization homeland security and national solidarity, ability to remain safe from external threats typically it will about the territorial integrity, political system, common values and. .. In conditions where security is concerned with the cultural authority, development of civil procedure, Common principles and prevent social and political anomalies are provided. Production and human values in society, other values will ensure that vital national interests, national goals, national security and... Translate it. In this article with emphasis of the security mechanisms to be analyzed try Impact of political participation on National Security of the Islamic Republic.

Values and norms of each system are bin. They are important effect on the stability and transformation of social and political systems. Values and norms are shaped culture and identity a country with the smallest change، culture and identity system makes the change. According strengthen to these values and norms is cause National integrity system. Social and political system of Iran in history when the revolution occurred, changes have been, it had a significant effect on the values and norms. Any changes in the values and norms of international in addition to the changes in the stability and internal consistency, factor is a foreign conspiracy that endangers the national security of Iran. Because this condition may develop at any time of the conspiracy.

The close relationship between energy and other international issues during the past two centuries has given birth to special international paradigms and has created undeniable connection between security of countries and international issues. Therefore, energy and national security are interrelated. At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, a new paradigm has been in the offing as a result of technological and environmental developments as well as the availability of fossil fuel resources and global demand. In the meantime, increasing share of natural gas in the world’s energy basket from 23.7 percent in 2011 to 28 percent in 2030 indicates increasing importance of natural gas.The natural gas paradigm is based on diminishing importance of crude oil which has faced countries with a choice. Having the world’s second biggest natural gas reserves Iran stands on high grounds in this regard. In terms of natural gas production, the Islamic Republic of Iran has a creditable standing in the world, but due to excessive domestic production and wasteful habits in all industrial, household and business sectors, a great deal of the total daily production of over 500 million cubic meters of natural gas in the country is squandered as a result of high energy intensity. Therefore, such a great capacity has not been translated into suitable political and economic power. Studies carried out through this research show that although huge investments have been made in development of the natural gas industry by major rival countries of Iran, that is, Russia and Qatar, the Islamic Republic has not done much for taking optimal advantage of this economic advantage.A review of Russia’s performance shows that following the collapse of the Soviet Union and establishment of the new managerial system in that country and due to Mr. Putin’s initiatives, the country has been able to play a prominent part in supplying energy to Europe and establishing a link between Russia’s economy and security and that of Europe.On the other hand, Qatar is developing its North Dome gas field, which is shared with Iran’s South Pars gas field, in order to emerge as the main economic hub in the southern part of the Persian Gulf. Export of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is currently playing a prominent role in economy and security of Qatar. The country has been also able to boost its regional importance by exporting natural gas to neighboring countries using Dolphin pipeline.