جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "oil contracts" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

This research, while evaluating the issue of unregulated production of oil resources, answers the question of how to achieve conservative production as observing all technical and legal aspects, including reservoir management, increasing the recovery factor, providing the basis and possibility of using "advanced technologies", and "setting correct contracts" by complying with the policies and contractual requirements. Conservative production is different depending on the political and economic conditions of each country, and its realization will lead to the provision of resources and national interests of the society and the future generation. In this research, all technical, economic, legal and environmental requirements, dimensions and the determination of the necessary contractual conditions that have a significant effect on securing and guaranteeing national interests have been evaluated.

Oil represents a big share in Iran’s economy; thus, it is a sensitive issue for the public in Iran, and oil disputes are a public concern and provoke political debate in Iran. This article analyses the importance of arbitration as an oil dispute resolution mechanism, then, it studies the possibility of taking cases to it under international and Iranian law. To this aim, it employs a comparative legal approach to highlight factors in arbitration’s popularity among other Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms. Then, the legitimacy of taking cases to arbitration is investigated from domestic and international law perspectives. Finally, implications of the Iranian law on the performance of the National Iranian Oil Company in the arbitration proceedings are discussed and a recommendation to alter conditions of going to arbitration is presented for lawmakers.

The oil and gas industry needs distinct tools for financing and implementation because of its high capital-intensity and the need for new technologies in various sciences. Upstream contracts in oil and gas are the most important means of attracting investors and contractors in the industry. After introducing concession arrangements, due to its religious and legal impediments, some countries switched to service contracts, and Iran, as an Islamic country, invented and introduced a buy-back contract. At the same time, some other countries, such as Indonesia, have introduced partnership contracts for production. An examination of the oil industry's experience has shown that the efficiency of production partnership contracts has generally been higher than that of service contracts to motivate the contractor, generate higher profits for the host country, and obtain general conditions for companies. In this study, with the aim of reviewing partnership contracts for oil and gas production according to Imamieh jurisprudence, this contract has been analyzed with six important rules of jurisprudence in the contracts, including La Darar rule, Nafye Gharar rule, Ghorur rule, Nafye Sabil rule, Prohibition of Akl al Mal Bil Batil, and Tanjiz rule. The results of this study have shown that the production sharing contracts are not in conflict with the principles of Imamiyyah jurisprudence and there is no jurisprudence in the principle of contracts of production participation.

The process of development and thus national security and protection of the national sovereignty of the oil exporting countries at the global level depends on the conclusion of oil contracts and how they apply their sovereignty to such contracts. National security in the field of oil,gas and energy,which constitutes the most important economic sector of the country is affected by the extent of national sovereignty in oil contracts and the extent to which national sovereignty is observed in these contracts will also provide national security. According to the analysis of the scientific researches investigated by qualitative research method and by the use of meta analysis and directional content analysis by open coding method as well as implementation of Holesty test for coding validation high oil and gas handheld contracts in two main categories of assessing national sovereignty and security with the components (government ownership,host government management,sovereignty) and the evaluation of law with its component (intrest laws and regulations,jurisprudential rules,international law and regulation,international financial standards and accounting) and a variety of up stream oil and gas contracts including production Sharing contracts, concession and services contracts based on the level of compliance with the above factors,appropriate approaches have been developed and appropriate legal solutions have been Presented.

Technology development in the upstream sector of the oil industry. One of the most important objectives and requirements in the development of this industry. So far, efforts and large investments have been made in this area, But there has not been a complete success, as well as in parts of the industry, dependency can be seen, Examine barriers to technology transfer and development in the upstream sector of the oil industry, the main purpose of this article. This article has analytical and pathological approach. The results show that in addition to analysis to identify the dimensions and factors affecting technology transfer, Should be noticed to other structural and institutional factors that effects on transfer and development of technology in this industry. In this regard, barriers such as lack of technology absorption capacity in this industry in the country, institutional locking, innovation network failures, system failures, lack of attention to the levels and components of technology, lack of attention to players of technology transfer and development, lack of attention to the technology mediators are some of important points that this article focused on them.

In this paper, utilizing a cash flow model in an Oil field as a case study, we compare the efficiency of fiscal regimes of buy back and Iranian Petroleum Contract (IPC). In order to implement the mentioned comparison, we have selected influential financial indices such as: internal rate of return (IRR), Net Present value (NPV), Payback period, Profit to investment ratio (PIR) and Government take (GT). Furthermore, considering three price scenarios, sensitivity analysis is performed for different oil prices. Subsequently, we model IPC comprising Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR (/Improved Oil Recovery) IOR) operations and compare it with IPC without EOR/IOR in terms of the specified indices. Our results indicate that in addition to the more eligibility of IPC for contractors than buy back contracts, Government take is still adequate and noticeable enough in spite of the reduction it would confront in IPC. The paper concludes IPC comprising EOR/IOR is more beneficial to host government than E&P companies, therefore contractors do not have sufficient incentives to apply EOR/IOR operations in which the host government should lead the contractor toward by providing them with mutually acceptable options.

We have shown that the reliance on foreign investment within the framework of oil contracts with international oil companies has not been and will not be productive in the transfer and development of technology in Iranian upstream oil industry unless the following conditions are satisfied: i) adequate growth in the propositional and prescriptive knowledge related to oil industry to create a satisfactory absorption capacity، and ii) the active role of regulatory institutions for supervising، managing and enhancing efficiency in the market for technology to secure an effective utilization of the absorption capacity. It is emphasized that a careful identification of players in the market for oil technology transfer and development، and the realization of the processes of weakening and strengthening positions of international oil companies and service oil companies in this market، respectively، is the prerequisite in the design of optimum oil technology policies in Iran. Despite the importance of contractors in the recognition of the necessity of technological development in the chain of oil operations and conveying that to technology developers، we have noted that the scarcity of financial resources for investment in the transfer and development of technology as well as the shortcomings in the optimum utilization of the absorption capacity in Iran imply that the regulatory institutions in the market for oil technology should become more efficient and assume more active role in managing this market. It is shown that these institutions can direct the process of the transfer and development of oil technology along with the national strategies in industrial development by prioritizing the technologies which are consistent with the objectives of oil sector and at the same time having spillover effects to certain key industries in the national economy.

Articles 14 and 15 of the Grand Policies of Resilient Economy emphasize the following two principles: i) «Enhancing the strategic reserves of Iranian oil and gas … and improving the production capacities …» and ii) Observing the “maximum efficient rate of recovery (within IOR/EOR programs). Hence، oil contracts are optimum upon the satisfaction of these two principles. An emphasis is also given، in the introduction to the Grand Policies of the Resilient Economy، as to the necessity of «an economy based on knowledge and technology، founded on [the principles of] justice، endogenously driven with outward-looking approach، dynamic and progressive.» The application of these four requirements in designing optimum oil contracts may provide four other principles، namely، improving technical-managerial capability of NIOC، securing the inter-generational interests in exploitation of oil reservoirs، transforming NIOC to a national-international oil company، and attaining a competitive status in the global oil market. From the above-mentioned six principles، this paper examines optimum oil contracts by using MER and IOR/EOR principles only، with a brief reference to NIOC technical-managerial improvement. We have shown that the structural conflicts between the objectives of IOCs and NIOC، i. e.، the profit maximization within the principles of profit-seeking corporations، and the economic value maximization of reservoirs within the framework of securing long-term national interests، will make it impossible to conclude an optimum contract with IOCs satisfying the requirements of the resilient economy. This paper concludes that the only contracts which are compatible with the principles of resilient economy are technical and managerial support and cooperation contracts with oil service companies.

After reviewing briefly the Iranian oil contracts from Reuter and D’Arcy concessions to buy-back contracts, we have examined the desired properties of oil contracts as follows: sovereignty and ownership over oil resources, national rights and interests in the chain of oil operations, transfer of technical knowledge and skills, and finally improvement in Government revenues resulting from oil production. An evaluation of oil contracts over a period of 140 years since Reuter’s concession in 1872 reveals the fact that the main attention of Governments has always been focused on gaining higher foreign exchange revenues. In principle, the sovereignty and ownership of oil resources have not usually been a conflicting issue amongst Governments and IOCs due to the fact that the permanent sovereignty over natural resources is well-recognized in international law. However, the point of prime significance is the identification of the impact of this property on the process of oil operations by IOCs, which depends entirely on the knowledge and expertise of NIOC. The other two properties are, more or less, emphasized in all oil contracts, yet without producing any tangible results due to the lack of endogenous efforts to advance technical knowledge and skills in oil industry as well as a change of Government’s outlook to the role and status of oil in economic development. Otherwise, contracts with IOCs cannot be expected to enhance technical and managerial capabilities of NIOC towards becoming a national-international oil company.