جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "pollution emission" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon that plays a vital role in the economic and social development of many countries. The tourism phenomenon has a special direct and indirect relationship with different aspects of human life. Inbound tourism has a positive effect on the economy of destinations by affecting the income of the residents, creating jobs, attracting investment, and increasing the demand for local goods. However, the development of tourism in a destination can lead to some negative aspects, which can cause serious problems after it becomes an established activity. Increasing health expenditures, as an indicator of the health status of communities, is one of the negative effects of tourism. In recent years, tourism and health expenditures have considerably grown in most countries. The GDP per capita is one of the important factors to determine the amount of health expenses. In the tourism literature, few studies have investigated the effect of inbound tourism on the health status of residents. Since there is no consensus on the effects of inbound tourism on the health of the host community, this study aims to investigate the effects of the tourist congestion, carbon dioxide emissions per capita and GDP per capita on health expenditures per capita. To this end, the non-linear relationship between the GDP per capita and the dependent variable is taken into account.

In this study, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to investigate the effects of tourist congestion, GDP per capita and carbon dioxide emissions on the health expenditures per capita in 30 OIC and oil-exporting countries. These countries were selected based on the maximum available data during the period of 2004-2018. To estimate the model, the index of the ratio of inbound tourism to the population of the host community was used for the tourist congestion variable. The GMM econometric method was used owing to its ability to solve the problems of possible endogeneity, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in the variables. In this study, the cross-sectional dependence was examined by Pesaran’s cross-sectional dependence test (2004), and the stationarity of the variables was checked by Pesaran’s unit root test (2007). The cointegration between the variables was also checked by the Pedroni cointegration test and the Kao cointegration test. The validity of the instruments was assessed by the Sargan test, and the lack of correlation of the second order and the general validity of the estimation was investigated by the Arellano-Bond test and the Wald test, respectively. The data of this study were obtained from the World Bank Database and analyzed with the Eviews 12 software.

Based on the results of Pesaran’s unit root test, the variables of GDP per capita and health expenditure per capita were non-stationary at level. Moreover, the results of the the Pedroni cointegration test, the Kao cointegration test and the unit root test on the model residual term showed that the estimate was not spurious. The results of estimating the research model with the GMM method showed that the variables were statistically significant at the significance level of 1%. The variables of carbon dioxide emission per capita and logarithm of tourist congestion had a negative and significant effect on health and caused an increase in health expenditures. The GDP per capita variable had a nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship with health expenditure. According to this finding, the increase in the GDP per capita after reaching the maximum point was 43405 international dollars, reducing the health expenditures. After the maximum point, the increase of GDP per capita is expected to make investing in the infrastructure of the health sector possible and provide easier access to health services. Therefore, it can be expected that the increase in GDP per capita will eventually lead to the improvement of the health status of the society. The results of the Sargan test and the Arellano-Band test confirmed the efficiency of the used tool and the lack of correlation of the second order residual. The Wald test also confirmed the validity of the results of the estimated model.

Based on the results of this study, an increase in GDP per capita before reaching the maximum point causes an increase in health expenditures. After reaching the turning point, however, it reduces the health expenditures per capita. Since the per capita GDP of some countries, including Iran, has a significant distance from the maximum point, there is a good opportunity to achieve the downward range of the inverted U in smaller amounts of per capita GDP by investing in health infrastructure. Therefore, before reaching this point, it is recommended to allocate a part of the tax revenue from the top income deciles to investment in the health sector in order to improve the health of the society. Furthermore, in order to reduce the pollution caused by the GDP of polluting industries, the government should adopt policies to prevent environmental damages from directly endangering the health of people. Also, for the reduction of the adverse effect of tourism on health, a tax is suggested to be collected from incoming tourists. Moreover, it is recommended to include environmental and occupational health methods in the design, construction and utilization of tourism industry facilities. It is also suggested that a part of foreign exchange income from the tax on inbound tourists be allocated to the monitoring, control and prevention of epidemic diseases as well as research on diseases and occupational hazards related to the tourism industry. Finally, it is suggested to create a system for registering disease outbreaks in the tourist population and evaluate the disease burden attributed to tourism.

In recent years, the increasing growth in health expenditures has led to the recognition determinants of health expenditures be considered by researchers. According to studies, GDP and the emission of pollution are the important determinants of health expenditures. In this study, the effect of CO2 emission as an environmental indicator, GDP per capita as an economic indicator, urbanization rate and age dependency ratio as social indicators on health expenditures per capita has been estimated through use of the Panel Generalized Moments Method (PGMM) and the nonlinear relationship approach between income per capita and health expenditures per capita in 19 Oil Exporting countries including Iran in the period 2004 - 2018. The findings reveal that the variables of carbon dioxide emission per capita, urbanization rate and age dependency ratio have positive and significant effect and GDP per capita has a nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship with health expenditure. This nonlinear relationship suggests that increment in GDP per capita leads to an increase in health expenditures per capita until the threshold level, and after that, this increment can lead to a reduction in health expenditures.

Today, the issue of significant increases in polluting gases has become a major global challenge. This issue, along with industrial growth and development in developed and developing societies, has attracted more attention in order to prevent their destructive effects. The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors affecting the spread of pollution in the petrochemical sector. In order to test the relationship between the variables, a mild transfer regression model for the period 1399-1396 has been used. The statistical population of the present study is companies producing petrochemical products. The most important variables used in this study include per capita carbon dioxide emissions, product output, energy intensity, technology costs, and added value of petrochemical products. The results showed that there is a nonlinear relationship between the variables of production and pollution. In the estimated nonlinear model section, because the energy intensity variable has been selected as a variable, it was observed that with increasing the intensity of energy consumption from 5.12%, the effect of petrochemical production on the level of emissions is different and significant. The results obtained from the nonlinear model estimate show that the production of petrochemical products in companies producing petrochemical products at different levels of energy consumption has different effects on carbon dioxide emissions in the country. Accordingly, given that greenhouse gas pollution is one of the serious threats facing countries, and due to its nature, factories and companies producing petrochemical products should be required to reduce emissions through tax and incentive policies. In addition, more polluting industries and polluting products should be prevented from entering the production process through strict environmental laws and regulations, especially in the petrochemical sector.

From any amount of energy input to each system is returned to the environment as waste. For this reason, for processes to be sustainable, it is important to focus on the mechanism that assigns the system input (s) to the output (s). This mechanism is economics, in the definition of sustainable development. What is the trend of changes in energy and environment efficiencies in Iran's economy industries? The answer to this question, as a question of present paper, is Necessary to conclusions that can guide policy recommendations. For this purpose, the energy consumption data from different types of carriers and pollutions (by types of pollution) along with the output value, will be used for 23 industries (two-digit ISIC codes) during the period 2009 to 2016 This information was used to calculate the Malmquist Productivity Index (MI).The results of the MI index show that the overall performance improvement has slowed down in recent years. Although there has been little improvement, it has been due to structural changes in the industry, not to an increase in their technical efficiency. However, the textile industry is a good example where overall performance improvements have occurred due to advances in technical efficiency. Also, from the six major industries, two major industries ("food" and "base metals") have seen almost no overall improvement of any kind. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers focus on improving the efficiency of two mentioned industries. It is also suggested that policymakers focus from technical improvements to structural changes.

Global warming and climate change have been one of the most important environmental problem in recent decades. This has been generated by greenhouse gases emission resulting from fossil fuel combustion. The formation of various environmental conventions, including Kyoto Protocol, as a reaction implies the importance of these environmental issues. The said protocol is one of the most important agreements regarding climate change in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are the main reason of global warming in recent decades. This protocol obliged the developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while exempting developing countries. In this study, we analyze some stylized facts about greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane/nitrogen) emission member state countries including Iran. By dividing countries to three main categories, i.e. all the countries, developed and developing countries, we then try to assess the Kyoto protocol effectiveness on eliminating greenhouse gases emission through the period of 1990-2012, pending on the availability of data. We have estimated our basic model by Panel data (GMM) technique. The results imply that although developed countries have tried to comply with their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide, we are still facing the global trend of increasing production and emission. However, according to methane dioxide and nitrogen oxide, the results of our study indicate a reduction in the emissions of both gases in the three groups of protocol countries.