جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "wealth" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of commodity group expenditures on the probability of urban household poverty at different levels of wealth. In this article, using the data of the household expenditure-income plan for the year 2019, the household poverty line was calculated based on the 66% average per capita expenditure method. The findings of the estimation of the research model based on pseudo-tabular data and random effects method in logistic regression in three levels of wealth show that the largest number of households are in the middle category of wealth. The gender and age variables of the head of the household have a greater effect on reducing the probability of poverty at the middle level, and also at low levels of wealth, the increase in educational levels reduces the probability of poverty to a greater extent. The direct effect of the household dimension is greater at low levels of wealth on the probability of poverty. Expenditure on food, drink and tobacco, housing and transportation at a low level of wealth has a stronger effect on increasing the probability of household poverty. Among the expenses of different commodity groups, communication expenses have the most positive effect on the probability of urban household poverty, which is greater at low levels of wealth. Entertainment expenses - cultural affairs in the low and high level of wealth do not have a significant effect on the probability of household poverty.

Household poverty is one of the factors that hinder the development of societies. Poverty is not only destructive from the economic dimension but also from the social dimension has adverse effects on society. To deal with this phenomenon, it is important to identify and investigate the factors affecting it. While it is possible that depending on the level of wealth of households, the type of effect of factors and the severity of their impact on poverty is different; therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of each factor on the probability of poverty at different levels of wealth. For this purpose, using the data of the cost and income plan of urban households in 2020 and based on the method of 66% of the average per capita household expenditure in each province, poor households were separated from non-poor. Also, households in each province were placed in one of three defined groups of wealth. The results of estimating the research model based on pseudo panel data and random effect logistic regression at three levels of wealth indicate that age, education and masculinity are in the middle category of wealth that includes the largest number of households. The head of the household has the opposite effect and the square of age, the head of the household and the size of the household have a direct effect on the probability of poverty. As the level of wealth of households increases, the intensity of the desired effect of education on the probability of household poverty decreases. The negative effect of the household dimension on the probability of poverty moving from the lower to the upper classes of wealth also diminishes. In addition, in the nonlinear relationship between age and the probability of poverty of households by moving from lower levels to higher levels of wealth, the minimum probability of poverty will appear at higher ages, respectively. Marriage of the head in the lower category, and gender and marriage of the head in the upper category of wealth have no significant effect on the probability of poverty.

One of the main concerns of economic scholars and thinkers is to predict the behavior of individuals in an economic system. Although economists often use complex mathematical equations for economic analysis, in recent decades due to the weakness of forecasting analyses based on equations and inability of such equations to justify empirical events, economists have used modeling and simulation methods. In other words, they are Looking for ways to justify complex phenomena in the economy as a complex system. In addition to applying complexity theory, this research attempts to introduce a research tool to scholars for the simulation of agent-based research. In this study, we will examine the efficiency of each system by developing an agent-based model based on a No-Ponzi economic system and comparing it with a Ponzi economic model. We will also examine the effects and consequences of some economic behaviors that are contrary to the ethics and teachings of Islam. Comparing the two models, the results indicate that the No-Ponzi model has a better human development index and more social welfare.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the fluctuations of entrepreneurial wealth in an open participatory economy and compare it with an interest-based economy. In this hypothetical participatory economy, the investor can freely choose between two types of domestic cooperative financing and external interest-based financing (in international financial markets). To this end, a dynamic model is designed and solved based on the dynamics of entrepreneurial wealth. The results show that when the two cooperative economies are exposed to the same conditions, which means that the opportunity cost of investing is equal to both, entrepreneurial wealth and therefore national investment and production in the cooperative economy are less volatile than the conventional economy. But when the opportunity cost of investing in the two economies is different, only under conditions of entrepreneurial wealth and production in a participatory economy can they be less volatile than the conventional economy. It is considered that these conditions depend on the values of the interest rate parameters, the participation rate and the minimum safe return of the domestic economy.

Establishing social justice and equilibrium in society is one of the most important preconditions for development. Therefore, reducing the trend of increasing inequality for policymakers in many countries is a priority. Zakat is a financial tool in the macro system of Islamic society, which plays an important role in the effective allocation of income. The purpose of this article is to describe the theory of the role of zakat as an important tool in achieving efficiency and improving human development indicators. For this purpose, the Net Logo application has been used for agent-based modeling. This paper examines the actual effects of Zakat on the distribution of wealth in Islamic economics and compares conventional and Islamic economics. The results indicate that an Islamic economic system, in general, leads to higher human development indicators than a conventional investment model system. JEL Classification: C53, P4, D630, D310, E21

Islam has focused on various issues, in order to lead human being toward perfection. Economy and the related issues are among the important points depicted and defined with wide speared resplendency in Quran and the religions leader's life style. Due to the emergence of different economic schools based on the originality of capital and profit, today it is necessary more than ever to concentrate on these issues in Islam. Therefore, this paper concerns about economic issues in the Imam Reza (PBUH) life style. According to reviews, Imam Reza has warned of the consequence of wealth gathering, through explanation of moderation and simplicity in living and necessity of work in one hand, and warning of wasting, on the other hand. In this regard, he mentioned family and needy people as points to spend income. He also presents a pattern of consumerism that would realize the perfection, Islam intends for individual and society.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the household’s behavior in response to the kinds of the wealth and the estimation of marginal propensity to consume out of wealth. By using Ando-Modigliani consumption model and applying Engle-Granger co-integration strategy, marginal propensity to consume out of wealth is estimated in Iran during 1982-2008. The various forms of wealth as durable good, housing, bonds, savings, combinative and normal good are considered. Results show that households respond to kinds of wealth differently. This study finds that the marginal propensities to consume (MPCs) out of labor income and wealth, in the form of durable good, are 0.93 and 0.012, respectively. In addition, the MPCs out of labor income and wealth in the form of housing are 0.8 and 0.027, respectively. Regarding bonds as wealth, the corresponding MPCs are 0.67 and 0.055, respectively. For savings, the corresponding MPCs are 0.58 and 0.081, respectively. In combinative form of wealth, the computed MPCs are 0.7 and 0.04, respectively. Finally, considering normal goods as wealth, this study reaches the MPCs of orders 0.59 and 0.16, respectively. The long-run relationship shows that individuals’ MPC is about 0.79 apart from what types of wealth they hold. One important finding is liquidity allocation by individuals facing various kinds of wealth. This study indicates the fastest velocity of liquidation of savings and the lowest velocity of liquidation of durable goods.

Unlike the traditional views that consider development an economical issue, it is regarded as a consequence of cultural beliefs and approaches in the modern views and it is believed that development has cultural foundations. Therefore, religion can be regarded as the most obvious cultural factor influencing the formation of ideology and interpretation of human’s earthly life. From this point of view, those schools that lead people on monasticism and a mere attention to the afterlife just cause undevelopment and propagation of determinism in the societies while the schools and religions that know the happiness and growth of human in faithful attempts to make a better world can potentially modify the society and hence facilitate national development. In this regard, the Shi’i School always emphasizes on the social responsibility of its followers by picturing the world as a farmland for the afterlife and encourages the to leave a passive lifestyle and seek prosperity in the frame of godliness rules. Moreover, based on the Shi’i teachings, earning legitimate wealth and using it to realize the divine orders has been drastically emphasized. In view of this sensible axiom that “necessity is the premise of the necessary”, this article tries to show that a Shi’i Moslem is obliged to develop his economical power and produce wealth in order to have a faithful lifestyle and reach some of his worshipping positions. Studying some of the faithfulness duties that require producing wealth, the article tries to examine its place in the Shi’i beliefs referring to the lifestyles of the Imams.

Today in economic studies, the composite index is often used for measuring economic welfare. One of the current and most comprehensive composite index for measuring level of economic well being is the one introduced by osberg (IEWB) and later have developed by the Centre for the Study of Living Standards (CSLS). In this index, among the different economic variables that affect economic welfare, the most importance is given to the components related to four dimensions, namely consumption, wealth, income distribution and economic security. So in this study the IEWB as a comprehensive index of economic welfare has been chosen. This paper, for the first time, tries to introduce IEWB and applies it to the data for selected developing countries during the 2002 to 2007 period and results have been analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that during the period under consideration on average Morocco has the highest value of the IEWB index, and Bangladesh has the lowest one. In terms of rate of growth, Turkey has the highest and Bangladesh has the lowest rate of growth. Iran did not have a good position and ranked 8 among the countries under consideration.

Inflation inequality indicates the encounter of households with different consumption expenditure, with various inflation rates. The present article is composed of two main sections. The first section deals with the calculation of inflation inequality, and the second section concerns the effect of this inequality on the distribution of expenditure of occupational groups. To examine the presence of inequality, three methods of plutocratic gap, descriptive analysis of the CIP of households (skewness coefficient), and inflation in socio-economic groups (the occupational group of householders) are utilized. In order to achieve a more accurate analysis of the inflation situation and the effects of changes in current price index in Iran, the effects of the consumer price index of each occupational group on the share of the expenditures of the same group will be studied in the next section. In fact, the present article aims to distinguish between the classes which suffer from inflation and the classes which benefit from it, rather than examine the effects of inflation on inequality as a whole. Households in urban areas of Iran are divided, based on the occupational group that the householder belongs to. The findings of the study indicate that there is an inflation inequality between households in different occupational groups, in different periods of time; however, this trend oscillates in different periods of time. On average, in each period, managers, high-ranking officials and specialists experience less inflation, and the effect of this inflation (increase in price index) on groups’ expenditure share of the expenditures of the whole society has been decreasing. In some groups, inflation causes an increase in the value of assets, and consequently the wealth of these people increases, in a way that the increase in the income is bigger than the increase in the expenditure. Groups which lack such assets only experience an increase in their expenditure, and their income does not increase in line with their expenditure. Therefore, the groups with a low income and a small wealth suffer from inflation. In the present study, unskilled workers constitute a group which faces the highest level of inflation, and whose share of consumption expenditure increases as a result of inflation in this period as well.