جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رفتار عقلایی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Individuals often use justification and find reasons in order to justify their choices both for themselves and for others. They use justification not only by choosing the options in each set but also by choosing the right set. The aim of this paper is to present a model that incorporates the above feature in individual's decision making. We argue that if inferring the preference is the only purpose, our model has more advantages than exiting models. Finally, for the model to be testable, we present its characterizing axiom and show that it is the necessary and sufficient condition for the new model.

The concept of rational behavior has a significant role in economics and its analysis of market economy and general equilibrium. On the other hand, there exists a logical relation between limits of rationality and learning from error. With explaining the concept of rational behavior in the neoclassical economics and its relation with the rational expectation hypothesis this article addresses the following two questions: First, has the idea of learning from error played a role in the formation of neoclassical concept of rational behavior? If not, secondly, can the idea play a role in improving the meaning of rational behavior in economics? In response to these question, the article reviews the following discussions (a) the neoclassical concept of rational behaviors is reviewed and the critiques of behavioral economics and the theories of choice under uncertainty are discussed, (b) the rational usage of information and its relation with the meaning of rational behavior are examined, and in this context the importance of the idea of learning from error is explored, and (c) Karl Popper’s theory of rationality as openness to criticism and its consequence for the idea of learning from error in terms of conjecture and refutation  will be discussed. The article finally uses the Austrian economists’, i.e. Hayek and Krizner, critiques regarding the neoclassical concept of rational behavior in order to show that Popper’s theory of rationality can improve the concept of rational behavior in economics.

How to secure the public interest through individual optimization is the issue of economists' day in both the theoretical and practical fields. How can people who are selfishly motivated to maximize their personal interests be encouraged to pursue the public interest? In answering this question, the new political economy theorists view public interest through individual optimism as simplistic and suggest that economists take this into account when making economic advice to policy makers. According to their analytical framework, rational behavior in incomplete information demands that ordinary people have no incentive to spend in the public goods sector and seek the use of free rides. Pressure groups and bureaucrats exploit their information for self-interest and to the detriment of the public interest, and politicians sacrifice public interest for the sake of power. This analytical framework is incompatible with the behavioral patterns in Islam, one of which is Imam Ali (AS). In the context of the analytically deduced analytic method of the Prophet's words in Nahj al-Balagha, the provision of the public interest is in line with the personal motivation of the individual for their personal benefit. According to this analysis, individuals see their self-interest in the Hereafter benefit, which can only be obtained with the consent of God. The motivation to maximize God's satisfaction, while unifying the rational behavior of the major players in society, simplifies and enhances all behaviors to serve the public interest. The realization of these conditions depends on the monotheistic upbringing of the people of the community, the existence of religious rule and the provincialism of the people.

Consumption has attracted much attention among economics arguments which indicates its importance among economic subjects. One of the most important factors influencing consumption pattern is income. This article is to examine the allocation of income in the Islamic economics. Considering that in Islamic economics the criterion of rational behavior is its correspondence with Islamic values and standards، therefore، the present article is to show that the goal in the Islamic society is to satisfy the Almighty to its fullest. With this goal in mind the income is to be spent in three areas; consumption، expenditure in the social sharing (to give and donate in order to please God) and investment. The allocation of the income in the Islamic economics is to be spent for functionally and economically important matters like: easing poverty and improvement of the distribution of income، increment in the efficiency of Bazar (business)، improvement of economy، regulating economic irregularities، improving the standard of living for all، preserving the environment and the like. Therefore، if each individual follows the instruction of the Quran and the direction given by the Prophet (B) and observes the strict rules of the true religion (like avoiding the conspicuous consumption، prodigal spending، wastage and overspending)، the Islamic society will witness the، improvement، development and glory.

The modern financial theory, whose focus was on the two main paradigms of rational behavior of economic factors and efficient market theory, was dominant on financial markets for more than two years. But the existence of some experimental evidences such as market exceptions which could not be explained through common models of efficient theory paved the way for emergence of a theory named behavioral financial theory. Behavioral financial theory is consisting of wide ranges of psychological and sociological aspects which are in deep contradiction with efficient market theory.The investors’ idea of having perfect rational behavior cannot justify their behavior in the money market sufficiently. The existence of many psychological factors makes people not to decide on their investments in a perfect rational way.In this research, first of all, we introduced behavioral financial theory and then studied psychological factors which are effective on the volume of people’s investments.This research is an applied one and considering its kind and nature, the objectives and questions are descriptive.The way through which data is analyzed is regression.4 psychological factors, which could take effect on the volume of people’s investments, were recognized and then based on these factors a questionnaire was designed in two parts using variables to include in research deals.The obtained results state that the volume of investments has a direct relation with people’s self-confidence and on the other hand it is in the opposite direction with people’s rationality. Finally, we extract a model with using the results.