جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Expenditure » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The rapid changes in the economic and social structure experienced by households during the economic transition prevent the generalization of a single model for the household’s distribution of household expenditures and incomes in developed countries. Therefore, the goal of this study is to estimate the revenue and consumption life cycle indices in Iran during the years 2001 to 1399. Based on the results, the age-profile indices show a hump-shaped pattern. Because the spending smoothing behavior distributes definitive sources of inequality evenly throughout the life cycle, it has a smoother age profile than income. More educated households with higher income levels and expenses have higher income growth rates for a longer period of time. Slow increase in consumption inequality relative to income indicates that most permanent changes in income have been predictable for individuals. Also, according to the permanent income hypothesis and the findings of other economies, consumption inequality has increased for households over 30 years old. This result is consistent with incomplete market life cycle models in which variance is a constant component for all early in life cycle is small, and increases over time due to the accumulation of certain permanent shocks. Finally, estimates of the income process show that although permanent income shocks are the same for all households, in without an academic degree group, past incomes have a greater effect on current incomes, and this group suffers larger transient income shocks.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) also known as Chronic diseases are regarded as one of the main causes of mortality and exorbitant costs of household in Iran and the world. Few research studies have been conducted on the economic effects of these diseases on individuals and households in Iran. The main objective of this paper is to show the effects of these diseases on health expenditure, non-health consumption, labor income, as well as household transferred income in rural and urban households, which provide some coverage for high expenditures of chronic diseases. As the household income and expenditure data used in this study are censored and discontinuous the two-part Heckman and Tobit model (Heckit) was used for estimation. The obtained results show that the chronic diseases in urban households have a significant relationship with non-health consumption, and they directly affect the household welfare level and do not have any significant effect on other sectors. The results of rural data show that the expenditures of chronic diseases affects the level of health expenditure, non-health consumption, and labor income. Additionally, chronic diseases have a significant effect on transferred income neither in urban households nor in rural ones. The obtained results show that rural households are more affected by the chronic diseases expenditures than urban households and are more vulnerable to it. On the other hand, household income is a determinant variable in health expenditure both in urban and rural households. The results of this study have wide applicability for policymakers in financing programs for treating these diseases, as well as preventing them.