جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بازرگانی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Extensive Iran-India trade relations declined on the eve of the constitution but these small relationships were also reflected in Iranian society and were effective in creating new ideas in politics and culture. The main issue of the research is the how new capitalism was born in Iran and the role of merchants in creating a social movement. The purpose of this article is recognizing the status of trade with India and its impact on Iranian society for about twenty years before the start of World War I. This has a qualitative and "descriptive-analytical" approach and has been done with the "documentary" method and based on "library" sources. It is assumed that the developments in Iranian society were influenced by the arrival and departure of merchants to India and Research findings also show: Increased trade activity between the two countries paved the way for social modernization but after the constitution and with the outbreak of civil war and social unrest, trade with India declined and However, these relations helped Iranians become familiar with some of the methods of agricultural and industrial production but with the arrival of the occupying countries in World War I, it faced a deadly challenge

The location of Egypt on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and on the land and sea trade routes of the ancient world, caused it to be the focus of the great Achaemenid emperors as a large and important base. Despite the conquest of Egypt by Cambodia, the Achaemenid trade relationship with this western satrap It was mostly done through the old royal road, but with the efforts of Darius I, he started extensive measures in this land, the most important of which are the development of roads and the digging of the Suez Canal. With the digging of this canal, shipping activities and maritime communication and, as a result, commercial relations with Egypt expanded, and on the other hand, Iran's role as a trade route between East and West grew considerably. According to the available sources, items needed for use in the Iranian army, such as army armor and architectural tools, have been supplied from Egypt, and in return, salt and spices have been taken from Iran to Egypt. In this research, an attempt is made to deal with the items exchanged between the two countries. And in this way, to deal with the commercial issues surrounding it in order to expand the relations between the two countries, beyond the mere political relations and with the aim of promoting commercial relations.

After Industrial Revolution and the formation of modern trade system, underdeveloped Iran from the 19th century took attention of colonial powers due to its strategic position and economic goals. The defeat of the Iranians from Russia had formed first lights of thought on the causes of Iran's underdevelopment and the progress of the West in the mind of Abbas Mirza. Being in priority of benefiting from industrial innovations and investment of foreign companies for Tabriz was depended on its privileged geographical location, being the city of crown prince and investment of the city's merchants. The main question of the research is what changes and under the influence of what factors occurred in the commercial system and industry of Tabriz during the Qajar era? The most important achievement of the research is based on the creation of new industries and trade system in Tabriz. In this regard, new manifestations of modernity such as exchange offices, banks, spinning and carpet weaving industries, printing houses, electricity, etc. were established in Tabriz. Also, merchants of Tabriz played a major role in establishing Tabriz commercial and industrial centers. The continuous growth of trade in the early 14th century AH encouraged foreign investors to expand their economic and productive activities in Tabriz. But, the influx of foreign goods did great damage to domestic handicrafts and factories. Based on historical references, publications, and documents, this article has studied the economic and industrial developments of Tabriz by descriptive-explanatory method.

During the Qajar period, Britain and Russia established a consulate in Iran based on the Kāmelat al-Wadād (Most-favored-Nations Clause) concession. Consulates were usually set up for commercial purposes, but the reports and activities of such institutions went far beyond business motives and goals. The present study intends to discuss the British Consulate in Mashhad and seeks an answer to the question: What were the motives and goals of the British Consulate in Mashhad? Examining the sources, it was hypothesized that the British consulate in Mashhad was established for commercial and political purposes and to strictly supervise Russian actions in the region, but beyond that it had comprehensive intelligence, security and executive functions in Khorasan province. The research data were provided by library data, from historical sources as well as two categories of Persian and English documents, and have been discussed by the method of causal explanation, in the context of British-Russian competition. The results of the discussion indicate that British agents, in competition with Russia, set up a consulate in Mashhad. Under the guise of establishing a consulate in Mashhad, the British set up an intelligence network to monitor Russia's activities in Central Asia and Iran’s northeastern borders in order to thwart Russian anti-British actions in the area. In addition, by establishing a consulate in Mashhad, while supporting British citizens, they removed the barriers to trade between Iran and Britain in this area.

A Study of Business in the Sasanian PeriodAbstractDuring the Sasanian Empire (224-651AD) -which was established based on politicand religious centralism- not only they achieved success in developing theirterritory and suppressing the foreign enemies, but also there were significantchanges in the flourish of economy, commerce, international and domesticbusiness in this period. The Sasanians who inherited business from the Parthiansattempted to develop business by making some changes. The international businessscope of the Sasanians has reached Africa, too. In this period, the economicdevelopment was greatly indebted to the increase of the business in the East andWest which was done through trade routes of Persian Gulf and Silk Road. As twogreat sovereignties of the area, the Roman and Iranian Empire competed againsteach other to dominate the area’s market and the profit gained from the businesswhich was one of the causes of war between these two governments. During theSasanian period, the presence of the government in economic activities wasindirect, and they received significant profit from taxation, revenue, and tariff. Thissurvey introduced trade routes, commercial products and trade rules in theSasanian period considering domestic and international business. The survey isbased on library research. The studies show that the economic developmentincreased in this period so that the government could gain remarkable profit. In thelate Sasanian period, the increase in the tax rate caused some problems for themerchants and the economic development stagnated. However, the businessdevelopment in the Islamic era was indebted greatly to the Sasanians’ experiences. 

Britain has been widely represented in the Iranian markets since the middle of the Qajar period Relationships between Iranian businessmen and India also increased. Iranian businessmen had branches in Istanbul, Moscow and Cairo, and they were doing a lot of bargains.
The main issue of the research is the quality and quantity of trade relations between Iran and India. And the other question is, how did these relations affect the social changes in Iran?
The main question is, how did Iran's trade relations with India affect the Iranian economy in the first years of the 20th century? And another question is, how was the quantity and quality of trade relations with India before and after the Constitutional Revolution?
The aim is to recognize the dimensions of Iran-India trade relations in one of the most sensitive periods in Iranian and world history and the author tries to understand how much Iranian society has influenced from western culture and civilization. This impact was due to Britain's presence in India.
This research is due to the fact that the years leading up to World War I are among the most turbulent periods of Iranian history and Some of the reasons for the failure of the constitutional movement can be identified through research into the economic events of those years. The author tries to deal with various aspects of Iran-India trade at the doorstep of the Constitutional Revolution with a new perspective and examine the performance of the British Indian government in trading with Iran and the economic impact of this trade on Iranian society, especially in the years before the outbreak of the First World War
The research approach is "qualitative" in the "analytical description" method. The researcher describes an event with scientific criteria and then explains and interprets them. The data of this research are compiled by "documentary" method and based on "library" resources and the writer, using historical sources such as travel logs, memoirs and documents, tries to first "historical description" and then give a new "analysis" of the subject.  After concluding the Golestan agreement, England was able to benefit from the contention between Iran and Russia and greatly increase its exports to Iran. In the late nineteenth century, England challenged the Ottoman presence in the Persian Gulf and expelled that empire from the scene. At the same time, Iranian businessmen in India formed various associations, and Zoroastrians in India also played a significant role in trade with Iran. These activities had a great impact on Iranian trade and businessmen became familiar with the new ways of trading. The thriving trade led to the formation and expansion of new capitalists in Iran, which were merchants of a wide range of this class. Iranian businessmen realized that buying directly from Europe was more cost effective than trading with their agents in Iranian cities.They established companies for this purpose.The presence of Iranian businessmen in world trade has created a strong social layer that became critics of Iran's politics and government due to the relationship with the advanced world of European and American societies.The national economy movement, which supported the boycott of foreign commodities and the promotion of domestic goods, began in this class and very soon, this innovative class would have called for political participation, one of the reasons for the constitutional revolution.
After the constitutional movement, the power of the Qajar government was reduced and insecurity was found in the roads of the central and southern regions of the country. The existence of bandits in different parts of the country slowed the Iranian business trend. Despite the efforts of the Iranian government and the ruler of Fars province to secure roads, Britain's intervention increased the turmoil.Though these would Threatened British trade, it was an excuse for the government to increase political pressure on the Iranian government.
With the outbreak of World War I and the rise of the Russian Revolution, Britain's influence increased on the coast of the Gulf and the eastern and southern regions of the country. An important part of the post-Constitutional riot was the result of interventions of European countries therefore Britain had the opportunity to legalize its influence in Iran by forming the "South Persia Rifles". The greater presence of Britain in the Persian Gulf enabled Britain to take over the life of Iran.  The trade exchanges between Iran and India, which expanded from the middle of the Qajar period, encouraged Iranian businessmen to establish business corporations and led to a significant increase in European goods and, consequently, a reduction in domestic production. British colonial purposes have led some domestic crops to be replaced by crops such as opium, tobacco and cotton. In this way, in addition to the withdrawal of gold and silver from the country, the pattern of cultivation was also affected, which showed undesirable effects in the following years. Some merchants who had trade with India invested in the industries and shipping lines of that country and made a lot of wealth. They applied for commercial rights like their counterparts in advanced countries.
With the issuance of a decree at the time of Nasir al-Din Shah, Zoroastrians were exempted from additional taxes and Zoroastrian merchants gained success in business with India due to the efforts of Indian Zoroastrians. The merchant established a bank and, through paying donations, helped the liberation movement. Iranian businessmen residing in India formed associations and trade unions and Iranian political representatives in India also presented recommendations to the Iranian government to improve the trade and economy. What made these attempts to be foiled was the Russian and British interventions and their colonial rivalry. The two countries increased their military presence by using social unpleasant conditions after the Constitutional Revolution. And occupied the land of Iran at the start of the First World War.

Economic relationship of Safavids with the Ottoman Empire played a conciderable role in the policies of these two states after the Zohab Treaty till the Safavid fall. The basic antiquity of this relations was much more important than to look it to be seen or wiped out as ideological notes and sectional enmity. Nevertheless, at the time of the Safavid sovereignty and in regard to the hostilities between Iran and the Ottoman Empire, trade relation, as a kind of subject and dependency, became political and faced to serious challenge. Each of these governments tried to use their trade privileges as a force-lever. On the other side, with the decline of these two governments’ power and the entering of the Europeans in Persian Gulf and Middle East along with Iran and Ottoman Empire in political settling of the region, both became seriously weak in controlling the trades in the Gulf regions. Therefore, the main purpose of this essay was to investigate different aspects of the trade between these two governments and their effects on trades relationships between Iran and the Ottoman Empire on the one side, and the political confusions and trade disarrangements of region during the reign of Shah Safi till the fall of the Safavid dynasty on the other side. The research method of this article was on the basis of reviewing the historical texts, documents, and library sources.

The collapse of Safavid and great Indian Mongolian governments was due to some complex elements and it cannot be dependent on one or some special reasons. However, it seems that the element of economy is of determining role in this regard. This writing has investigated the economic reasons of this failure and it has endeavored to achieve the similar and dissimilar cases. The most important and related economic reasons in the collapse of the two governments can be stated in the issues such as the increase of excessive taxes, the collapse of internal commerce, no consideration of the people’ living condition and dissatisfaction of farmers and villagers, extravagant expenses, and finally, the decrease of coin value and the increase of goods’ price especially public provisions. It is worth noting that the substituted tradition in India as well as the change of lands into special ones in Iran is regarded as the special elements of collapse of the two governments.

Iran is considered to be a wide land with numerous cities and roads. Throughout history, Iranian rulers have endeavored to maintain their control and dominance over the roads and routes in this country. Such purpose required a regular and standing army in order to control all affairs. Generally, from Safavid era, Iran security arrangement of roads and routes against thieves and bandits was completed by local soldiers i.e. Qarasavaran. In Qajar era, Qarasavaran were regarded to fulfil their task like before. They were selected among nomads and indigenous people to protect the security of perilous roads and routes. However, not only they were deprived of having enough rations and military uniform but also they were considered to be in lower position compared to army soldiers. All these reasons led to the incompetence of such influential groups in security arrangement of roads and routes and subsequently, had effect on Iran economic underdevelopment in Qajar era. This study investigates the performance of Qarasavaran and the reasons of their inefficiency in security arrangement of roads and routes in Qajar era.

Business, always concurrent with human history, essentially requires the endeavor by individuals and governments for boost.  Business in the IR of Iran’s system has undergone fluctuations in line with obtained conditions in such a way that it has faced successful and unsuccessful experiences during the three decades of government and administration. To be developed, Iran is in need to a model based on the discourse of Velayat-e-Faqih, the national aspirations and the societal capacity. In the same vein, this study aims at identifying the dimensions of business with a domestic business approach and in reliance with the speeches by the Supreme leader(ph).  Doing so, it utilizes qualitative method and analyses the data through Thematic Analysis and MAXQDA software. The outcome of the study demonstrates that the utmost significant of Velayat-e-Faqih's approach is to empower the indigenous economy the foundation of which is attention to the mentioned and national production.  To fulfill this import, the desirable organization of market and optimal use of internal capacitoes in the production-to-consumption chain is a requirement. As well, the across-down cohesion of business environment in the process of production chain is also a necessity. Meanwhile, the oversight and control of vital goods seems to be quintessential which should be at least conducted in relation to urgent goods in home.

The passage of long roads through different regions leads to many economic, cultural, and religious changes and developments there. The southern coasts of Iran have always enjoyed great significance due to several important geographical features. In the distant past, the vast networks of the Silk Route and the Spice Route played greatly significant roles in the east and west of the world of that time. The long Spice Route, which began in India, after passing through the south of Iran, joined with the Silk Route in Mesopotamia. Baluchestan or the same Makran was considered to be a vast civilizational region on the way of the Spice Route. The present paper aims to review the economic status of Makran during the early Islamic centuries through resorting to ancient and more recent historical and geographical documents and resources. The main question here is: "What was the place and status of Makran on the Spice Highway?" The location of cities alongside international roads has always been considered a clear indication of the presence of a developed civilization, which is a feature that distinguished Makran from many other regions and areas.

The geographic location of Iran has been linked to various tribes across the territory of this land. That is why Iran has been described as the "road of events" or the four routes of incidents, and any event in Asia without exaggeration in the world passes through this passage of Iran, and Iran itself is influenced by other political, economic and cultural-social aspects of other ancient civilizations. And have had a profound effect on them that, until the present day, there are signs of this impact and effects in different societies. The political, economic, and cultural relations of Iranians with the Arabs during the Parthian era were vast and the role of small Arab-border states in this area was very impressive, so that this government acted as a bridge between commercial and economic relations. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to clarify the relationship between the Iranian and the Arab and the role of these princes

Qazvin as one of the most important Iranian cities at the Safavid reign, when it was the capital, reached the peak of its development. But after about four decades when the capital moved from Qazvin to Isfahan, without any doubt, this transferring had significant consequences for Qazvin city. In fact, it was expected that the development of the city would be rapidly lost. Since it is obvious that the political centralism of a city could be effective, to a considerable extent, in its development and as a result, its lack of centralism has the opposite effect. From current study, which was conducted through using itineraries and reports of the travelers and ambassadors and reviewing financial documents and the works of historians was concluded that though changing the political capital from Qazvin area to Isfahan area, led to considerable decrease of the political significance of the city, due to other factors, moving of the capital had not much negative effects on the economic and commercial life of the area, and this condition stayed continuous until the Qajar dynasty which led to new situations in the economy of northern areas of Iran.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the value chain activities on the economic value of active cooperatives in Birjand city. Questions and hypotheses are based on the value chain model of Porter in the development activities. In Porter's model organizations activities have main parts, and support (backup) activities. The research, conducted using cross-correlation and data collection, field-work. The data is collected by questionnaire. The sample included 134 executives of trade unions in the city of Birjand. According to Morgan table randomly Research questionnaires were distributed among managers. Research data is fitted through the software SPSS and PLS and using partial least squares and regression model. The findings of this study suggest that value chain activity affects the economic value add.

The interactions between southeastern sites of Iranian plateau and western sites in Susa and Mesopotamia in the third millennium B.C is one of the most controversial aspects of the Near Eastern archaeology. It seems that with some structural changes in these sites from the middle of 4th millennium B.C that led to long distance trade between Mesopotamia and Indus valley, these sites were related to each other more than earlier periods. This paper by regarding the Snake motifs as one of the common motifs on the archaeological material of Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia, attempts to clarify some aspects of this relationship in the prehistoric period. Furthermore, this paper attempts to study the transition of ideology andthoughts with cultural materials in this vast chain of exchanges. As a result, in the third millennium B.C some ideologies, symbols and beliefs weretransferred with exchanged productions and luxury objects from east to west andvice versa.

the Gulf and important ports of the oldest time as one of the lifeline of tajary Iran - with the other . - Iranian naval fleet in the Gulf , coupled with land - hey , such as India and China and East Africa trade . in the evening , Siraf Sassanian port as one of the centres of Iran's trade with land - with a role and is very important . The commingling of siraf people with the sea and the development of the Marine Corps them, the region turning point maritime trade exchange was made . that in the early Islamic as the harbour Siraf imports and exports to the land of the Gulf - - the most important trade in southern Iran .
economic and social life and the main port in several centuries protracted suggests prosperity and prosperity of civilization to which the prosperity of the Persian - came . Trade and Commerce dimensions in the port represents a significant boost export and import goods to different areas of the region.

The entrance of Saljugids to Neishabur led to a plenty of social، economical changes in this city. In this period، Neishabur progressed economically and it changed to a center for businessmen who could commute from there towards the south of Iran، Persian Gulf and India. This article is looking for an appropriate response for this question concerning the sort of effect of Saljuqids on the economical and commercial conditions of this city. The findings of this article illustrates that in spite of the vulnerability of agriculture in Neishabur due to the presence of cattle of Saljuqids in the agricultural lands، the elements such as the presence of significant mines، the prevalence of coins from Neishabur in deals، the security as well as the commercial voyages of businessmen of Neishabur have been effective in its economical prosperity.