جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "phytochemicals" در نشریات گروه "علوم پایه"

The pharmaceutical industry has laid major emphasis on finding novel sources of compounds with therapeutic and commercial value, and plant phytochemical screening has made significant strides in this quest. Identification of phytochemicals in medicinal plants is one of the initial steps in the process of developing new plant-based drugs. Plant phytochemicals offer quite a number of advantages, from wound healing to antiviral properties. Phytochemical studies have shown that ferns contain a wide variety of useful compounds. However, compared to angiosperms, ferns are still relatively unknown. The present study reports the phytochemical analysis and anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties ofan under-explored fern, Cheilanthes swartzii Webb & Berthel., obtained from the Western Ghats region of Southern India. The presence of different phytochemicals in the plant's methanol and petroleum extract was tested using standard protocols. Phytochemicals including alkaloids, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and cardio glycosides have been identified, according to the qualitative assessment. DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging methods determined antioxidant activity. The results obtained in DPPH radical scavenging activity showed higher levels in methanolic extract and least in petroleum ether extract. The ABTS+ radical scavenging rate was found highest in methanol extracts andthe lowest potential in petroleum ether extracts. The in vitro antidiabetic activity of α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzymes activity revealed that the methanolic extract of the plant moderately inhibited α-amylase enzymes, while significantly inhibited β-glucosidase enzymes activity exhibiting a low IC50value (54.35 µg/ml). The presence of beneficial phytochemicals, along with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, suggests that this plant could be further utilized based on the obtained results.

Vitex doniana is a multi-purpose tree found in Africa with a lot of benefits. Different parts of the tree have been put to various uses including medicinal and nutritional purposes. The tree is abundant in some West African countries including Ghana and its black colored fruit is eaten by indigenes. Evaluation of useful properties of the fruit is earmarked to generate data on its useful properties when consumed, otherwise also to drive its commercialization. In the current research, antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical studies were carried out on the crude aqueous extracts of the fruit. The antioxidant potential was assessed through reducing/antioxidant power through ion chelation, DPPH total antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity studies. Antimicrobial activity on B. spp, S. aureus and E. coli using the agar-disc diffusion method, and phytochemical screening were also carried out. In the antioxidant studies, the ferric reducing antioxidant power of the extract was from 55.60±2.2 - 80.77±04 %, the DPPH scavenging activity was in the range 32.47±1.6 - 49.51±5.9 % and the hydrogen peroxide reduction was in the range 20.46±1.8 - 28.84±0.8 %. At the concentrations tested, the extract had no visible antimicrobial activity on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli used in the study. Among the eight phytochemicals screened in the extract, saponin, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and steroids were present in the extract. Toxicity studies are required to evaluate the biosafety of fruit for continuous consumption and also commercialisation.

Semecarpus anacardium Linn (Bhalayo) has been used traditionally for ages as it can cure and control several incredible diseases including diabetes mellitus. In the present work, an investigation has been carried out to compare the in-vitro antidiabetic activity in the methanol extract of stem bark and leaves of Semecarpus anacardium Linn (Bhalayo) from Nawalparasi district of Nepal. Results from phytochemical screening in methanol (MeOH) extracts of stem bark and leaves of this plant discovered secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids. This demonstrates antioxidant and antidiabetic property with several other medicinal values of this plant. The in-vitro α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity of MeOH extract of either part of this plant was performed using starch as substrate, α amylase as enzyme, and acarbose as standard. The IC50 values of MeOH extract of stem bark and leaves were observed to be 88.26 ± 1.15 µg/mL and 195.61 ± 1.74 µg/mL, respectively. Nevertheless, the IC50 value of MeOH extract of stem bark, analogous to MeOH extract of leaves, seems fairly close to IC50 value of standard drug acarbose, 28.48 ± 0.07 µg/mL. Since, MeOH extract of stem bark of the plant unveiled its potent antidiabetic activity, stem bark of the plants can be employed for the isolation of active compounds to contrive new and efficacious antidiabetic drugs.

The present study aims to identify effective bioactive compounds from Caralluma europaea as potential inhibitors of EGFR. Five Caralluma europaea compounds previously evaluated for their ability to inhibit cell proliferation were tested against EGFR and compared to the industry standard inhibitor Erlotinib. In this instance, these derivatives were focused on docking studies, which discovered the specific interactions of the identified phytocompounds with EGFR. Three phytocompounds (Hesperetin, Quercetin, and Myricetin) were shown to have the highest total scores and the best energies (lowest energy level) among compounds coming from the contribution of several interactions with EGFR. These three phytochemical compounds may have a greater inhibitory potential for the EGFR than the reference control, Erlotinib. Thus, Hesperetin was able to dock deeply within the EGFR binding region, resulting in a favorable binding interaction as well as improved total scores and docking energies, which were crucial in stabilizing the docking complex conformation. The results showed that Hesperetin had an excellent ADMET profile. The current findings forecast that the natural compound Hesperetin could be a better drug candidate for pancreatic cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, and further in vitro and in vivo studies may demonstrate its therapeutic potential.

Mutations in FLT3 prompt hyperactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK growth signalling. The FLT3-D835Y mutation confers resistance to FLT3 inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. The KRAS-G12C and BRAF-V600E are frequent mutations in several cancers. While inhibitors against RAS, RAF, MEK, and ERK are available, they are often unsuccessful against BRAF or KRAS mutations with reported toxicity rates. This study evaluates the potential of thymoquinone (TQ), a phytochemical obtained from Nigella sativa seed, to function as an inhibitor of FLT3-D835Y, KRAS-G12C, BRAF-V600E, MEK, and ERK and to modify the expressions of genes related to RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling in MV4-11 AML cells. The cells were incubated with TQ and we utilized RT-qPCR to measure the target genes’ mRNA levels. Molecular docking of TQ and reference inhibitors to FLT3-D835Y, KRAS-G12C, BRAF-V600E, MEK, and ERK proteins was examined with calculations of binding energies. TQ produced significantly downregulated K-RAS, B-RAF, MEK1, and ERK2 expressions. TQ also docked to FLT3-D835Y, KRAS-G12C, BRAF-V600E, MEK1, and ERK2 with high binding affinities and low docking scores. The study identifies TQ as an inhibitor of multiple target mutations that could combat resistance to FLT3-D835Y, KRAS-G12C, and BRAF-V600E inhibitors, aiding in the improvement of AML therapy.

Abrus precatorius Linn is a woody twinning plant belonging to the Fabaceae family and it is an imperative medicinal plant that is a source of a variety of phytochemicals from its distinct parts which illustrate miscellaneous biological activities such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, etc. This review summarizes the isolation techniques of phytochemicals from various divisions of this medicinally viable plant in tandem with biological potency showcased by the identified phytochemicals as well as the extract procured via diverse extraction techniques. Overall, this review provides a concise and centralized guide for advancement in unearthing phytochemicals with uptrend experimental procedures and expands the biological viability of this indispensable medicinal plant.

In many African countries, especially Nigeria, the fight against malnutrition and undernourishment continues to be a primary goal of development. In this regard, various strategies including the consumption of plants and vegetables are being applied. The kernel of Bush mango, which is widely consumed in Nigeria, has been broadly investigated in the literatures, while there is little information about the nutritional composition of the pulp. This study examined the nutritional composition of both kernel and pulp of the Irvingia gabonesis. The Bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) fruits were purchased from Ogbadibo, local Government of Benue state, Nigeria, followed by sorting and washing to remove any dirt. The pulp was separated from the kernel, sun-dried for seven days, and oven-dried at 350 °C for 1 h to eliminate the moisture. The dried samples were milled separately with an electric food blender, and packed in a separate clean polythene bag before analysis. The phytochemicals, antioxidants, proximate composition, and amino acids were determined in the samples according to the standard analytical techniques.Results and Amounts of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cyanide, and phytate were higher in the kernel, while oxalate and total phenols were higher in the pulp. The results of antioxidants composition revealed that carotenoids were the highest antioxidant in the kernel (4.12 g/100g) and pulp (1.73 g/100g) of Irvingia gabonesis fruit. Study of proximate composition revealed that carbohydrate was the most abundant macronutrient in the kernel (56.96 %) and pulp (61.02 %) of Bush mango. Fatty acids and energy were accounted as 19.19% and 1977.16 kJ/100 g of the kernel, and 16.29% and 1855.80 kJ/100 g of the pulp. Amino acid profile of the samples revealed that leucine (5.49 and 3.52 g/100 g of crude protein of kernel and pulp, respectively) and tryptophan (0.58 and 0.39 g/100 g of crude protein of kernel and pulp, respectively) were the most abundant and the lowest concentrated essential amino acids. In conclusion, the pulp and kernel of Bush mango contained low concentrations of anti-nutrients, and were found to be a good source of fat, carbohydrates, and antioxidants.

Chronic and acute liver diseases are considered a global issue and their medical treatments are commonly challenging to manage. Traditional medicines have used natural products for thousands of years to prevent and treat various diseases. Recent studies have revealed that the pharmacological impacts of herbs are primarily determined by their phytochemical constituents. Therefore, understanding plant chemistry is crucial for the therapeutic use of medicinal plants. In this review, we first introduced some medicinal plants that have the potential to be beneficial for treating liver diseases and disorders, based on Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) textbooks. Subsequently, we investigated the secondary metabolites of these medicinal plants by analyzing pharmacological research collected from electronic databases. We also discussed their scientific and family names. According to TPM textbooks, 77 medical plants have been identified for the treatment of liver defects, belonging to 43 different families. Their secondary metabolites were studied through data obtained from electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science. These findings suggest that natural plant extracts hold promise for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

Many plants of great medicinal values exist in our environment; many have been discovered while many are yet to be discovered. Hence, the leaves and seeds of Moringa oleifera were investigated. The phytochemical analysis of the leaves extracts of the plant, showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and glycosides. The percentage composition of the flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, and saponins are 4.04%, 0.85%, 0.56%, and 0.48%, respectively. The seed oil possess physical properties such as clear yellow color at 2.25 titanium disc, 4-6 C solidifying point, 6-10.4 C melting point, 1.465 refractive index at 26 C, and 0.8857 specific gravity. The seed oil also possess chemical properties which include oil yield of 40.20%, saponification value of 20.57 mg/g, saponification equivalent of 270.29, iodine value of 22.842 g/100 g, acid value of 1.122 mgKOH/g and peroxide value of zero. The saponification value revealed that the oil is suitable for industrial applications. The iodine value shows that the oil of non-drying class. Peroxide value of zero indicates the absence of rancidity by oxidation. The low acid value suggests that the oil is fresh. The UV-Visible absorbance of the ethyl acetate leaf extract indicates absorption at both ultraviolet region and visible region due to the presence of conjugation. The leaf extracts showed the presence of the major functional groups such as C=C, C-O, C=O, O-H, and N-H bonds. Thus, Moringa oleifera has nutritional, medicinal, and industrial values. Further evaluation such as 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GC-MS analyses should be conducted on the plant leaves so as to elucidate the names, structures and classes of the secondary metabolites present.

Glyphaea brevis (Spreng.) Monachino has been employed folklorically in West Africa for decades to manage inflammatory disorders such as peptic ulcer, edema, dyspepsia, and worm infestations; however, these pharmacological activities have not been scientifically proven. The study investigated the chemical composition and in-vitro/in-vivo anti-inflammatory capabilities of the polyphenolic-rich fraction of G. brevis leaves (PREG). In-vitro anti-inflammatory indices were evaluated using the human red blood cell (HRBC) methods. The acute lethality (LD50) test was demonstrated in mice with graded dosages (10 to 5000 mg/kg body weight of PREG) via oral intubation. While in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was determined using a mice model inflicted with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1ml of undiluted fresh egg albumin paw edema using egg albumin. All parameters were assayed according to standard protocols. High levels of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and minimum amounts of terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and saponins were observed in PREG. The LD50 test demonstrated no toxicity and mortality in mice up to 5.0 g/kg bw p.o. PREG. The anti-inflammatory assays showed that at the different concentrations (0.2 - 1.0 mg/ml), PREG effectively inhibited albumin denaturation, platelet aggregation, hypotonicity-induced hemolysis, protease, and phospholipase A2 activity, as the standard drugs (Aspirin and Prednisolone). Also, PREG suppressed significantly (p< 0.05) the progression of egg albumin-induced mice paw edema, and these increased with time (0.5 - 5h). The maximum percentage of edema inhibition (91.4%) was observed in mice administered with 400 mg/kg bw PREG, and this was close to that (94.49%) obtained in the group administered with the reference drug (Indomethacin). These give insights into the anti-inflammatory potential of PREG.

Vitex doniana produces a commonly consumed fruit in many places where the tree grows. This wild fruit could contribute to nutrition and food security. Therefore, nutrients and phyto constituents of aqueous extract of the fruit were investigated to evaluate its benefit to consumers. Samples of the fruits were collected from Navrongo in the Upper East Region of Ghana for laboratory analyses. Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, zinc and manganese, as well as vitamins A, C, and Beta carotene; crude fat, carbohydrates, proteins, fibre, ash, and energy contents were determined in the pulp. Oven determination of moisture content, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy determination of minerals were carried out. The other parameters were analysed using other appropriate standard methods. The study found that the fruit pulp contains flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins, as well as vitamins A, C, and β-carotene. The proximate compositions were 19.045% of moisture, 31.597% fat, 4.056% crude fiber, 0.698% crude protein, 4.234% ash, 36.610% carbohydrate, with a total energy of 448.283 kcal/100g. The pulp also had high levels of potassium (1422 mg/100g), calcium (350 mg/100g), magnesium (132 mg/100g) among others, and also trace levels of manganese (0.943 mg/100g), zinc (2.770 mg/100g). Copper was undetected. The fruit pulp of Vitex doniana has vital nutrients and vitamins that can complement other sources of nutrients, and contribute to food security and good health. It has potential for making valuable commercial juice. Comprehensive studies of wild fruits are recommended to generate policy on the fruits.

[Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) is an organophosphate pesticide and insecticide used all over the world. Catalase is an enzyme that is responsible for degrading hydrogen peroxides present in organs or blood cells and tissue to prevent oxidative damage to these respected organs. The flavonoids (naringin and quercetin) and vitamin D and E have been found to reduce oxidative stress in the body. The study was carried out to detect the effect of specific lipophilic vitamins, naringin, and quercetin on catalase activity in the presence of a dichlorvos induced system. 112 male rats were divided into 14 groups of 8 rats each grouped as positive and negative control groups, dichlorvos only induced groups (2 groups), vitamins only induced groups (vitamin D and vitamin E), flavonoids only induced groups (quercetin and naringin), dichlorvos + vitamins administered groups (2 group each containing a different vitamin administration), and dichlorvos + flavonoids administered groups, baseline group and DMSO4 group. They were administered the dichlorvos for two weeks, and subsequent administration of vitamin D and E with naringin and quercetin respectively two weeks after. The animals were weighed every three days and were sacrificed immediately after administration, plasma and RBC along with the organs (liver and brain) were used to assess the effects of the vitamins and phytochemicals antioxidant capacity on catalase activity of the animals. Results showed that specific vitamin D, naringin, and quercetin were most important in their antioxidant capacity and helped improved catalase activity of initially treated dichlorvos group in some organs and compartments with the brain and red blood cells mostly benefitting from it with dichlorvos + vitamin D group, and vitamin D group having an SEM of 0.141±0.0044 and 0.150±0.00069, respectively, in the red blood cells. Meanwhile, the phytochemicals (naringin and quercetin) were more prominent in attenuating catalase activity in the brain with dichlorvos + naringin group and naringin group recording an SEM of 2.216±0.067 and 2.302±0.076, respectively, and dichlorvos + quercetin group and quercetin group recorded an SEM of 0.670±0.009 and 1.276±0.060, respectively. As a result, the fat-soluble vitamins, and phytochemicals reduced dichlorvos toxicity, but could not offer complete and absolute protection against the hydrogen peroxides and oxidative stress produced.

Dolichos pachyrhizus (Annonaceae) has been traditionally used in Africa to treat syphilis and many other microbial infections. However, no phytochemical study and antimicrobial investigations have been conducted on this species. Thus there is need for the discovery and development of new antibiotics and anifungal. The triterpenoids [Lupeol (1) and β-amyrin (2)] isolated from rhizome of Dolichos pachyrhizus (Harm) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against some selected Gram positive bacterial, Gram negative bacterial and Fungal isolates. The antimicrobial activity of the crude extract and compounds isolated was determined using agar well diffusion method. The compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity against most of the tested bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) values ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg/ml and 5 to 40 mg/ml, respectively. The triterpenoids could be a potentially effective antimicrobial agent to combat infectious diseases. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using modern spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) to be Lupeol and β-amyrin.

This review discusses the antimicrobial potential of Curcuma longa, a plant traditionally recognized for its medicinal properties. The emerging concern over antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, necessitates an exploration of plant-based natural antimicrobials. Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, provides a compelling case with its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The review first delves into the phytochemical composition of Curcuma longa, focusing on its primary bioactive compounds, the curcuminoids, with curcumin being the most prominent. These compounds, along with essential oils and polysaccharides, contribute significantly to the antimicrobial properties of the plant.

The consumption of microorganisms proposed to connect metal nanoparticles is in the glow of advertising of modern nanotechnology. Performs as a biodegradable and joyful loom, designed for the assembly of nanoparticles, appreciations to which it is necessary for squat, ecological compatibility, reduced production expenses, the scalability, and stabilization of nanoparticles are compared in bodily and chemical combination. Biologically connected metal nanoparticles are almost all well-organized miniaturized, usable resources constructed and designed to perform precise functions in the company of enormous prospects. Microbes include this amazing competence towards appearance, such delicate nanostructures. This studies the exercise information of organic combination of zinc oxide and lead nitrate nanoparticles as a result of microbes. Microorganisms engage in recreation directly or indirectly in more than a few biological behaviors because metals present in soil are in constant relation to biological components. In the current study, the reported microbiological combination of nanomaterials uses organic ingredients, primarily prokaryotes and eukaryotes, such as bacteria and fungi (Escherichia coli and Aspergillusniger). Bacterial and fungal cell buildup is questioned among two different chemical salts (ZnO and Pb (NO3)2) together with metal nanoparticles should be effectively synthesized.

The current investigation examined the potential antibacterial and antihyperlipidemic properties of ethanolic extract derived from the leaves of Garcinia atroviridis (EGA). The phytochemical contents of EGA were analysed through Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum (GCMS). The antioxidant properties of EGA were carried using DPPH, reducing power, and radical OH scavenging methods, whereas antibacterial activity of EGA was conducted against 4 pathogenic bacteria using agar diffusion method. To test antihyperlipidemic action, High Fat Diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidaemic rats were given EGA at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg orally for five weeks. Body weight changes, liver weight, serum lipid profile, and liver histology were assessed. The EGA contains phenols and flavonoids by 23.53±0.27 mg GAE/g and 20.48±0.39 mg QE/g, respectively. Around 15 compounds were identified where hexanoic acid (30.55%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (27.51%), and octadecanoic acid (15.49%) were compounds with the largest number. The EGA has antioxidant activity significantly different with ascorbic acid increasing %DPPH scavenging, %OH scavenging, and reducing power scavenging. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was obtained at a concentration 10% with a clear zone diameter, while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was obtained at different concentrations. This investigation was founded that EGA decreased biochemicals levels and causes liver tissue changes. Our studies demonstrate the EGA is antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihyperlipidemic.

Wounds have a significant detrimental influence on the economics of a country’s health care system, particularly in developing nations with limited resources. However, there is no effective evidence-based treatment for wounds that may result in evident clinical results. As a result, complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) such as natural products, which include plant-derived extracts (phytochemicals), and naturally derived substances have intrigued the attention of researchers. Numerous plant extracts and their phytoconstituents are recognized as viable options for wound healing because they possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, angiogenic, and cell synthesis-modulating properties. Additionally, using plants with medicinal characteristics to treat wounds has been demonstrated to be effective in combating infection and accelerating wound healing. Thus, this study strives to fill the gaps in the current literature and provides researchers the creation of safe, efficacious, and universally acknowledged herbal medications for a vast array of cuts and wounds.

Euphorbia helioscopia, a traditional medicinal herb, possesses various pharmaceutical applications for human diseases. In the present study, the ethanol and hexane extracts of E. helioscopia leaves were subjected to phytochemical screening to identify the presence of secondary metabolites. The concentrations of alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids were determined quantitatively to evaluate the medicinal properties of the plant extracts. The ethanolic extract showed a higher yield of various secondary metabolites, specifically, phenol showed a high degree of precipitation. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were then green synthesized from the leaf extract and characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The presence of elemental silver is confirmed by the sharp peaks in the UV-Visible at 442 nm. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of various functional groups from the plant extract that fabricated and activated the AgNPs. The synthesized NPs were found to be spherical with slight aggregation in the SEM micrograph. The crude plant extracts and AgNPs were compared for antibacterial activity at various concentrations. AgNPs exhibited higher inhibitory activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens than the crude extracts. The enhanced activity of AgNPs may be attributed to the phenolic content of the plant extracts. Hence, the present study confirms that E. helioscopia leaves have potential antimicrobial activity and also act as an efficient source for AgNPs with remarkable pharmacological properties that can be further evaluated to develop them as a promising drug candidate.

The species of the genus Tetracera are utilized as remedies for various illnesses and infections including backache, haemorrhoids, diabetes, jaundice, scurvy, cough, and tooth pain. The root, stem bark, and leaves of these medicinal plants display several physiological activities. The phytochemicals reportedly present in the species include tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phlobatannins, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Ethanol extract or fraction of plants in this genus mostly yielded flavonoids with significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. However, few compounds have been isolated so far from the species, which include pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivatives and flavonoids, of which betulinic acid remains the mostly investigated compound. This review documented up-to-date information on folkloric uses, isolated compounds, and pharmacological activities of medicinal plants in Tetracera species.