Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Spring 2024

The use of intrathecal morphine has the potential to reduce opioid consumption, improve pain relief, and minimize systemic opioid-related adverse effects. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of intrathecal morphine on opioid requirements and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Postoperative pain scores were recorded at regular intervals using a validated pain assessment tool such as the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) or Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Opioid consumption was documented for the first 72 hours postoperatively, including the total dose of opioids administered, the number of rescue doses required, and the time to first rescue analgesia. The group receiving intrathecal morphine exhibited a substantial decrease in opioid usage compared to the control group. The total opioid dose administered within the initial 72 hours postoperatively was notably lower in the intrathecal morphine group (4.29± 1.15 mg) in contrast to the control group (12.09 ± 2.25 mg) (p < 0.001). our study demonstrates that intrathecal morphine significantly reduces opioid consumption, improves pain control, and promotes faster recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.

The proximate composition, mineral concentration, functional properties, and amino acid profile of flour blends from red potato and Bambara nut at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were carried out. The codes used were: GOE (100% red potato flour and 0% Bambara nut flour), OEO (90% red potato flour and 10% Bambara nut flour), WAO (80% red potato flour and 20% Bambara nut flour), GWI (70% red potato flour 30% Bambara nut flour), and PCO (60% red potato flour and 40% Bambara nut flour). Doughnuts were prepared using these blends and their sensory properties were assessed. doughnuts with 20% Bambara nut flour (WOA) were the most acceptable among the samples. Furthermore, the results revealed that the protein content of the flour increased with an increase in Bambara nut flour addition. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in the ash, moisture, fat, crude fibre, and carbohydrate (1.94±0.50-3.23±0.05 %, 8.74±1.01-18.90±0.76 %, 6.70±0.41-13.46±0.12 %, 5.00±0.42-21.06±0.16 %, and 30.18±0.28-50.69±0.41%), respectively. The mineral concentration of the flour samples also showed an increase as the fortification increased. Other than the gelatinization temperature which showed a decrease, other functional properties analysed showed an increase with enrichment. The samples were also rich in amino acids. However, PCO was the richest in amino acid content, as it had 44.47±0.06 g/100g and 53.10 ±0.02 g/100g, for essential and non-essential amino acids respectively. The findings of this study revealed that there was an improvement in the nutritional composition of the flour sample as the Bambara nut flour.

This systematic review endeavors to amalgamate the available literature, assess the impact of CSS on pertinent outcomes in TKA, and offer insights into the potential advantages and constraints of CSS as a hemostatic agent.

Electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library, were explored from their inception until 2023. Various search terms, such as "carbazochrome sodium sulfonate," "hemostatic agents," "total knee arthroplasty," "knee replacement," "systematic review," and related expressions, were employed in combination. Additionally, the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews underwent manual screening to uncover additional studies.

The influence of CSS on postoperative bleeding constituted the focal point of assessment in all the encompassed studies. The majority of these studies reported a notable reduction in postoperative blood loss when CSS was employed compared to control groups. The aggregated analysis of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showcased a statistically significant decrease in postoperative bleeding among patients administered CSS (p<0.001).

This systematic review implies that CSS may confer a positive impact in the context of total knee arthroplasty by diminishing postoperative bleeding and potentially enhancing pain and functional outcomes.

Most cosmetic products contain heavy metals. These metals are toxic and can accumulate in the body over time, causing various health effects to human health. This study aims to assess the concentrations of five heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium, iron and nickel) in some facial cosmetic products (foundation cream, lipstick, and mascara), collected from Benghazi cosmetic shops. Eighteen of facial cosmetic products were randomly collected from cosmetic shops. The samples were digested and analysed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotmeter. Furthermore, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments were evaluated by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of heavy metals in the analysed makeups.  The highest mean concentrations of chromium, nickel, lead and cadmium were detected at 0.39±0.1mg/kg, 2.88±1.8mg/kg, 1.85±0.4mg/kg and 0.31±0.06mg/kg, respectively, in foundation cream samples. While the highest mean concentration of iron was detected at 117.80±22.0mg/kg in lipstick samples. The ANOVA test revealed a significant difference in the concentrations of analysed metals among the three brands of facial cosmetic products, except for chromium, nickel iron and lead metals, in mascara and lipstick products. The HQs of all metals in the selected cosmetics were <1. Also, the HI value was <1. The results of the current study demonstrated that the concentrations of the heavy metals in the cosmetic samples were within the permissible limits set by different international organizations. The risk assessment study indicated that the cosmetics were relatively safe with minimal health risks.

Binary complexes of Cu(II) and Mn(II) with cysteine and cephalexin have been studied potentiometrically at about 27    in aqueous medium using Irving-Rossotti titration technique for proton-ligand (P-L) and metal-ligand (M-L) stability constants evaluation. The proton-ligand stability constants for cysteine and cephalexin were: log K1H 8.4 (pKa for thiol group), log K2H 10.7 (pKa for NH2-group), log K1H 5.2 (pKa for carboxyl group), and log K2H 6.82 (pKa for amine group), respectively. The binary metal-ligand stability constant (logK) values for 1:1 were found in the order of Cu(II) > Mn(II) for both ligands in conformity to the Irving–Williams order of the divalent transition metals of the period 4. Though the redox-active nature of Cu(II)-Cysteine atmosphere likely compromised the Cu(II)-Cysteine stability constant. By and large, M-L stability constants of Mn and Cu with cysteine and cephalexin have been re-established. This finding agreed with previous studies claimed that cysteine is fit for use in transporting target metals. In general, the studies have strengthened the idea that drugs and amino acids are able to interact with metals in our body system to a specific extent in terms binding constant.

Many plants of great medicinal values exist in our environment; many have been discovered while many are yet to be discovered. Hence, the leaves and seeds of Moringa oleifera were investigated. The phytochemical analysis of the leaves extracts of the plant, showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and glycosides. The percentage composition of the flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, and saponins are 4.04%, 0.85%, 0.56%, and 0.48%, respectively. The seed oil possess physical properties such as clear yellow color at 2.25 titanium disc, 4-6 C solidifying point, 6-10.4 C melting point, 1.465 refractive index at 26 C, and 0.8857 specific gravity. The seed oil also possess chemical properties which include oil yield of 40.20%, saponification value of 20.57 mg/g, saponification equivalent of 270.29, iodine value of 22.842 g/100 g, acid value of 1.122 mgKOH/g and peroxide value of zero. The saponification value revealed that the oil is suitable for industrial applications. The iodine value shows that the oil of non-drying class. Peroxide value of zero indicates the absence of rancidity by oxidation. The low acid value suggests that the oil is fresh. The UV-Visible absorbance of the ethyl acetate leaf extract indicates absorption at both ultraviolet region and visible region due to the presence of conjugation. The leaf extracts showed the presence of the major functional groups such as C=C, C-O, C=O, O-H, and N-H bonds. Thus, Moringa oleifera has nutritional, medicinal, and industrial values. Further evaluation such as 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GC-MS analyses should be conducted on the plant leaves so as to elucidate the names, structures and classes of the secondary metabolites present.

The health and population of elephants have been put at risk due to a lack of medication to manage infectious diseases. However, there is a promising yet unexplored treatment option that involves the use of traditional medicine. Thus, the current study aims to identify the extracted phytochemicals found in the roots and leaves of Cassia sieberiena and Kigelia africana. JASCO FTIR-6300 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer was used to determine the functional groups in the extract. PerkinElmer GC Clarus 580 Gas Chromatography was interfaced with a Mass Spectrometer PerkinElmer (Clarus SQ 8 S) to analyze the extracts. Functional groups identified included amines, phenols, ethers, alkanes, esters, alkyl, and alkenes in the roots and leaves of Cassia sieberiena and Kigelia Africana, respectively. The GC-MS findings showed that there were 17 different phytochemical constituents present, including 1-hydroxypropyl, benzene, acetic acid, 4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl), 13-hydroxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b Octamethyldocosahyd-ropicen-3-yl ester, and Acetic acid [3,4], benz [1,2-elazulene-5,7a,9,9a-tetrol for Kigelia africana leaf and Cassia sieberiena root. These phytocomponents have demonstrated several biological activities in wildlife health in combating parasitic infestations and other diseases in wildlife. Further research should focus on isolating these phytochemical constituents and evaluating them against selected micro-organisms as a viable option for treating elephant diseases.