جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Government » در نشریات گروه « علوم »

The worldwide pharmaceutical industry market is more than 1.3 trillion dollars per year. With a fingertip calculation, Iran's share based on population percentage, without considering the diversity of plant species, which is twice the size of the European continent, second-largest gas reserves, and third-largest oil reserves, various and extensive petrochemical units in the country, significant mineral resources, 2% share in expanding the frontiers of knowledge and scientific documents and numerous pharmaceutical companies, the global pharmaceutical trade should be more than $ 13 billion per year. However, in the current situation, more than $ 2.5 billion is spent on imports of raw materials and active pharmaceutical ingredients, and Iran's exports are less than $ 100 million per year. According to an official report, about 1,500 molecules or chemical compounds are consumed as raw materials or active pharmaceutical ingredients in Iran, and about 13% (about 200 chemical compounds) of them are produced domestically. This amount of production is equivalent to about 25% by volume and 23% of the entire pharmaceutical industry in Iran. However, the current structural and missionary status of the country's higher education, no allocation research and development share of the cost from the trade of the pharmaceutical industry, the improper strategy of the pharmaceutical system and enjoy large profits, divergence in production processes to convergent and cyclic processes, lack of attention to national interests and the real potentials of the country in production, the incorrect cycle of academic research, are the main factors of the current challenges of the pharmaceutical industry in the country. The present work tries to describe the current state and development prospects of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran and the world and provide a way out of the current situation and achieve the desired status.

Today, the importance of communication especially in cyberspace has grown rapidly so that it has been recognized as a strategy for development. Although there are controversies about the effectiveness of the speed of the Internet and its new technologies on the economy, but dominance of positive economic effects on its negative ones, has made most developed countries and developing countries, trying to increase the access of people and economic institutions to broadband technology. Among different factors affecting the development of this technology, many experts believe that the public sector plays the most important role in the production and use of broadband services. This study is aimed to study the experience of leading countries in the field of broadband technology and scrutinizing government policies in the development of broadband technology. Using analytic-descriptive methodology, the results of this study confirms the important role of governments interest in the development of broadband technology and the need for policy-making in this technology. These policies can be grouped under three headings of public policies, supply-side policies and demand-side policies.

The present article is the outcome of reflections which seek to answer the following question: What are the barriers against establishing knowledge-based economy in Iran despite two decades of popularizing this discourse?” To this end, the roles of three key institutions, namely government, industry and university as the cornerstones of knowledge-based economy system have been investigated. Considering the canonical role of universities in the establishment of knowledge-based economy, the present status of universities has been reconsidered and a revision of their missions is proposed. In addition, a focus on local merits and priorities has been considered as an important factor in establishment of knowledge-based economy by referring to the two fields of pharmacy and chemistry. The article ends with a list of procedures for moving towards knowledge-based economy.