نشریه نشاء علم
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 7، دی 1392)

It seems that good and effective works result from a good thought. A good technology that is bio-compatible is born out of extensive knowledge and interdisciplinary sciences. Countries with greater shares of knowledge production and contribution are successful countries in terms of economy and welfare. Knowledge is the stimulating engine of technology, economics, security, and well-being of all countries. Technology and economics are not possible without science and science detached from the universe has no value and brilliant. Knowledgeable and wise people who can bring progress and well-being to all human beings are the roots of development in every country. Scientists, researchers, students, thinkers and experts can produce value added. They can bring about the biggest economic, information, and software revolution from zero and one (bit=basic unit of information in computing and digital communications). They can create virtual portals as a new information reactants and products using machines and tools. Through the creation of virtual world, they can observe the secrets of the real world and imitate them. They can make large extraterrestrial moves using information reactants. By making software robots, they can conduct remote surgeries all over the universe (on earth, in the sky and the sea). In the past, Iranians had extraterrestrial scientists who devised the best calendar in the world and observed the skies and expressed their observations to the people on earth through poetry and mysticism. They were observers who were, in some ways, sharper than today’s technologies. All human achievements have been the results of the efforts of innovative, knowledgeable, and experienced people. Universities as well as scientific centers have played a great role in training such people who can bring social welfare for humanity. Hence, the main infrastructure for progress is based on the education and nurture of human beings for which investment should be made in the building of schools, universities, qualified scientific centers, and virtual and physical global communications. Science centers as well as virtual communication centers can work simultaneously and continuously. The most important issue; however, is that scientific institute is research based center and not just service organization. They are think tanks with intangible and complementary assets which produce dynamic capability led to value added. Complementary asset is science not technology, academic paper is like soul in the body and makes it valuable. In order to publish academic papers, there should be cooperation among a wide range of scientists at national and international levels. There should be a worldwide assessment of the quality of the paper; so that, good and fundamental works can be done. Science should be produced globally and applied locally and indigenously. Advocating knowledge and supporting knowledgeable people can create sustainable economy and healthy society, biocompatible products and sustainable environment. It is hoped that country officials plan for the infrastructure of knowledge-based, biocompatible, and healthy and green economy since all goodness stem from knowledge and wisdom.

Convergence of knowledge and studies carried-out in different fields including those of methods and research findings constitute the nature of science. Interdisciplinary studies refer to those that are done in subject matters that make use of a number of distinctive scientific fields toward solving a common problem that also leads to development in science and introduction of new theories. To improve the quality as well as the level of our scientific knowledge, researchers must propose logical models combined with comprehensive rational that can be used towards advancement of research and scientific knowledge. The most successful methods applied in numerous scientific fields as well as in integrative sciences, have been those that deal with the natural phenomena. God has created the nature along with realm of knowledge, science and wisdom that are aimed to meet the real needs of humans and other creatures. Therefore, a good model is the one that would be aimed towards convergence of sciences and for knowledge development, leading to identification of natural phenomena and their subsequent mapping into real-world observations, that is called biomimetic science. Knowledge of basic and cognitive sciences as well as wisdom are required to identify the underlying laws of nature and the pattern of natural phenomena. The interdisciplinary sciences and worldwide knowledge are needed in order to be able to identify the unknown phenomena in nature and the world around us using intellectual tools, measurement devices, differentiable tests and various scientific methods. This would then lead to defining concepts and mechanisms of creation as well as development and understanding the laws governing the observed or discovered phenomena. Basic and cognitive sciences discuss questions such as “why” and “how” of phenomena and their relations whereby we discover the secrets and observe invisible life forces using different analysis and advanced scientific tools. As a result, theories, hypothesis, and equations can be innovated by which secrets and the complexity of natural phenomena and relations between them can be formulated and offered to the society. Advanced technologies can be generated by means of accurate identification of natural phenomena and the relations that may exist among them and finally by correctly mapping such relationships into our observations. This issue is rooted in the processes of basic and cognitive sciences and today a great share of advanced technologies is devoted towards advanced science. Hence for advancement and the growth of the country in science, innovation and technology, we need to invest in interdisciplinary sciences and wisdom knowledge as well discovery of new structures, so that we can achieve a level of high standard in science and technology in coming years. Thus, it is suggested that a nucleus of biomimetic science and technology research be formed by inviting scientists, researchers, entrepreneurs, policy makers, investors as well as the sponsors in order to plan and devise policies for the advancement of integrative science and wisdom that would be in line with natural phenomena where we can plan ways for the advancement in this science that is coherent with science and wisdom innovation system.

Today, the increase to 55% in the production of scientific knowledge in the field of biosciences in the developed countries indicates the importance of this field and its special place in research. This paper compares Iran’s production of scientific knowledge in the field of biosciences through the number of scientific papers and their citation rates, with that of the World, the Middle East, and top countries in the region (Turkey, Israel) using information extracted from «SCOPUS» up until the year 2012. Scientific publications in the field of biosciences, from 1996 to 2012, has had a good increase rate. The number of publications produced by Iran, from 70 in 1996, increased to 3807 in 2. With the increasing number of publications, the total number of citations has also increased. In the year 2012, among 16 countries in the Middle East, based on H-index, Iran was ranked third place in the Middle East and 43th in the World (H-Index = 68). Israel and Turkey, based on their H-index, were ranked first and second place in the Middle East, respectively, and 15th and 35th in the world, respectively. Based on the total number of publications produced in the field of biosciences, Iran ranks first in the Middle East (with 3807 publications) and 18th in the world, with Turkey and Israel holding second and third places in the Middle East and 23th and 25th in the world, respectively. Based on the total number of citations, Iran has second place in the Middle East (with 1102 citations) and 3 th in the world, while Turkey and Israel have first and third place in the Middle East and 20th and 33th in the world, respectively. Until the year 2012, Iran has been able to have 8 bioscience journals recorded in the SCOPUS directory. Based on the number of publications in the field of biosciences in 1996, the largest number of scientific papers was in the field of Biochemistry (with 32 publications), followed by cell biology. However, in 2012, in line with Iran’s scientific growth and increase in scientific productivity, the greatest number of scientific papers was in the field of Biochemistry, followed by Genetics and Molecular Biology (with 1190 publications), with the production of publications in other subject areas also increasing.

Sales of raw material such as crude oil, natural gas, natural products, and metals is a reflection of an underdeveloped economy, which fails to provide added value, tax base for the government or advance the domestic technology. Although the necessity for transformation of Iran’s present economy to a science- and technology-based economy has been recognized by policymakers, specialists and laymen, we have failed in this transformation- itself a result of our collective wisdom. Analysis of the Western economies is necessary but insufficient in arriving at a roadmap for the transformation of our economy. This paper approaches the issue from a different perspective under 4 topics. First, self-evaluation, the level of our collective wisdom and the political development needed to afford the platform for the transformation of our economy. Second, recognition of our comparative advantage and a roadmap focused on the transformation of our present economy to a science- and technology-based economy. Third, review of the approaches taken by other countries with similar cultural heritage and socio-economic standing and forth, recommendation of a roadmap based on the above-mentioned parameters for the transformation of our chemical industry, in which Iran has a clear comparative advantage.

In recent years, developments in nanotechnology have led to more widespread use of nanomaterials and these materials are finally released to the environment. Therefore, before employing nanomaterials in biological and environmental medium, the biocompatibility of these materials must be evaluated. Toxic effects of nanomaterials on the living organisms and environment has been studied by many researchers, however, there are still uncertainties about the effects and mechanisms of nanomaterials toxicity. The unique characteristics of nanomaterials and their interaction with biological systems are criteria for the safe using these materials. Nanomaterial properties such as size, shape, aspect ratio, density and surface effects cause to cell toxicity and symptom effects. Nanomaterials can cause a range of acute and chronic effects such as inflammation, exacerbation of asthma and cancer.

The present article is the outcome of reflections which seek to answer the following question: What are the barriers against establishing knowledge-based economy in Iran despite two decades of popularizing this discourse?” To this end, the roles of three key institutions, namely government, industry and university as the cornerstones of knowledge-based economy system have been investigated. Considering the canonical role of universities in the establishment of knowledge-based economy, the present status of universities has been reconsidered and a revision of their missions is proposed. In addition, a focus on local merits and priorities has been considered as an important factor in establishment of knowledge-based economy by referring to the two fields of pharmacy and chemistry. The article ends with a list of procedures for moving towards knowledge-based economy.

Research misconduct, as an unrecognizable contravention of scientific revelation, is a developing phenomenon in the present years. Its destructive effect on the body, integrity and reliability of knowledge has made it very important. The recognition and tracking of obvious and ambiguous new forms of research misconducts and invitation of the scientific communities to committed encountering with them are the main concern of global organizations. This study presents a brief overview of new authors’ research misconducts as salami publishing and editors’ more acute research misconducts as coercive citation, pseudo- engineering of impact factors and citation cartel. Also, the effective factors in the loss of research ethics, scientific integrity, researchers’ commitment, social control mechanism of research misconduct and its treatment were studied in details.

processing (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video, interactivity) to inform or entertain the user and it can be controlled by computer technology. Multimedia divided into linear and non-linear categories.Different forms of multimedia consist of electronic publishing and multimedia education and computer- assisted learning, audio and visual information storage and retrieval, multimedia databases, video conferences, digital libraries, and video games. Multimedia systems are running in virtual space that is faster than the physical world. Therefore the required time for reviewing decreases. For these reasons the ethics will be much more important in this area. Moreover due to diverse applications of multimedia technology, establishing specialized courses of multimedia in universities that are consistent with moral values plays an important role i n scientific progress of nation.

Energy production has always been a major concern of human and energy obtained through crude oil that is one of the oldest methods, so that the oil industry is one of today’s most important industries. Fluctuations in oil prices have significant impact on producer and consumer country’s economy. Thus, today, the need for diversification of energy routes and alternatives seem obvious. An alternative method of conventional crude oil is oil extraction from oil shales. Mainly sedimentary rocks of crude oil (oil shale) are extracted, is just considered as a rival for the oil extracted by conventional methods. This product which is called “shale oil” has long been known, but due to the high cost of production, its extraction is postponed, and now, in some countries it is extracted and consumed. Currently the cost of shale oil production is high, but in the near future new technologies may reduce costs and bring economic attractiveness for consuming countries that have such reserves. In such case, countries with crude oil reserves should think how to face with this new situation.

Some events have been watched in the science-fiction movies since many years ago, in most of cases, have seemed to be unrealistic to happen in our daily life, out of the magic box. After several years of rapid growth in technologies, most of those scenes and dreams are coming true. New made tools and instruments are entering in being a major part of our daily life. Suppose you are watching around and at the same time you can read your e-mails and reply them, take some photographs or record videos, doing them all completely hands free. Being abroad, as a tourist, you could simply eliminate your needs without knowing the foreign language. Currently, all of these wonderful technologies are available using Google glass.

Science & Technology Establishing and maintaining reciprocal relations between the university and alumnus always considered important by policy makers and planners in higher education systems. The purpose of this study was to identify activities, programs and services to create relations with alumnus in selected world universities. By using descriptive method, the content strategies and services of selected world universities were analyzed. The selection of countries were purposefully, and based on UNESCO’ worldwide classification of higher education institutions. A total of seven countries and two universities in each country that had some achievements in university alumni relations were studied. The research showed that studied universities arranged programs in informing, providing opportunities for learning and teaching, assessment, follow-ups, organizing special events etcetera in order to find relations with alumnus. In addition, they make efforts to present academic and career services, electronic services and other benefits to utilize maximum potential participation of alumnus in the variety of situations.

Geomedicine is defined as the science dealing with the relationship between natural geological factors and health in man and animals, and understanding the influence of ordinary environmental factors on the geographical distribution of diseases health problems. Geomedicine studies can divide into 2 groups: Geogenic and Anthropogenic. In addition, in geomedicine, investigation of distribution, increases and decreases of elements in fauna diet is the most important subject. Furthermore, investigation of minerals and various elements usage to treatment of diseases is very important. In addition to elements and minerals usage in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, from foretime, rocks, minerals and salt caves were used directly in the diseases treatment. Because, in the geomedicine studies, investigation of the geochemical and hydro-geochemical behavior of the elements in the environment is the most important. In Iran, extension of elemental anomalies, elemental contamination in the agricultural soils and drinking water, distribution of loess deposits in many areas and high levels of hydrocarbon reserves, increased the importance of geomedicine.

The idea of diseases associated with environmental conditions was expressed about 2,40 years ago by Hippocrates. In Iran this idea has a long history. This idea was a concern of pioneers of field of medicine, the musicians, and poets of the ancient Iran. They knew that a particular disease may be specific to a certain region and were aware of this that this disease may be treated with different medications. The main factors affecting human health include genetics and biotic, abiotic, cultural, economic, social, and political environment. In the Iranian culture, the role of heredity, environment, and their interaction in shaping health and illness in the medical literature and history is clear. Applying the valuable methods of these documents can play an important role in decreasing physical and mental illness. The World Health Organization should pay attention to the human factor as a cause of diseases; and should endeavor to show the role and share of environmental factors in the manifestation of diseases. The purpose of this paper was to look at this aspect of the Iranian intelligence in improving quality of life and health in the community.