جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فرسایش » در نشریات گروه « زمین شناسی »

The durability of rocks under variable climatic conditions is a determining factor in the use of natural rocks as building stones. Severe climate change can damage the rock structure. Therefore, to use stones as engineering and construction materials, it is necessary to evaluate their stability to different cycles of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, as well as freezing and thawing. Due to the diversity of climatic conditions in Iran, which has cold and hot, dry, and coastal areas, the freeze-thawing cycles of water is one of the most important environmental factors that can cause erosion and change the physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In the present study, the aim is to evaluate the strength changes of travertine samples as porous rock due to freezing and thawing cycles. Changes in compressive and tensile strength of the samples were determined during 10 freezing and thawing cycles. The results showed that the compressive strength of the samples was reduced by about 13.6% after freezing-thawing cycles. Also, the tensile strength of the samples has decreased by about 2.2%. Considerable reduction of compressive strength of samples in 10 cycles indicates the significant effect of freeze-thaw cycles on travertine rock.

Soil erosion is a natural process in the geographical cycle that occurs as a result of water or wind intrusion in the transport of soil particles. In addition, human intrusion causes an increase in erosion rates. Ziarat catchment has faced a drastic change in land use, from forest to agriculture fields and road/villa construction. These have caused severe soil erosion, increase in the sediment load and considerable change in river route. The average slope of this catchment is 35.5. Such a great slope plays an influential role in many occurrences such as sedimentation, different types of erosion and mass movements. These are all significant in studying and zoning a catchment in terms of erosion.

In this study, SLEMSA model was utilized which can be used to estimate erosion in a regional scale with splash erosion. The catchment under investigation is Ziarat catchment which is a mountainous catchment in the south of Gorgan. SLEMSA model intermingles simple and fundamental data and emphasizes on some important environmental factors, vegetation and soil erosion. The numeral output of this model indicates the erosion risks and is reported as ton per hectare per year. In this model topographic, soil erosion, and vegetation coefficients are noteworthy. They are calculated using the amount of slope, slope length, erodibility, rain energy and free energy.

In order to prepare the topographic coefficient, soil erosion map and vegetation map ARC GIS was used. The map of region slope was prepared with DEM and consequently, the length of hillside map was obtained using the amounts of m. Finally, the topographic coefficient map was generated using the amount of slope and the length of hillside in ARC GIS.  Rain kinetic energy and soil erodibility are needed to obtain soil erosion map. Initially, gradient map was obtained via calculating rain gradient and its application on region DEM. Then, the resulted map was used to prepare rain kinetic energy map. In the next stage, the soil erodibility map was prepared using the resultant geology and soil maps of the catchment. Then, climate factor was calculated using the rain kinetic energy. In the third stage, in order to prepare the vegetation coefficient map, the vegetation quantity (i) was extracted. Finally, the maps of all three coefficients were entered into Z=C.K.X and soil erosion zoning for Ziarat catchment was prepared.

Results show that the western parts and a small area of the eastern part of Ziarat catchment have high soil erosion rate due to being located on Shemshak formation which is sensitive to erosion. These two areas, and the western area specifically, have high slopes due to the process of placing the rate curves, which are highly compacted. This factor can accelerate water flow velocity on the ground and intensify aggravation of soil erosion. In addition, slope amount in the eastern and western areas of the catchment is increasing due to elevations. Maximum topographic coefficients are located in western and eastern elevations of the catchment which might be the result of high slope amounts and slope lengths in these elevations.
The climate factor is derived from rain kinetic energy amounts (E) and soil erodibility (F). The maximum of this factor is observed in the western and eastern areas of the catchment and also in the path of the river. The reason for such an amount is the existence of Shemshak formation. Also, the soil material of this area is formed by shale, sandstone, and alluvium and are very erodible.  In general, considering erosion, the catchment under investigation includes the erosion range of at least 1.65 to utmost 131 ton per hectare annually. Taking the consequent high erosion rate of the catchment into account, optimization of land use is one of the appropriate strategies in order to achieve sustainable development and decrease wasting resources in Ziarat catchment.

Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield is one of the main environmental problems in watersheds of Iran. The purpose of this study is using MPSIAC model and application of GIS to minimize the probable errors in soil erosion evaluation and sediment yield in Eshghabad-Sule watershed. This area is located in the southwest of Quchan, and it has 81.365 km2 area and elongate form. This basin is located in Binaloud structural zone, and it has relatively thick sequence of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Data layers of MPSIAC model are comprised of nine effective factors in erosion and sediment yield in the watershed that were obtained by digitalizing and classifying the basic information data in GIS program. The final erosion map was obtained from all information layers. The results of MPSIAC model indicated that 46.79% (3807.1751hec) was classified at IV class with high sedimentation and 53.2% (4329.3249 hec) was classified at class III of erosion category with medium sedimentation. Mean sediment yield was calculated as 5.04 and 2.844 ton/hec by MPSIAC model, respectively. The comparison of mean sediment in this watershed with mean data from the nearest hydrometery station is get acceptable results.

Soil erosion and land subsidence in Iran have become known and important issues. Recently, the vital arteries of urban and interurban areas include the nation's power line face with secondary effects of soil erosion and land subsidence. In this research, the place of power line and different upstream marls (M1, M2, M3 units) from Eshtehard to Bouin-Zahra area were studied from a sedimentology erodibility and geoelectric point of view. In the laboratory, granulation, calcimetry, electrical conductivity, Aterberg limits, type and the amount of different elements and clay minerals were determined. The types of erosion include surface, furrow, stream, and trench erosion on the Upper Red Formation deposits and Quaternary sediments. The results show that the area is covered by highly erodible marl and contains abundant non-cohesive silt particles, alkali cations, and soluble anions. A silty layer about one-meter-thick is located on the surface substrate consisting of dense clay and on the clayey sand layer and due to high erosion, they cause large tunnels and gullies that go towards the electric towers. The clay mineral of this layer is montmorillonite with highly sensitive to soil erosion factors. Geoelectric studies show this layer as well as sandy layers deposited in 45m and more depths. The main reason for the general subsidence of this region can be considered as water extraction for the steel industry in the Eshtehard region, which has been used as a driving force to create cracks and erosive cracks in the soil.

In this paper, the Shazand catchment area have been simulated  using the geographical information system  (GIS) with an accuracy of 10 × 10 meters and various parameters required in the form of digital layers in the ArcGIS environment. Then, using the EPM model, the erosion zoning map of this basin located around the Saveh dam was prepared and its annual precipitation rate was estimated. In the following, the output of the model was compared with the hydrometric method. According to the results of EPM model, sediment yield from stations of Poledoab, Bazaneh, Toureh and Shazand using EPM model are 288103.81, 18963.83, 43079.2 and 20583.76 respectively, whereas hydrometric method shows values 335285.42, 23937.42, 36459.09 and 42781.69 ton per year, respectively. Also comparison of EPM model with hydrometric method shows a good correlation. Results show accuracy of 86%, 82%, 48% and 79% for Poledoab, Toureh, Shazand and Bazaneh stations, respectively. Assessments show that EPM model with acceptable accuracy provides good results in order to predict the mximum annual sediment yield.

Soil erosion is one of the major environmental concerns of the present century. This issue has become a major problem to the environment and natural resources, so that statistics indicate that soil erosion in Iran is several times more than global average. This research was carried out with to investigate the factors affecting the Varak area erosion and its risk zonation using the EPM method. For this purpose, field visits and satellite images studying were used to investigate the erosion. Then, the information layers of the area including average slope, soil and rock susceptibility to erosion, land use and observational erosion were prepared, and information layers were weighted and the erosion risk susceptibility map was prepared. In addition, the results from the risk zonation of the region show that 6.3, 55.2, 26, 3.1 and 9.4 percent of the region are at the erosion risk classes of very low, low, moderate, severe, and very severe, respectively. Based on the zoning, the focus of the erosion-sensitive areas are in the southwest, northwest, and a part of the north of the region, which is consistent with the fossilized and fractured parts of the Asmari lime, which has a higher slope. Considering the field observations, investigating the precision measurement of the method used to prepare the potential erosion risk map of Varak watershed indicates that the EPM method has a fairly high precision.

Today, Soil erosion has become one of the biggest problems in the country, especially in arid and semi-arid including Semnan. Effective and long term water and soil conservation programs require the concentration of resources on limited areas. For that purpose, regional-scale assessments of erosion risk are required. There are various methods to studying, evaluating, calculate and prevention with soil erosion. In addition, a number of parameters such as lithology, slope, aspect, land cover, elevation, and distance to stream, drainage density, vegetable cover, land use, river banks, and human activities are recommended to analyze the mechanism of soil erosion. So a rapid and cost effective methodological erosion assessment for these regions is required to describe and monitor the processes that control erosion. This study uses one of the remote sensing analyses to describe the contribution of several factors that control erosion in Semnan drainage basin where erosion is the major environmental problem. Remote sensing monitoring has been carried out by using aero photos, or multispectral images, DTM (Digital Terrain Model) or ALS (Airborne LASER Scanning) data. Semnan basin, study area, is located in north of Kavir plain and south of Alborz mountain range.
This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of analyzing regional erosion risk Topography, land use; vegetation density, soil properties and climatic proxies are used to determine erosion risk and to provide basic maps of water and soil conservation practices. A hierarchical decision tree is used to sum and combine the weight of parameters controlling the erosion. The assigned weights of each spatial unit express the susceptibility to erosion. The most important attributes in the definition of erosion landforms like gullies were selected using decision tree induction algorithms, being these attributes spectral, altimetry and texture. Classifications hierarchical and by decision trees were carried out. Using decision tree the classification is performed only by a factor of scale, not allowing the identification of all the constituent features of the erosion landforms system. One of the advantages of this method is that it can be used if there are insufficient experimental data. The lack of experimental data can be compensated for through the use of expert evaluations.
Three different combinations of the three dominant controlling factors are yielded in this study. In order to optimize the qualitative erosion risk assessment, each combination is discussed and evaluated depending on the contribution of parameters involved in the erosion process. As different erosion landforms erosion is similar when presents the same evolution stage and soil type, it is not possible to select attributes to classify all erosion landform systems, being necessary to investigate attributes for each erosion landform erosion, based on available data and existing land use classes in the area. The erosion landforms are the biggest erosive processes and, consequently, responsible for ambient, social and financial damages. Corrective and preventive measures need mapping and monitoring, which can be made by local measurements or by remote sensing. In relation to the remote sensing, the erosion landform erosion presents spectral heterogeneity (soil, vegetation, shade and water mix), spatial heterogeneity (existence of features as head, canals and digits with irregular forms and variable dimensions) and altimetry variation (with high declivity on the edges). Due to spectral heterogeneity, it is not enough use only spectral data, being necessary auxiliary data, as altimetry and texture data. This clearly shows that the study area is generally exposed to a high hazard of soil erosion. Nevertheless, there is a probability that the rate of erosion will increase in the future, as hazard is the probability of occurrence of a potential damaging phenomenon, within a period of time and a given area. As known, there is always an interest to depend on latest developments when making subjective judgments. In spite of the results obtained in this study, the development of a susceptibility map is usually determined by the needs and available resources, and AHP method can be equally important for all sorts of susceptibility zoning practices.
The purpose of this study was to assess the soil erosion hazard in the Semnan province for planning appropriate conservation measures. The integrated GIS-AHP model was used to define spatial distribution of soil erosion hazard. In this area, erosion risk mainly was related with vegetation and also, it anticipated that the southern and south-eastern region due to the poverty of vegetation associated with increased levels of erosion. In each of the three mapped models, the area of the class with high erosion sensitivity was more than 75% and for observational data, the area in all three maps is above 71%. Also, the results of the assessment show that in all three maps there are over 99% correlation between the data obtained from the modeling and the test data. The erosion landforms present spectral and spatial heterogeneity and altimetry variation. This research demonstrates that the model developed was an effective tool for fast assessment of soil erosion hazard by the integration of remote sensed data, AHP, and GIS techniques. Nevertheless, the results obtained in this study are valid only for generalized planning and assessment purposes. They may be less useful at the site-specific scale, where local geological and geographic heterogeneities may prevail. Finally, any proposed decision-making tool in erosion control studies should also include local experimentation data to better simulate the erosion hazard, resulting thereby in the most appropriate and efficient choice of soil conservation works.

One of the most important issues that causes soil erosion in Iran is the problems of management and control of the erosion of the watersheds of the country, the lack of statistical data to accurately estimate the extent of erosion. Therefore, this research is aimed at estimating the rate of erosion and sediment production in Ghomrood-Aligudarz Basin using experimental model EPM (GIS) to control soil erosion. Initially, in this research, data was obtained through library and field resources, existing maps, and weather stations statistics. After importing maps in the ARCGIS software environment using the standard tables provided in the EPM model, the concessions are proportional to the catchment area and, by combining the layers with respect to the relationships presented in the EPM model, the zoning map of the severity of erosion in the watershed of Qomrood - Oligodarz was calculated. The results showed that with EPM method, the specific erosion rate of 24.529 m 3 / km / year and total erosion of the basin were estimated at 9257 m3 / m3 / m3 and, according to the erosion intensity of the studied basin, according to to the EPM method in the erosion class Extreme (V).

Enhancement on the edges of the causative source is a tool in the interpretation of potential field data. There are many methods for recognizing the edges, most of which involve high pass filters based on derivatives of potential field data. In this paper, a new edge detection method is introduce, called the enhanced mathematical morphology (EMM) filter for interpretation of field data. The EMM filter uses the ratio of the erosion of the total horizontal derivative to the dilation of the total horizontal derivative to recognize the edges of the sources, and can display the edges of the bodies simultaneously. Edge detection of the potential field data has been widely used as a significant tool for geophysical exploration technologies, which can delineate the horizontal locations of causative sources. Normally, various high-pass filters are used to recognize the edges of the potential field data (Evjen 1936; Fedi and Florio 2001; Verduzco et al. 2004; Cooper and Cowan 2006; Cooper and Cowan 2011; Ma and Li 2012; Ma 2013).
The EMM filter uses the ratio of the erosion of THD to the dilation of THD to recognize the edges of the source. Mathematical morphology was developed by Matheron and Serra in 1964 (SERRA, 1983); which is an image analysis and recognition tool. The structuring element (SE) is a basic operator in mathematical morphology, used to interact with an image and to draw conclusions about how a shape fits or misses the shapes in the image. SE consists of a matrix of 0s and 1s that can have any arbitrary shape and size. The basic operations of mathematical morphology are dilation and erosion. Dilation is defined as the maximum value in the window ascertained by the SE. Erosion is defined as the minimum value in the window ascertained by the SE. The EMM filter is expressed as (Lili et al., 2013):
where imerode (F,SE) and imdilate (F,SE) represent the erosion and dilation of the THD, respectively.
In this paper, a new relationship is presented for EMM filter that is tested on synthetic data with and without noise as well as the real potential field data in Qom salt dome. The EMM method successfully delineates the edges of the causative sources, which gives better resolution of the deeper source than other filters, and can display the edges of the bodies in a more centralized way. In this article, a new relationship is defined for the EMM filter as:
The EMM filter was used to recognize the edges of the sources. It can display the edges of the shallow and deep bodies simultaneously. The EMM filter does not require the computation of vertical derivatives, which makes this method computationally stable. The EMM filter is tested on synthetic, and real potential field data in Qom salt dome and the edge detection was done with reasonable results.

Marls produce the highest deposits in the catchment areas among lithological units. This property of marls can cause the reduced useful life of dams, river, and sedimentation of water channels, the destruction of road, utilities, and ultimately desertification phenomenon. Hence, understanding the characteristics influencing the erodibility and marls divergence can be a priority. In this thesis, marls located in the south of Tehran (south of Hassan Abad- Varamin) were evaluated in terms of shape and intensity of erosion, physical, chemical, engineering and divergence features. Marl unit studied includes the onshore marl of Upper Red Formation unit M3 and Pliocene marl of unit Plm. Sampling in the unit of red upper geology and Pliocene was conducted in slopes 5%, 20% and 40%. Tests such as gradation, Atterberg limits, chemical analysis such as cations and anions, SAR, TDS, EC and dual Hydrometry and pinhole were carried out to achieve the predetermined goals. Granulation distribution showed no significant difference in different slopes. Comparing the plasticity index among the different forms of erosion, it can be seen that the surface erosion plasticity index is greater than other forms of erosion .it is a factor in the postponement of erosion. But overall, it's not much different from many other forms of erosion. The cation exchange capacity in the samples is between 14/2 to 25/88 meq per liter. The mean of this variable is further in the stream erosion .the range of this variable in samples is between 0.9 to 2.17 meq per liter. The mean of this variable in the erosion of stream and ditch is more than the rest of upper red formation units. The results of the double hydrometer tests on 20 samples indicate the high non-divergence. The sample collected from Station 1 (in the form of gully erosion) and station 5 with a gradient of 5% (with stream erosion) shows the average divergence. According to the pinhole experiment conducted at different stations, station 5 (with single stream erosion M3) and station 7 (with a form of gully erosion M3) showed a moderate divergence.

Erosion is a natural process which is developing all around of the earth and it is important in changing surface of the earth. The purpose of this research is preparation of maps of sensitivity of rock to erosion, erosion intensity, rate of erosion and sediment yield of rock units in Abhar-rood watershed by using an experimental model of EPM in a GIS environment. Abhar-rood watershed basin with 189256.1 hectares is located in the southeast of the Zanjan. The study area shows a semiarid and Mediterranean climate with average annual rainfall of 344/5 mm. There are geological formations related to Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic in this region. Kahar Formation (Pre-Cambrian) is the oldest and Quaternary alluvial deposits is the youngest deposits. The region is mainly consisted of sedimentary rocks. For better study of the area, it is divided into eleven subbasins. In this research, the factors affecting erosion and its forms and also rate of erosion was calculated and then erosion types map is prepared. Map of sediment yield ratio was prepared using Arc GIS software and intensity of sediment yield was calculated by experimental model of EPM in each subbasin. Subbasin A7 shows the minimum and subbasin A2 the maximum annual sediment yield in this basin. The specific sediment yield was estimated 8.81 in tons per hectare per year in this area. Calculation of EPM model shows that the erosion intensity is very sever in Abhar-rood basin. The A2 subbasin should be the first priority for soil conservation programs.

Kandovan village is the one of the tourist attractions in East Azarbaijan province of Iran. Rural houses have been excavated within the rocks of cone-shaped Pyroclastic rocks several hundred years ago. The cone-shaped rocks of Kandovan are susceptible to weathering، erosion and degradation because its special geological properties. Present paper has been discussed weathering and erosion in theses rocks using field studies and laboratory tests. Kandovan rock mass has low resistance against weathering and erosion because its components are plagioclase minerals and pumice fragments with low resistance and low welding and sorting، high sphericity and rounding. Although weathering and erosion along existing joints and fractures is the most important causative agent of cone-shaped forms but there is the possibility of further damage of houses due to continuing weathering and erosion processes. High porosity of rocks has caused that it to have a high capacity for water absorption. High water absorption percent and high sensitivity against expansion and contraction by freezing-thawing and wetting-drying cycles and low hardness and internal strength of Kandovan rock mass causes weathering and disintegration due to environmental impacts. Furthermore، weak texture of pyroclastic rocks causes easy erosion of rock by surface waters and wind.

Water causes erosion of different forms in nature and creates diverse landforms on the earth’s surface depending on the manner it appears in nature. Although water is itself a former factor, it flows under the morphological effect of earth’s surface (Ramasht, 2005). The difference of earth’s surface topography and its consequent of water movement on it, cause the formation of sub-basins. In order to recognition of morphology and morphometry of Damavand cone, the region drainage basins must be distinguished. Therefore, in this study 5 drainage basins were identified based on the main criteria including topographic contours with 10 m intervals, drainage system (main and subsidiary rivers, main and subsidiary streams), DEM map of the region, slope map, aspect map and satellite images. Area, perimeter, height classification for classifying the morphological landforms in different levels, hypsometric, drainage density, etc. were then calculated by using the ArcGIS software. The Damavand cone, with a height more than 5,000 m above the sea level, has a very hard-pass slopes. Our purpose in this paper is to identify the effect of drainage basins conditions on the erosion and formation of geomorphological landforms by using of SPOT and ASTER satellite images as well as data analysis o in GIS environment.

Soil erosion and sediment yield in watersheds is one of the major problems in most countries(such as Iran) of the world. The purpose to this research is to estimate sediment yield and erosion intensity using GIS technique and MPSIAC model in Sarghayeh - Sarnish watershed (surface= 70.654 km2) in south of Mashhad. The geological units of surrounded area are Cretaceous Ophiolitic Melange of North Torbat-E-Heydarieh, Tertiary Conglomerate, Sandstone, Shale, Marl and Gypsum. The results indicated that 14.8% (1045.65 hec) of the total watershed area was classified in class V (very high sedimentation rate), 85.2% (6019.75 hec) at class IV (high sedimentation rate), and 0.51% (36.43 hec) at class III (medium sedimentation rate). Mean sediment yield was calculated by MPSIAC model as 9.91, 5.91 and 3.12 ton/hec, respectively. The erosional features in studied watershed are channel, rill, surface, debris, gully and bank erosins.

One of the major problems in the integrated management of watersheds is soil erosion and Sediment. The control of this problem requires precise studies; quantitative data to determine critical and prone to erosion areas. Thus, an analysis of rate of erosion and sediment production using GIS techniques and experimental methods, such as EPM and MPSIAC seems necessary. In this study, we tried to use these two models to determine the amount of sediment and erosion-prone areas in the two sub watersheds overlooking the city of Tehran; Kan and Darakeh to recognize where necessary for conservation operations. Finally with use geostatics operations, two models were compared. The results show the most values of erosion are in Tuffy, Shaly Parts of sub watersheds correlated with sensitive formation such as Karaj. Based on map of MPSIAC model more than 50% of the total sub watersheds area was classified at class high of erosion category with 373.78 m3∕km2 per year for Kan and 483 m3∕km2 per year for Darakeh sedimentation. Sub-basins’ erosion were calculated as 683.2 m3∕km2 per year for Kan and 792.5 m3∕km2 per year for Darakeh by EPM models. The results of statistical compare of erosion of MPSIAC and EPM models show that, there is no significant different between erosion estimate by MPSIAC model and real erosion measure, but the erosion estimate by EPM model have a significant different. Som MPSIAC model may have better performance.

Afjeh and Lavarak sub-basins each with area of 4651,95 and 10557,2 hectare are located at south border of central Alborz at north-eastern of Tehran. Various formations basically contains Shaly, Sandstone, Conglomerate and tuff lithology, covered this region more than igneous rocks. In Afjeh sub-basin, Barout formation with the age of Cambrian and in Lavarak sub-basin, Mila formation with the age of middle and late Cambrian, are the oldest available stones and the newer stone units belong to Quaternary period in each of them. The purpose of this research is to compare MPSIAC and EPM models in calculation of sediments supply and soil erosion, using GIS techniques. To achieve the goals, effects of lithology, soil texture and geological conditions on sediment production were considered by sedimentological and petrographic studies. Finally with use geostatisticaloperations, two models were compared. The results show that the most values of erosion are in Shaly, Marly, weathered tuff and alluvial deposits Parts of sub watersheds correlated with sensitive formations such as Karaj and Quaternary sediments. Based on map of MPSIAC model more than 75% of the total sub watersheds area was classified at class IV of erosion category with high sedimentation. Sub-basin’s erosion were calculated as 769.3 and 583.21 m2/km3 per year in Afjeh and Lavarak sub-basins by MPSIAC and 701. and 543.2 m2/km3 per year by EPM models, respectively. The results of statistical compare of erosion of MPSIAC and EPM models show that, there is no significant different between erosion estimate by MPSIAC model and real erosion measure, but the erosion estimate by EPM model have a significant different. So MPSIAC model may have better performance.

Soil erosion is one of the improper natural phenomenons. Soil erosion affects on soil degradation. To study and estimate sediment yield, there are several methods. Rainfall simulator is one of them. At this research, in first step, the work units map is prepared by overlying lithology, erosion and dip maps with together. At each work unit, 51 soil samples obtained in 17 stations. Volume of runoff and weight of sediment of each rainfall simulator test measured. The rainfall simulator was two kinds; one has rain surface 84 cm × 120 cm and the other one 25 cm × 25 cm. Every two kinds are adjustable in various dip degrees. The results in Hiv watershed showed that the highest producted runoff occurred in limestone and dolomite lithology with surface and rill erosion types at general dip more than 40 % and highest amount sediment yield is happened in sandstone lithology with surface and rill erosion types at general dip more than 40 %. With attention to the results and generalization of them to soil lose amount of Hiv watershed, for one rainfall event with 19 mm/h intensity at 30 minutes duration, the total soil lose of the watershed, 1057.74 ton is estimated.