جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گرانودیوریت » در نشریات گروه « زمین شناسی »

Granitoids are one of the most abundant and common igneous rocks in the continental crust and they formed the world's largest batholiths. They are widely distributed in Precambrian to Cenozoic orogenic belts (e.g., Raymond, 2002), but some are formed in non-orogenic zones (Blatt et al., 2006). Because much of the continental crusts in orogenic belts are composed of granitoids, they are of particular importance in explaining the petrologic processes in orogenic belts.Cenozoic magmatism of Urmieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc is intruded by Oligo-Miocene plutonic rocks in some regions (Arvin et al., 2004). An outcrop of Oligo-Miocene granites is found in Zafarghand area in the southeast of Ardestan in Isfahan Province. Sarjoughian et al. (2018), Aminoroayaei Yamini et al. (2017), Sadeghian and Ghaffary (2011), Khalatbari Jafari et al. (2016), and Ghalamghash et al. (2019) suggested that this magmatism is a result of lower crust melting during mantle wedge metasomatism, occurred by Neo-Tethys subduction.This study aims to investigate the Oligo-Miocene granodiorites of East Bideshk, which is exposed in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc in the northeast of Isfahan city. Despite the tectonomagmatic importance of this pluton in completing the geological history of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, there are no comprehensive petrological studies performed on Bideshk granitoid. Thus, this study considered the mineralogy, geochemistry, tectonic environment, and origin of this granodiorite.

Microprobe analysis of the minerals was performed using a CAMECA SX 100 model with 15 kV accelerator voltage and 20 nA current at Stuttgart University, Germany. The Minpet software was also used to calculate the structural formula of the minerals and plot the diagrams. Intact and less altered rock samples are selected for geochemical analysis of major, trace, and rare earth elements by ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods in the geochemical laboratory of ALS Chemex in Ireland. The LOI values are also obtained by the gravimetric method. Fe2+ and Fe3+ are calculated based on the method by Middlemost (1989). Abbreviations for minerals are from Whitney and Evans (2010).

The Eocene Granodiorite - diorite rocks outcrop in the east of Bideshk area, in the northeast of Isfahan, and along the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic zone. According to lithological studies, they are mainly composed of granodiorite with predominant texture are granular, granophyre, and porphyroid.The major minerals are plagioclase, quartz, K-feldspar, hornblende, and biotite. Accessory minerals include magnetite, and apatite. Calcite and chlorite are the secondary minerals. Embayed plagioclases and quartz with rounded margins and plagioclases with oscillatory zoning, sieved texture, and dusty rims show non-equilibrium conditions during magma mixing. The composition of calcic amphiboles in these rocks is actinolite- tremolite, hornblende, and magnesio- hornblende. Plagioclases in the rocks of the east of Bideshk are andesine to labradorite in composition, and some show oscillatory zoning. Thermobarometry results indicate pressure, temperature, and crystallization depth decrease from the core (average ~ 3.01-3.63 kb, 685-732℃) of hornblende crystals. Geochemical investigations show that this granitoid is metaluminous, calc-alkaline, and I-type. The primitive mantle and the chondrite- normalized patterns of Bideshk whole-rock samples show enrichment of LREE against HREE. It is in accordance with magmatism in a subduction zone. Geochemical diagrams and variation in Rb content relative to Nb can also indicate a subduction-related magma source and mantle wedge metasomatism in the east of Bideshk, during Neo-Tethys subduction beneath central Iran.

Granodiorite and dioritic intrusive rocks (Middle Eocene age) intruded the Lower-Middle Eocene volcanic rocks at the northern parts of the Torud-Chah Shirin volcano-plutonic belt in north east of Iran. This granodiorite is intruded by small rhyolitic dome in the Damghan turquoise-gold mine. According to all data, these intrusive rocks are related to a common source. The primary magma evolved by the assimilation, fractional crystallization, contamination (AFC) and magma mixing during the ascent. These processes formed granodiorite, diorite and rhyolitic magmatic rocks. Fractional crystallization of olivine, zircon, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and hornblende has been effective in the formation of granodioritic magma. Crustal contamination and fractional crystallization of apatite and Ca- plagioclase have played a major role in the formation of rhyolitic magma. Potassic feldspar has been present until the last stages of magma evaluation. In addition to the field evidences, present of apatite needles solid inclusions in plagioclase, corrosion, and oscillatory- reverse zoning in zoned plagioclases, enclave type and geochemical characteristics of whole rock (Nb/Y, Nb/Zr to Nb, Rb/Sr and Sr/Zr ratios) (Zr/Rb to Rb / Sr) confirm mixing between mafic and granodioritic magmas.

Sub-volcanic diorite and granodiorite intrusive bodies (Middle Eocene) and dome shaped rhyolite have intruded into Lower to Middle Eocene volcanic rocks in Torud-Chah Shirin magmatic segment. The granodiorite plutons and rhyolitic dome host turquoise and gold mineralization in Damghan mine. Intrusive bodies display characteristics of high potassium CA and meta-aluminous (diorite and some of granodiorite samples) to per-aluminous (rhyolite and some of granodiorite samples). Comparison of TiO2-La-Hf and Zr-Nb-Ce / P2O5 values, as well as Rb to Y + Nb ratios indicate that magmatism is related to post-collisional tensional regime after closure of Neotethys. On the other hand, the metasomatism of  mantle due to the fluids release from subducted oceanic slab has caused  high ratio of LILE / HFSE with negative anomalies of Ti, Nb and Ta in magma. Partial melting of the metasomatized mantle has led to the formation of primary magma, which eventually has generated diorite, granodiorite, and rhyolite magmas by fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation and magma mixing

The Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit (PCD) and other porphyry deposits occur in the the most important metallogenic belt in Iran, i.e. the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt (UDMB). The main phase of intrusion generation in various episodes of mineralization in the Sarcheshmeh area is a stock of granodiorite to tonalite (Shahabpour and Kramers, 1987) that is called the Sarcheshmeh porphyry. This stock intruded volcano-sedimentary rocks and alteration has centered on it. The oldest rock units of the area are Eocene volcanic rocks (Waterman and Hamilton, 1975), which are mainly andesites accompanying marine sedimentary rocks that is consistent with a submarine volcano-sedimentary basin environment. Granodiorite and quartz eye porphyry crop out in the northern part of the Sarcheshmeh PCD. The main objective of this study is to investigate their petrology and geotectonic environment.

Forty samples from drill cores and surface samples from granodiorite and quartz eye porphyry were collected. Twelve samples were chosen with the lowest degree of alteration (less than 5% of representative samples and low LOI) from amongst them for lithogeochemical analyses by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Lithogeochemical analysis of the main elements was carried out using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) by lithiumborate fusion, and elemental analysis of trace and rare earth elements was performed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) using sodium peroxide fusion in the SGS Company, Toronto, Canada.

Based on the Na2O+K2O versus SiO2 values on Cox et al. (1979) and Middlemost (1985) diagram, also R1-R2 diagram of De la Roche et al. (1980), the samples were plotted in the field of granodiorite and quartz diorite. On Harker diagrams, the contents of FeOt, CaO, p < sub>2O5, Al2O3, MgO, and TiO2 versus SiO2 show a decreasing pattern. Decreasing amounts of MgO and TiO2 can be related to early crystallization of ferromagnesian minerals and of CaO, Al2O3, and p < sub>2O5 to plagioclase and apatite crystallization, respectively. The chemical relationship and continuous pattern of the samples indicate that they probably resulted from fractionation of a unique magma. On the basis of the AFM diagram, they have calc-alkaline affinities. These observations and the presence of magnetite and other opaque minerals indicate high ƒO2 crystallization throughout fractionation stages. The samples of the study area were plotted in the calc-alkalic and alkali-calcic fields on a Frost et al. (2001) diagram and indicate that they are mainly magnesia consistent with oxidized I-type magmas.The spider-diagrams show negative anomalies in HFSE (especially Ti and Nb) and positive anomalies in LILE (especially in Ba and Rb). Negative anomalies of HFSE such as Ti, Nb, P and Ta can be related to the subduction of the Arabian plate under Central Iran and reflect the chemistry of the origin and crystallization-melting processes during evolution of the rocks. Moreover, it can be concluded that these elements remained in the source during partial melting, which is characteristics of I-type arc-related magmas. The behavior of LILE can be attributed to the behavior of fluid phases that were involved during the subduction. The REE diagrams show enrichment of LREE relative to HREE which can also be attributed to the subduction of the Arabian plate under Central Iran. Shafiei et al. (2009) and Asadi, 2018 proposed post-collision environment for the PCDs of the UDMB, especially in the Kerman part.By studying on the Dehaj-Sarduieh belt, Dargahi et al. (2010) concluded that the time of collision of the Arabian plate and the Central Iran continental plate was Late Eocene, and the Sarcheshmeh porphyry stock emplaced in post-orogenic environment like other stock porphyries of the UDMB. The samples of the Sarcheshmeh PCD plot in the mature arc area based on Rb vs Y+Nb diagram and it can be envisaged that they are related to the post-collision magmatic arc.

Geysour area is located in the east of Gonabad city and is part of the north of the Lut Block. The rocks in this area include granitoid rocks and high temperature - low pressure metamorphic rocks. Granitoid rocks are composed of granodiorite, enclave (metamorphic and igneous) and microgranites. These rocks belong to medium to high potassium calc-alkaline series, low temperature I type granite and are poorly peraluminous. The Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that the rocks are enriched incompatible elements, with negative anomalies in Nb, Ta, Sr, P, Ti and Ba and strong enrichment in Rb, K and Th. These patterns are in perfect harmony in granodiorite, microgranular enclave (MME) and microgranite specimens. This harmony also has in upper, middle continental crust and greywackes. Positive anomalies in Rb, Th, Sm and negative anomalies in Ba are prominent in the composition of the crust. Based on the integration of these patterns with the pattern of upper continental crust (UCC) elements and greywackes and adaptation to laboratory work, the Geysour granitoid originated from crustal materials and a little mantle component. The temperature of granitoid formation was estimated based on the Zircon saturation temperature of 748-790 C. Microgranular enclaves have rounded and oval shapes, mixed areole around them, fine grained texture, quartz and plagioclase eyes, bladed biotite, needled apatite, oxide phases in biotite, and the presence of a simple mixed - hyperbolic curve between MME and granodiorite. Field, petrography and geochemistry of the major and rare earth elements data suggest mixing/ mingling (partial melting) processes for the origin of enclaves and the rare earth elements patterns indicates the relationship between Geysour granitoid with the subduction system. Analysing its data, based on logarithmic ratios, show collision tectonic environment. Also, the tectonic-chemical distinctive diagrams suggest a syn-collision to post-collision tectonic type that is interpreted in connection with the collision of the Afghan Block with the Lut Block.

Champeh salt dome is located in the north of Bandar Lengeh (Hormozgan Province). This dome has penetrated into the Champeh anticline with sequences from the formations in as ending order of Pabdeh, Jahrom, Asmari, Gachsaran, Mishan and Aghajari. The compositions of volcanic rocks inside this dome are different ranging from rhyolite to basalt and are accompanied by granodiorite rocks. The study of mineral chemistry in granodiorite rocks shows that the amphiboles are located in the calicic group and subgroup of ferrohornblende. The plagioclase of these rocks is albite and alkali feldspar is an orthoclase. Barometric measurement, based on the amount of Al in Amphiboles, shows the amphibole crystallization pressure as 1.54 kbar. Thermometry, shows based on the coexistence of hornblende and plagioclase minerals in granodiorite rocks, the crystallization temperature ranging between 684 °C to 811 °C. The amount of calculated oxygen fugacity for these amphiboles is about -17.08, which shows the conditions of the oxidant environment at crystallization. Based on the whole rock geochemistry, the composition of igneous rocks changes from mafic to acidic, corresponding to that the nature of their magma as calc-alkaline. In the normalized multi-elemental of chondrite and primary mantle diagrams, in most samples LREE enrichment is observed in comparison to HREE and depletion of Ti, P, Ta and Nb, which is characteristic of volcanic arc of the subduction region and in different tectonic diagrams, they represent the active continental margin environment. The result of U-Pb zircon dating of granodiorite is 549.2±4.8 Ma (Late Neoprotrozoic time).

The 43Ma Gapdan granitoid pluton is a part of Zahedan-Saravan granitoid belt and is located about 50 km NW of Zahedan. The pluton is mainly composed of biotite granite and granodiorite in composition and consists of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, Fe-Ti oxides, zircon, apatite, and allanite. The granitoid rocks are mainly granular in texture, although they display poikilitic, perthite and myrmekite textures. The present paper aims to determine nature, the physico-chemical of crystallization and tectonic setting of the pluton based on mineral chemistries of biotite and feldspar. The biotite chemistry represents that the pluton is I-type and calc-alkaline which formed in an active continental margin. Biotite thermo-barometry presents that the mineral has been crystalized at 850 oC and 2-5 kbar, while two-feldspar thermometry shows temperatures of 555-734 oC which is a subsolidus re-equilibrium temperature of elements for Gapdan granitoid rocks. The pluton hosted lots of sedimentary and igneous enclaves, suggesting the parent magma was contaminated with country rocks during ascending and emplacement.

Granitoid bodies of west of Zanjan with Precambrian age are located in northwest of central Iranian structural zone. Based on field observations and microscopic studies, these bodies contain tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite. Tonalite are I-type, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous (206Pb/238U age of 576±13 Ma) which base on isotopic studies (87Sr/86Sr (i) and εNd (i) values equal to 0.710544, -7.01), and geochemistry of major and trace elements, can concluded that they were resulted from melting of amphibolitic crust that generated from thickened mafic crust or under plate basalts (with presence of plagioclase in source area) in low pressures and depth in an active continental margin. Monzogranites are S-type, peraluminous and calc-alkaline, which is plotted in collision zone. These rocks were generated from melting of crustal rocks (melt derived from pelitic rocks with high plagioclase). Granodiorite are I-type, calc-alkaline and Weakly peraluminous (206Pb/238U age of 548±27 Ma). They have value of 87Sr/86Sr (i) more than 0.705, negative value of εNd (i), and geochemical data, which is generated from partial melting of lower to middle crust, because of thickening and shortening due to continental- continental collision. With respect of geographical location of granitoid bodies of Mahneshan and age of their units, it seems that these granitoid rocks have formed in an active continental margin during convergence of Central Iran and Alborz-Azarbayjan with Arabian platform during Precambrian

Granitoids are the most common igneous rocks that are found in all parts of the continental crust and play an important role in the formation and evolution of the Earth’s continental crust (Clarke, 1992). Granitoid plutons contain useful information on factors and processes related to their generation and differentiation (Castro, 2013). The wide range of sources and processes that may be involved in the formation of granitoids is reflected in their compositional range. Although yet there is a long way to achieve a consensus about the origin of granite, different interpretations of the geochemical granitoid data represents geological understanding of the complexities of these rocks. Large parts of Iran and Central - East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM) structural zone have suffered from the Eocene granitoid magmatism. Toveireh granitoid intrusive body cropped out in the southwest of the Jandaq city (NE of Isfahan Province) and is one of the Eocene granitoid bodies. It is hoped that this mineralogical and petrological research will be useful in understanding the nature of Eocene acidic magmatism of Central Iran. Material and methods: Chemical analyses of minerals in the Toveireh granodiorites were carried out by a JEOL JXA- 8800R (WDS) electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) at the Cooperative Center of Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. The analyses were performed under an accelerating voltage of 20 kV and a beam current of 20 nA with a counting time limit of 40 seconds. Natural minerals and synthetic materials were used as standards. The ZAF program was used for data correction. The amounts of Fe2+ and Fe3+ contents of minerals were estimated by assuming ideal mineral stoichiometry in structural formula. Mineral abbreviations in petrographic photomicrographs and tables are taken from Whitney and Evans (2010). Petrographic studies show that the Middle Eocene Toveireh granitoid intrusive consists of granodiorite and granite. Granodiorites are coarse grained, mesocratic and have microgranular mafic enclaves in hand specimen. They are composed of plagioclase, amphibole, quartz, orthoclase and biotite. Accessory minerals are zircon, apatite, sphene and magnetite. Chlorite, actinolite, epidote and sericite are present as the secondary minerals. In the study area, the most dominant texture of the granodiorites are granular but graphic, perthite, anti-perthite, anti-rapakivi textures are common. The plagioclase (An0.8-48) occurs mainly as medium to coarse grains, subhedral, with zoning and polysynthetic twinning that represent varying degrees of saussuritization. Quartz occurs commonly as medium to fine anhedral grains. Graphic texture intergrowths of quartz and feldspars are present. Graphic texture possibly indicate rapid and simultaneous crystallization of quartz and K–feldspar from an under-cooled liquid at shallow depths (Clarke, 1992; Barker, 1983). Hornblende is present as subhedral to anhedral grains and in some cases partly altered to chlorite and actinolite. Biotites are subhedral and sometimes altered to chlorite, titanite and epidote. Based on mineral chemistry data, amphiboles in the investigated plutons are calcic in composition and classify as magnesio-hornblende and actinolite. Amphiboles are characterized by Mg# 0.67 to 0.47 and present geochemical features of subduction zone-related amphiboles. Biotite is characterized by variable and high Fe contents, with Fe# [Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Mg)] ratios between 0.52 to 0.60. Using the nomenclature scheme of Foster (1960), they are Mg-biotite, and have composition range of the calc-alkaline granites among the different granitoid suites in discriminative trend defined by Abdel-Rahman (1994). Chlorites are brunsvigite in composition and have negligible K2O and TiO2 but show similar Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios with amphibole and biotite. Therefore, it can be concluded that they are alteration products of mafic minerals. Chlorite alteration temperature is estimated to be 245 to 262°C from chlorite geothermometry. The chemistry of hornblende and biotite imply that Toveireh granodiorites have I-Type nature and are products of crust-mantle, mixed-source magma crystallization. Barometry calculations of amphiboles indicate that these rocks were emplaced at an average pressure of 1- 1.5 kbars corresponding to approximately 3.5-6 Km depth. Plagioclase-amphibole and biotite thermometry suggests an equilibrium temperature of 700 to 800°C. Estimation of Oxygen fugacity by Fe# of amphibole and biotite indicate high value of Oxygen fugacity (+1< ΔFQM < +2.0) and suggest that the Toveireh granitoids belong to the magnetite-series of granites. Petrography and mineral chemistry of the studied rocks indicated their subduction-related tectonic setting. Acknowledgments: The authors thank the University of Isfahan and Kanazawa University for financial supports and laboratory facilities.

The Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage (UDMA) forms a distinct NW-SE linear intrusive– extrusive complex Magmatism of the UDMA that occurred from Eocene to Quaternary, although the maximum activity was in the middle Eocene (Berberian and King, 1981; Ghasemi and Talbot, 2006). Collision of Arabian and Iranian plates led to termination of Neo-Tethys crust subduction and magmatism activity was abated in the UDMA, although there is no common agreement on collision timing. The Takht magmatic complex is located in the north of the Hamedan province (west Iran), and it belongs to the UDMA. The assemblage of volcano-plutonic rocks is present in the study area. The volcanic rocks include dacite, rhyodacite and trachyandesite with some tuff and agglomerated and the plutonic rocks are mostly occupied by granodiorite and diorite (containing mafic micro-granular enclaves) with some gabbro. These bodies are mostly intruded in Jurassic schists and are in contact with Cretaceous limestone leading to the formation of a skarn iron-ore deposit. The detailed geochemical and isotopic data is lacking and the age of the Takht granodiorite has not been determined. In the present study, the authors mainly have focused on the geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of the Takht magmatic complex to clarify questions regarding pterogenesis and its geodynamic evolution. We also reported U–Pb zircon ages for Takht granodiorite to study the relationship between its genesis and geological evolution history of the UDMA. A total of about 80 samples from the Takht plutonic-volcanic rocks were collected. 16 plutonic-volcanic samples were selected for wholerock chemical analysis. Major element oxides were analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) method using an Optima 7300DV XRF instrument in the Lab West laboratory, Australia. Trace elements were also analyzed in this laboratory with the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method using a NeXION 300 ICPMS instrument. Three chip samples with equal weight (4.5 kg) were collected from the Takht granodiorite. Then upon mixing, average samples were obtained for U–Pb dating of zircon. Hand-picked zircon crystals were supplied to the ALC (Arizona Laser Chron Center) in Arizona University. The 14 selected samples for Nd-Sm and Rb-Sr isotope analysis were crushed to less than 60μm. All isotope analyses were performed on a Nu Instruments Nu Plasma HR in the MC-ICP-MS facility, in the University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. The plutonic rocks have metaluminous nature and are of calc-alkaline affinity. The Sr/Nd, Nb/La and Th/U ratios of the granodiorite show that its magma was formed mainly by melting of continental crust, and that its enclaves were formed from a mantle derived mafic magma. The samples have negative anomalies in Nb, Sr, Ti, P and Eu and positive anomalies in Th, K, Zr, Yb and Rb thus indicating contribution of mantle and crustal materials in their generation. The Takht granodiorite has geochemical features of I and A-type granites and also shows properties of both volcanic arc and within plate magmatism association granitoids (high levels of LILEs and HFSEs). In order to obtain better results, all the data were plotted on a common 206Pb/238U versus 207Pb/235U diagram. The results show an age of 16.8 ± 0.24 Ma (Middle Miocene) for the Takht granodiorite. Based on the results, the Takht granodiorite was generated in Miocene. In the Takht magmatic complex initial 87Sr/86Sr range from 0.70678 to 0.70778 and εNd also changes from -0.79398 to -5.83370. Nd-Sm isotopic contents and trace element ratios indicate that the Takht magmatic complex has originated from oceanic slab break-off with continental crust mingling in the post-collision stage. The εNd (16.8 Ma) vs. initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios diagram reveals, the role of continental crust materials in the generation of the granodiorite samples, while where the enclaves lie are plotted in the mantle evolution array field. The Takht magmatic complex has geochemical properties of arc related igneous rocks such as Ba, Nb, Sr, P, Ti and Y negative anomalies and for Rb, Th, U, K, Nd and Zr positive anomalies. Most of the Takht area samples are plotted in the triple junction of volcanic arc granites (VAG), within plate granites (WPG) and syn-collision (syn- COLG) on Y versus Nb and the Y+Nb versus Rb diagrams (Pearce et al., 1984). These data suggest post-collisional tectonic setting for the Takht magmatic complex. Field, microscopic and geochemical evidences indicate that simple fractional crystallization of a mafic magma was not the only processes involved in the generation of the studied rocks. On this basis, continental crust material had extensive contribution in the generation of the granodiorites whereas the enclaves are from mantle derived magmas. Relatively high fractionated REE patterns of the granodiorite samples with high LREE/HREE indicate an amphibole-bearing, garnet-free source for the samples while small to moderate negative Eu anomalies require residual plagioclase in the source. The granodiorite samples basically have geochemical properties of I-type granites and it is confirmed by their Nd and Sr isotopic ratios. However, relatively high HFSE contents make them similar to A-type granites. Melting of a former continental arc crust and contamination with mantle derived magmas led to both volcanic arc and within plate geochemical properties of the granodiorites that make them similar to I-type and A-type granitoids. The age of 16.8 ± 0.24 Ma (Middle Miocene) of the Takht granodiorite is consistent with the other post-collisional igneous rocks of the area and regarding its post-collisional geochemical properties the age of collision and related orogeny must be considered at least before Miocene.

The Lakhshak granodiorite body with Oligo-Miocene age crops out in flysch sediments of northwest of Zahedan. This body has been intruded by dykes with variable color indices ranging from mesocratic to melanocratic, and NE-SW trend. Based on field observations, , melanocratic dykes have cut mesocratic dykes in some parts.This indicates that mesocratic dykes are younger than the melanocratic types. Different thickness (2 to 12m) of dykes shows the effect of tectonic activities and magama injection into structural joints, and the formation of dykes during tectonic activity. In terms of lithology, the Lakhshak body is composed of granodiorite, dacitic mesocratic dykes and melanocratic dykes of microdioritic and andesitic types. The granodiorite body and the two types of dykes are of I type nature, and are calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous. Based on the geochemical characteristics, dykes and granodiorite show enrichment in LILE, LREE such as Ba, Cs, Rb, Eu and Pb, and depletion in HFSE, HREE such as Nb, Ti and Ta, which are related to index characteristics of the volcanic arc setting of an active continental margin. Pb positive anomaly may demonstrate continental crust assimilation by magma associated with mantle metasomatism. Based on field observation and petrogenesis, the Lakhshak granodiorite and mesocratic-melanocratic dykes originated from magmatic activity of subducted oceanic crust (Sistan plate) beneath the continental plate (Afghan block). The parental magma of the Lakhshak granitoid was originated from melts resulted from amphibolite melting, and dykes are the late derivative of magma recrystallization granodiorite.

The Zargoli granodiorite is located in the northwest of Zahedan in Sistan suture zone. This granodiorite intruded a flysch-like unit at Oligocene and its SiO2 contents range from 62.4 to 66 wt. %. This gronodiorite is calc-alkaline, metaluminous and I-type. The Zargoli granodiorite shows negative anomaly of Ta, Ti, Nb, Eu and positive anomaly of Rb, Ce, La, Ba, Sr in spider diagrams suggesting that these rocks have been derived from the partial melting of lower crust. This magma was contaminated with flysh- type sediments during emplacement in Sistan suture zone. Discriminative diagrams indicate a volcanic arc (VAG) and active continental margin (ACM) tectono-magmatic setting for this pluton.

The Lakhshak pluton, a part of Zahedan-Saravan granitoid belt, is located about 15 km NW of the Zahedan city. The plutonic rocks are granodiorite in composition and are cut by a numerous of microdiorite and dacite dykes. The rocks of Lakhshak pluton consist of plagioclase (oligoclase-andesine), K-feldspar, quartz, biotite, amphibole (pargasite - edenite), sphene, apatite and opaque minerals. In this research, the composition of these minerals have been considered as the geo-thermometer and geo-barometer, hence they have good potential for calculating crystallization and emplacement conditions of a magma and tectonic setting. The presence of calcic amphiboles and primary biotite are evidence of Lakhshak pluton igneous origin (I). The amount of Altot in the pluton amphiboles are 1.02 to 1.32 representing the pluton emplacement at the depth of 3.8 to 8.4Km; while the core of those amphiboles analyzed from dikes contain Altot = 1.9-2.3 showing the depth of magma chamber in middle-lower crust (16.9-23 Km) as these dykes are thin and cooled fast after emplacment. The thermometry done on Lakhshak pluton and its dykes indicated cessation of exchange and equilibrium of minerals temperatures 645-732ºC for pluton, 730-824ºC for dacite dikes and for andesitic dikes are 808-945ºC. Moreover, biotites were plot in calc-alkaline field of Abdul Rahmans diagram, which represents the Lakhshak pluton might be formed in an active continental margin during the subduction of Sistan oceanic lithosphere beneath Afghan Block.

The Dehe Bala pluton is exposed approximately 45 km south-west of Boein Zahra town, Qazvin province. This pluton includes several mafic microgranular enclaves (MMES) with ellipsoidal and rounded shapes and varying sizes (from a few centimeters up to 30 cm). The MMEs are composed of diorite, monzodiorite and diorite-gabbro while the host rocks comprise mainly granodiorite. The presence of disequilibrium textures in enclaves, such as plagioclase phenocrysts with repeated resorption surfaces and sieve texture, quartz ocelli and acicular apatite, suggest a varity of magma mixing processes affecting the Dehe Bala pluton. The distribution of major, trace and rare earth elements apparently reflect exchange between the MMEs and the felsic host rocks. Unusual REE enrichment of the enclaves compared to the country rocks can be attributed to significant differences in their parent magma compositions. The complexity of the morphology of the enclaves (fractal dimension) caused by magma mixing processes. Fractal dimensions of the enclaves vary between 1.14 to 1.29. The frequencies of Dbox = 1.29 is the highest frequency in histogram. According to the fractal dimensions of enclaves, the logarithm of the viscosity ratio between the host granodiorite and the enclave ranges between 0.56 to0.96 with most values clustering around 0.96. The most of enclaves in the Dehe Bala pluton characterized by silica content around 56 w% and a high fractal dimension. These evidence confirmed the occurrence of slight hybridization between the mafic enclave magma and surrounding felsic magma, causing increasing of viscosity difference between the host granodiorite and the enclave magmas.

The Chargonbad batholith is located close to Sirjan and southeast of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic zone . This batholith is acidic to intermediate in composition and intruded into the Eocene volcanic rocks. The main volume of these rocks consisted of granodiorite and monzogranite, but it also consists of quartzdiorite, tonalite and syenogranite. Their contacts are gradational. They have allotrimorphic granular texture with subordinate porphyritic texture. Their enclaves consist of xenoliths enclaves, microgranular mafic enclaves (diorite to quartzdiorite in composition) and autolith enclaves(tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite in composition).The Chargonbad batholith rocks are also cut by different types of dykes which are mainly consisted of dykes and veins of pegmatitic stage, microgranular dykes (andesite and andesite basaltic in composition) and microgranular dykes that are similar to mafic enclaves. Evidenc show that the samples represent properties of I-type granitoids. Chargonbad granitoid has magnesium nature and shows cordellarian granites features. Based on the tectonomagmatic environment diagrams, all samples from the Chahargonbad plot in the island arc setting of a subduction zone and show active continental margin setting characteristics .

Gavdel intrusive body situated in NW Iran and NE of Urumieh-Dokhtar zone a part of Garehdagh, South-Arminian Zone (Arasbaran). The major outcrops of intrusive including granodiorite, monzonite accompanied with granodioritic dyke. The studied samples display granular texture with essential minerals of, plagioclase, K-feldspar, amphibole ± quartz ± clinopyroxene. Geochemically, the studied rocks characterized with SiO2 in the range of (59.1-67.8 wt%), Al2O3 (14.09-18.3 wt%) percent, high content Sr (507.18-1150 ppm), high ratios of Sr/Y (32.93-83.54), La/Yb (14.64 – 87.47) and low contents of Y (12.05-16.13 ppm), which can be indicate adakitic characters of studied rocks. These features of Gavdel intrusive display geochemical similarity with high SiO2 adakites (HAS) that comprise enriched LREE, LILE and depleted HFS elements such as Ta, Nb, and Ti. The fractionated REE pattern and low contents of HREE and Y can be related to occurrence of garnet or amphibole in residual source of adakitic magmas. High content of Sr and depletion of Ta, Nb and Ti can be related either to absent of plagioclase and presence of Fe-Ti oxides in melt residue or fractionation of titanomagnetite and amphibole minerals with respect to petrographic indications. Tearing of subduted slab and their partial melting in concert with crustal assimilation through magma arising can be produce adakitic magma in studied area and NW Iran.

The Lakhshak intrusive assemblage consisting of a granodiorite pluton and monzodiorite and dacite dykes are parts of Zahedan-Saravan granitoid belt which cover about 90.5 km2.. Dykes are parallel with NE-SW trends and comprise about 20-30 percent of the pluton. The granodiorite plutonis granular in texture and comprises mainly consists of plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, green hornblende, and biotite. The accessory minerals are zircon, titanite, apatite, allanite and Fe-oxides. The monzodiorite dykes are fine-grained and mainly consist of plagioclase and brown hornblende, while dacite dykes show porphyritic texture and consist of plagioclase, sanidine, quartz, biotite and hornblende (few percent). The best zircons and titanite minerals were selected from the study rocks for U-Pb dating. The results of U and Pb isotopic ratios determined by Mass spectrometer showed that the granodiorite rocks from the Lakhshak pluton were crystallized at 29.80 ± 0.048Ma ago; and then microdiorite and dacite dykes were cut the pluton at 28.9 ± 0.11 and 28.11± 0.69 Ma ago, respectively.

The Dehnow area is located in the northwest of Mashhad city and in the structural zone of Binalood, along the east Alborz range. The major rock units in the study area include tonalite (to diorite and granodiorite), hornfels and surrounding schist. The regional metamorphism that produced the schists occurred in Triassic, while the granitoids intruded in them during Upper Triassic, a thin layer of hornfels (~ 200m) has occurred in the intrusion, and schists contact. The Dehnow plutonic rocks, hornfels and schist contain garnet as an accessory mineral. In this work, diffusion effect of Fe, Mn, Mg and Ca in the garnet was studied. According to the geochemical data, low content of Ca in the garnet rim, falling trend of Fe from core to rim, low diffusion rates of these elements and the large size of garnets indicate that the garnets within tonalite are not distinctly affected by diffusion of these elements, but their elemental variation is resulted mostly by the chemical evolution of the melt from which they crystallized. In addition, erratic trends of Fe and Mn and the constant Ca and Mg trends from core to rim of garnets within the schist and hornfels, and also the low temperature of crystallization and the short time of garnets growth in these rocks show that diffusion effects on these garnets growth is negligible.

More than 20 tonalitic to granodioritic plutonic domes, Oligo-Miocene in age, have intruded into the older volcanic rocks, in southeast of Urumieh- Dokhtar Magmatic Belt, northwest of Shahr-e-Babak. These rocks have granoporphyritic texture and consist of Phenocrysts of plagioclase, amphiboles and biotites. The geochemical data show calc-alkaline affinities of these rocks, which formed in volcanic arc (I type) of an active continental margin. These data also show LILE and LREE enriched normalized multi-element patterns, and depleted of HFSE (Nb, Ta and Ti). Primitive mantle-normalized REE patterns display a dramatic decrease from LREE to HREE without any Eu anomaly. They have higher SiO2, Al2O3 and Sr content and Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and lower MgO, Y and Yb contents than the normal calc-alkaline rocks, which reveal their adakitic characteristics. The high content of Sr, LREE enrichments, absente of Eu anomaly, HREE depletion, Y and Yb depletion pattern suggest the existence of garnet, amphibole and absence of plagioclase in the source rocks. Our data suggest that the plutons produced by partial melting of amphibole-eclogite or garnet-amphibolite, due to the subduction of Neotethys oceanic slab under the Central Iran continent.

More than 20 tonalitic to granodioritic plutons with Oligo-Miocene age had intruded the Eocene volcanic rocks, in south-east of Urumieh- Dokhtar magmatic belt, north-west of Shahre-Babak. These rocks show granoporphyritic texture and consist of phenocrysts of plagioclases (An21-An44), with normal to reverse zoning, magnesio hornblende and tshermakite and biotites. The matrix consists of fine-grained plagioclase and potash-feldspars, amphibole, biotite, quartz and opaque minerals. K-feldspars compositions vary between (Ab26.6-An0.07-Or73.4) to (Ab73.3-An15.8-Or11). Thermometry and barometry, based on Al content in amphibole, suggest that hornblendes are formed in 2-5.5Kb pressure (8.3 to 22 km depths) and 707-793˚C temperature. Results also imply that amphiboles formed at different depths and temperatures. Geochemical data suggest that the calc-alkaline plutons formed in an active continental margin.