جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « carboniferous » در نشریات گروه « زمین شناسی »

Devonian-Carboniferous boundary is an exciting issue for researchers all over the world. In this boundary, significant events have occurred on marine organisms (specially conodonts elements) and terrestrial organisms, consisting of weather and sea-level changes, and relative coincidence with the Hangenberg bio-event (Mc. Ghee, 1998; Sandberg et al., 2002; Caplan & Bustin, 1999; Kaiser et al., 2006, 2011, Bahrami et al., 2011, 2019; Konigshof et al., 2021; Sattari et al., 2021). According to ICS, the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary, as defined by the first Appearance Datum (FAD) of the conodont species Siphonodella sulcata within the Siphonodella praesulcata- Siphonodella sulcata lineage and the GSSP is located in the La Serre Trench E’ section in France (Paproth et al. 1991). Khoshyeilagh Formation in Zoo section consists of shallow marine deposits attributed to the Late Devonian (Frasnian-Famennin) (Najjarzadeh, 1997). This study focuses on identifying and reviewing the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in a part of the Eastern Alborz area and study the biostratigraphy of deposits near this boundary based on conodont fauna.

58 carbonate and 11 non-carbonate samples (3-4 kg/each) were collected and processed for conodonts. The samples were processed with the conventional acetic acid technique, but formic acid 10% with 10 hours was also used for some silty samples and compacted limestones. Then picked remaining deposits with the handpicking method. The following steps include pasting the conodont specimens on stab, photographing them under an SEM microscope, and naming conodonts elements based on available references (e.g., Branson & Mehl, 1934; …). Accordingly, the biozonation of the studied sequence using the global standard zonings of Ziegler & Sandberg (1990), Sommervile (2008), Poty et al. (2006), Spalletta et al. (2017).

Khoushyeilagh and Mobarak formations Late Devonian-Carboniferous conodonts fauna of Zoo section, (NE Jajarm), led to identifying 10 conodont genera, 23 species, and 8 subspecies. The conodont faunas which be obtained in this research indicate the presence of these biozones: Bispathodus ultimus Zone (Latest Famennian), From the base of Siphonodella duplicata to within Siphonodella crenulata interval (Tournaisian), and Pseudopolygnathos multistriatus Zone (Visean). According to this study, the Fm/T boundary is located at the end of Khoushyeilagh formation, 6m above the diabase layer. The conodonts, as mentioned above, are indicators for Polygnathid biofacies. These sequences are similar to other Famennian-Tournaisian deposits in the east Alborz, both in the litho-facies and bio-facies peculiarities. The conodont Color Alteration Index in the Carboniferous conodonts element increased compared to the Late Devonian elements.

Study of Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) conodonts Anarak section (NE Isfahan), Central Iran, led to identifying 67 conodont species belonging to 18 genera. 22 conodont bio-intervals were separated; 15 biozones belong to Late Devonian and 7 biozones belong to carboniferous (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) time interval. Based on field observation and sedimentological featurs and charactristics the section, subdivided into 5 lithostratigrafic unit. The Color Alteration Index (CAI) reveals the hydrocarbure potential for the Famennian stage of the studied interval

The Alborz Mountain range is formed by collision between the Central Iran and Eurasia plates, since Late Triassic. Facieses studies on the Alborz and Central Iran indicate sedimentation in shelf and epicontinental shelf in passive margin of Gondwana during Paleozoic Era. This study represents direction and paleostress analysis of the Central Alborz based on geometry and kinematics of faults; i.e. strike, dip, slicken line orientation and movement directions for Carboniferous and Permian Periods. Since many tectonic events occur after the Paleozoic Era in the Alborz Mountain range so just growth faults, active during sedimentation, which were not reactivated by later events were used for paleostress analysis. In total 15 stations, including 148 fault data are measured along the Tehran-Chalus road from Carboniferous and Permian outcrops. The data were rotated to the first position based on fold axes, when the layers were horizontal. FSA software (Fault Slip Analysis) was used to calculate orientations of principal stress directions. Primary results indicate a proximately North-South extension in Carboniferous and Permian Periods. Iran and adjacent area, rotated along vertical axis during its movements from Gondwana, in South, to Eurasia, in north, that based on the plate rotation the extension direction for Permian and Carboniferous Periods are NE-SW and ENE-WSW, respectively.

Introduction: In order to investigation the Carboniferous micro-fauna of northwest Iran, the Khemes section in the Ardebil Province has been studied systematically. According to structural divisions of Iran proposed by Nabavi (1976), the Khemes section is part of Alborz-Azerbayjan zone in Iran. On the basis of foraminifers, Shabanian et al., (2014) stated that the Carboniferous sequence in this section is Early Nisean-the beginning of Early Bashkirian. These sediments are comparable to partly or completely of Dozdehband, Qezelgaleh, Bagherabad, Khashachal and Sardar formations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Carboniferous micro-biostratigraphy in the Khemes section and it compare with other regions of Iran, according to foraminiferal stratigraphic distribution.

Materials and Methods: The study of the Khemes stratigraphic section of Ardebil Province, with 163 meter thickness and 7 lithological units, led to identification of 30 genera and 15 speices belonge to 8 families of benthic foraminifera. Systematical investigation of these foraminifera led to definition of two biozones: 1) Endothyra-Lysella Assemblage Biozone This biozones starts from the beginning of this section up to 23 meter. This assemblage was recognized from the Early Carboniferous sediments of Mobarak Formation from Central-Eastern Alborz (Bozorgnia, 1973) and Shishtoo Formatiom from Central Iran (Ruttneret al., 1968). Also these foraminiferal assemblages are comparable to the Donetz area of Russia with the age of Early Visean (Reitlinger, 1950), biozone No. 10 of North America with the age of Middle Visean-Late Visean (Mamet & Skipp, 1970) and biozone No. 30 of Illanlu section (Shabanian & Ghanizadeh, 2012) with the age of Late Visean. As a result, the age of this Biozone is Late Visean. 2) Eostaffella- Millerella Assemblage Biozone According to Kulagina et al., (2001-2006), association of foraminiferas such as Eostaffella and Millerella are marker of the Syuranian substage from Early Bashkirian of Europe. Also these mentioned species were reported from the Early Bashkirian sediments of Anarak and Zaladu sections of Central Iran (Leven & Gorgig, 2010., Gaetani et al., 2009), lower part of Qezelgaleh Formation (Jenny, 1977), Dozdehband Formation (Bozorgnia, 1973) and Tauride of Turkey (Ozermir-Altiner-Yilmaz, 2011). Based on the age of this assemblage and their correlations with other regiogns, we can state that the exactly age of this biozone is Serpukhovian to Syuranian substages from Early Bashkirian.

Discussion and Conclusion: According to Leven & Gorgij (2011), Bashkirian Fusulinida assemblages of Alborz and Central Iran are similar to each other and also similar to Ural and Eastern Europe foraminiferal assemblages. Comparison of the Iranian Fusulinid assemblages with the Eastern Europe indicate that during Carboniferous, Iranian and the Eastern Europe seas were connected and diversity in their fauna arising from local changes. According to the statements above, we can conclude that foraminifera assemblage of the Khemes stratigraphy section are the same as the Alborz and Central Iran. Also it is comparable to Ural and Eastern Europe and local variations were the reason for differences

The early carboniferous Mobarak Formation was studied in southern flank of Ayenehvarzan–Dalichai anticline, in Aru and Seyedabad sections, east of Tehran. The aim of this study is to determine microfacies, interpretation of depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Mobarak Formation. In this study, the thickness of Mobarak Formation in Aru and Seyedabad sections varies 133 to 65 meters and consists of limestone with intercalations of shale and marl. According to lithological characteristics, the Mobarak Formation subdivided into several rock units. The Mobarak Formation is disconformably overlain by Jirud Formation and underlain by Dorod Formation. Ten microfacies have been recognized on the basis of depositional remarks and petrographic analysis. These carbonate facies belong to 4 major sub-environments including beach/tidal flat, lagoon, barrier/sand shoal and open marine. These facies deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp and include two sedimentary sequences.

The aim of this study is to determine microfacies and diagenetic processes of the Mobarak Formation with the age of early Carboniferous in Valiabad section, at Karaj-Chalus road. The thickness of the formation at this section is 339 m and consists of limestone with intercalations of shale and marl. According to lithological characteristics, the MobarakFormationis subdivided into 8 rock units and is disconformably overlain by the Lalun Formation and underlain by Dozdeband Formation. Thirteen microfacies have been recognized on the basis of depositional texture and petrographic analysis. These carbonate facies belong to four major sub- environments including beach/tidal flat, lagoon, barrier/sand shoal and open marine. The formation deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp.

Rich assemblages of Carboniferous corals exist in the Zaladu stratigraphic section. After the identification of the corals, more than of 200 thin sections of coral fossils and microfacies were selected and studied for environmental parameters. This association belonging to Bashkirian age (the oldest stage of Late Carboniferous) and were found in two horizons. Based on the colonies geometry, the distance between them, the abundance and distribution of corals and microfacies study, the habitats of lower horizon is “Coral meadows (subtype B1) “. The upper horizon made a “polyspecific Coral biostrome (subtype C2) “. These corals existed in a lagoon toward barrier and open marine toward barrier belonging to a shallow carbonate ramp environment. This association favored a shallow, warm, and clear marine environment with normal salinity and high oxygen, within the photic zone. The fasciculate rugose of Fomichevella and Heintzella, have the most abundance, and these colonies made main builders of the coral association. Colonial rugose corals of Fomichevella and Minatoa have maximum diversity. Michelinia tabulate corals, has the least abundance and diversity.

In this study, 60 samples have been studied from Carboniferous deposits of Khames stratigraphical section, 10 Km southeast of Khalkhal. The marine sequence of Khames stratigraphical section is about 163.5 m. thick and consists of gray to black Limestone and dolomitic limestone. The lower boundary of the under study section marked with yellowish limestones of Cretaceous and dark Sills with Faulted contact. The upper boundary of the Carboniferous strata is covered with Pliocene Polygenetic conglomerate disconformably. The Carboniferous unit studied here has not been named so far, so in this research, we have attempted to identify the stratigraphical position of the mentioned sequence. In this research 30 genera and 25 species of benthic foraminifera were identified similar to those reported from carboniferous strata of Qezelqaleh, Bagher Abad, Mobarak and Sardar formations suggesting a Late Visean to Early Bashkirian age for the Khames Carboniferous marine sequence.

The Misho Mafic magmatic massif (in NW of Iran) with complex and un-clear paleotectonic is situated in the Soltaniye- Misho zone، in SW of Marand city between the north and the south of the Misho faults. This mafic massif intruded into the PreCamberian Kahar sedimentary rocks and is covered by Permian sedimentary rocks. The lithological units of this massif are gabbro، norite، anorthosite، pyroxenite، olivine gabbro and troctolite. Diabasic dykes with gabbroic composition cut the mafic massif. The main mineral in these leucocratic rocks with cumulate texture is plagioclase which is mainly bitownite and labradorite in composition. Anorthosites are not distinguishable from gabbros on different discrimination diagrams. Anorthosites and gabbros are related to tholeiitic to calc-alkaline magmatic series indicating similar source for both rock types. Gabbros and anorthosites are meta-aluminous and show MORB affinity. Dating of anorthosites by zircon U-Pb method and considering this age for the Misho mafic massif helps us to identify the Misho paleotectonic. Dating results show that the emplacement time for gabbros and anorthosites is early Carboniferous (356. 7  3. 4 Ma)، which is also confirmed by stratigraphy relation (between Kahar Cambrian sediments and Permian sedements). We suggest that Misho mafic massif is formed by an extension event related to plume- type magmatism in early Carboniferous. This is the reason for initiation of spreading of Paleotethys oceanic crust in NW Iran.