جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « dry weight » در نشریات گروه « زیست شناسی »

In order to investigate the effects of different Pseudomonas bacterial strains, including fluorescens, Chloraphis and Putida strains, on the morpho-physiological characteristics and performance of Sante variety potato under drought stress in the Jiroft region, an experimental study was conducted in the form of a split-plot design with a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years, 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. The main factor of the experiment consisted of three levels of drought stress (40, 65, and 90 mm of evaporation from the evaporation class A pan), while the sub-factor included four levels of Pseudomonas bacterial strains (control, strain T12 (Pseudomonas fluorescens RO7), strain T13 (Pseudomonas putida RO3) and strain T17 (Pseudomonas chlororaphis RO1). The results showed that the applied drought stress treatments had no effect on the chlorophyll a content. The use of Pseudomonas bacteria strains increased the content of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll (a+b). The carotenoid content of leaves at 90 evaporation from the Class A pan with the application of bacteria strain T17 showed the lowest amount compared to the treatment without bacteria and strains T12 and T13. Application of bacteria strain T13 showed the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity at different drought stress levels. There was no significant difference in peroxidase enzyme activity between different Pseudomonas bacterial strains and the treatment without bacterial application at various drought stress levels. The highest catalase enzyme activity in the leaves was observed in the application of Pseudomonas bacterial strains T12 and T17. The application of Pseudomonas bacterial strains led to a significant increase in shoot dry weight, tuber dry weight, and total tuber weight in potato plants compared to the treatment without bacterial application at all drought stress levels.

In order to investigate the effect of soil application of sheep manure biochar and humic acid foliar application on the yield and concentration of some nutrient elements in the aerial parts of the summer savory plant, two-factor factorial research was conducted based on a completely randomized design and three replications in greenhouse conditions. The factors used included three levels of biochar (0, 1 and 2% by weight) and three levels of humic acid spraying (0, 200 and 400 mg.L-1 in three stages). The results showed that the main effect of biochar and humic acid application on the fresh and dry weight of the shoot, fresh and dry weight of the root, stem diameter, carbohydrate, chlorophyll fluorescence, amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the shoot was positive and significant. The interaction effects of biochar and humic acid were significant on all measured traits except root dry weight, stem diameter and carbohydrates. So that the highest wet weight (50.9 grams per pot) and dry weight of shoot (5.4 grams per pot), root wet weight (27.17 grams per pot), chlorophyll fluorescence (0.944), nitrogen amount (3.62%), phosphorus (0.383%), and potassium (4.03%) of aerial parts in the treatment of 400 mg.L-1 of humic acid + 2 percent of biochar and the least mentioned traits were observed in the control treatment (no application of biochar and humic acid). The results also showed that the highest root dry weight (0.787 g per pot) and carbohydrates (4.253 mg.g-1) due to the use of 400 mg.-l humic acid and the largest stem diameter (0.461 cm) were observed in the 2% biochar treatment. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the soil application of biochar and humic acid foliar spraying is recommended to increase the yield and concentration of summer savory nutrients. But since the research was done in greenhouse conditions, it is better to evaluate and approve the results of this research before making any fertilizer recommendations in field conditions.

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. it is one of the medicinal and aromatic plants that can be found in natural habitats in mountainous and high areas of the country. This plant is very popular because of its large amounts of essential oil and important medicinal properties. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of the habitat on the physiological traits, yield and essential oil content, random sampling of the flowering branches of the plant in the full flowering stage with three replications was done from its natural habitats located in the altitudes of Espidan, Akher Dagh and Arkan in North Khorasan province. The results showed that the plants grown in Espidan region with 15.76 g F.W and 3.24 g D.W are the highest, and the plants of Akher dagh region with 12.58 g F.W and 2.68 g D.W, are the lowest in fresh and dry weight. In terms of the content of flavonoid compounds and the percentage of essential oil yield, the highest amount of these compounds was obtained from 69.63 (mg Q/g D.W) and 1.52% from the plants of Arkan heights. Further, the results showed that 23 compounds were identified in the essential oil of plants of three habitats, and the compounds of cis-α-Bergamotene, limonene and ß-ocimene were the main common compounds in the essential oils of three regions. In connection with the antioxidant property, the plants of Arkan area showed a higher antioxidant capacity than other habitats in inhibiting DPPH free radicals with 50.89 μg/ml. In terms of anthocyanin content, extract of Arkan plants with 2.96 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside/g was a greater source of anthocyanin, with a significant difference compared to other plants. General conclusion The plants grown in the altitudes of Arkan showed more content of anthocyanin, flavonoid compounds, antioxidant capacity and essential oil yield than other habitats, and it seems that the Arkan habitat has the most suitable conditions for the cultivation of this valuable medicinal plant.

In recent years, in the world and in Iran as well, attention to Lisianthus flowers has been such that its production has increased significantly. With the increase in the production of Lisianthus cut flowers, attention to nutrition and application of treatments to improve the growth and storability of this flower is felt more than ever. For this purpose, the effect of karrikin, salicylic acid and humic acid on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Lisianthus was investigated in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The studied treatments included application of karrikin (0, 1 and 2 mg.l-1) as irrigation, salicylic acid (0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1) and humic acid (0, 50 and 100 mg.l-1) as foliar application. The results showed that the application of salicylic acid 100 mg.l-1 had the greatest effect on morphological and biochemical parameters, meanwhile, in some traits such as shoot dry weight and leaf area, a concentration of 200 mg.l-1 was more effective. Also, the use of humic acid increased the leaves and roots fresh and dry weight by increasing root expansion. karrikin treatment 1 mg.l-1 increased the number of leaves, stem length and diameter and number of flowering stems, fresh and dry weight of roots, number of seed capsules and number of buds per branch. karrikin in combination with humic acid and especially salicylic acid with synergistic effect improved some parameters such as number of roots and leaves and flowering stems and the activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL). Concomitant use of salicylic acid 100 mg.l-1 with humic acid 50 mg.l-1 as foliar application and application of Karrikin 1 mg.l-1 as a plant solution is recommended to improve growth parameters and the quality of lisianthus flowers.

Salinity of soil and water is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in a wide range of natural resources in Iran which if scientifically recognized, cultivated, developed and exploited properly can play an important role in public health, job creation and non-oil exports. Therefore, this experiment was performed on farm of Isfahan University of Technology and A factorial randomized complete block design was used for performing this experiment. Four levels of salt treatment (i.e. 0, 40, 80, and 120 mM NaCl) were applied on two genotypes from each of the three species of fennel, ajwain, and anise in three replications. Chlorophyll a and b, leaf starch, sodium and potassium concentration and their ratios, phenolic compounds, H2O2, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, root and shoot dry weight as well as height were measured. The results showed that salinity levels had different effects on different traits of these three species and their genotypes. With increasing salinity, dry weight of roots and shoots, height, yield, 1000-seed weight decreased, and on the other hand, H2O2 concentration and phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity ramped up with increasing salinity level. Starch was different in the studied species and genotypes, so that the concentration of chlorophyll in fennel genotypes increased to a level of 80 mM salinity and then ramped down, but in the other two species had a decreasing trend: sodium concentration and sodium to potassium ratio with increasing Salinity levels increased and this increase was more noticeable in anise, the potassium concentration in all three species with The increase in salinity decreased, but the largest decrease was related to the anise plant. In general, according to our findings, anise is more prone to damage due to salinity stress, while the salinity tolerance of fennel and alder is comparable, although the salinity tolerance, especially in the latter two species, is subject to genotypic differences.

An experiment was performed to examine the effect of methyl jasmonate foliar spray with concentrations (10, 1, 0.1 mM and 0) and titanium nanoparticles with concentrations (40, 30, 20  µM and 0) on the physiological indices of Savory. The field experiment was carried out in Isfahan in the summer of 2019. This experiment was conducted in a factorial manner based on completely randomized design and 3 replications with 2 factors and 4 levels in two harvest times of 24 and 48 hours after the last treatment .According to the results of this research, compared to the control treatment, methyl jasmonate treatments result in a significant increase of 1 percent in leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight and length of aerial part in 48 hours after the last treatment. Titanium nanoparticle treatments result in a significant increase at the level of 1 percent in leaf width, leaf area, leaf dry weight, leaf fresh weight and length of the aerial part of the plant. Similarly, the flavonoid content increased significantly at a concentration of 30 μM at the level of 1 percent. In combined treatments that were conducted at 48 hours after the last treatment, there was a significant increase in leaf dry weight, leaf area, leaf fresh weight and length of aerial part at the level of 1 percent and a significant increase at the 5 percent level in flavonoid content and activity of dismutase enzyme. It was concluded from the current research that 48 hours after the last treatment is the best time for harvesting. The use of both concentrations of 1 or 0.1 mM methyl jasmonate with 40 μM nanoparticles and 10 mM methyl jasmonate with 30 μM nanoparticles affects the plant positively and can increase the growth and biochemical factors of Savory.

Plants need essential nutrients for their growth and development. Iron and boron are micronutrients that are needed by plants in very small concentrations. This study was conducted as a pot experiment to investigate the effect of iron and boron on Achillea millefolium in a factorial randomized complete design with three replications. Iron at three levels (0, 5 and 20 μM) and boron at three levels (25, 50 and 75 μM) were selected. The results showed that the effects of iron, boron and their interaction on most of the growth and physiological indices of Achillea millefolium was significant. Iron (20 μM) and boron (75 μM) and their interaction significantly increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a / b ratio, carotenoid compared to the control samples (20 μM iron and 25 μM boron). Different concentrations of boron had no effect on relative water content. Also, different concentrations of boron and iron did not lead to a significant change in the root dry weight. Iron significantly influence on root and shoot iron concentration and soluble leaf protein. Boron had no significant effect on shoot iron concentration, but changed other two indices significantly. The maximum amount of root and shoot iron was 951 and 620 µg/g DW, respectively. In conclusion, it seemed that treatments of Achillea millefolium with iron (20 µM) and boron (75 µM) leads to significant increase in growth and physiological parameters of this plant.

Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) is a valuable medicinal plant growing in hot and dry conditions. Since drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products in these regions, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of different purslane landraces to drought stress in the greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Daregaz during the spring 2016. The experiment was as factorial based on completely randomized design with four levels of drought stress (field capacity, 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC), 5 landraces of purslane (Qom, Kalat, Sabzevar, Yazd, Gachsaran), and with three replications. The studied traits were relative water content, membrane sustainability index, photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll sustainability index (the amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids), proline content, soluble carbohydrates, and fresh and dry weight of roots in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Results showed that an increase in water stress level decreased the relative water content and cell membrane stability index while increasing the leaf chlorophyll index, carotenoid content, proline, and carbohydrates in different landraces of purslane. Results also indicated that the landraces of Gachsaran and Yazd had higher membrane stability index, lower RWC, and lower chlorophyll content under stress. Among the studied landraces, Qom and Kalat showed significant superiority compared to Sabzevar, Yazd and Gachsaran landraces in terms of proline and soluble carbohydrates. Also, the results showed that with increasing drought stress, fresh and dry weight of roots, leaves, and stems reduced at vegetative and generative stages of plant development such that the highest morphological and physiological traits in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth were observed in 75% and 100% of field capacity and the minimum levels of these traits were obtained in 25% of field capacity. In general, Qom and Kalat landraces were more tolerant to drought stress compared to other landraces while Gachsaran, Yazd, and Sabzevar due to the relatively weak response to drought stress in most of the measured traits, were evaluated as susceptible landraces to drought stress.

The use of Abiotic elicitors is very important in biosynthetic pathways that lead to the formation and regulation of secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Low temperature elicitors on the amount of hypericin, flavonoids, phenol, antioxidant capacity and dry weight of ).Seeds of Topaz cultivar, Pharmasat Germany, with 99% purity and 85% potency, were prepared for the ability to produce secondary metabolites. Seeds were grown in MS medium in sterile containers and stored in a growth chamber at 25±1 ° C with light rotation for 8 hours in the dark and 16 hours of light with fluorescent light. This study was performed as a factorial study in a completely randomized design with three replications and the effect of temperatures of 4, 8, 16 and 25 ° C for 24 hours, 72 hours and one week. The highest amount of hypericin at 4 ° C for one week and 72 hours with 0.59 and 0.55 μg / g dry matter, respectively, and the highest antioxidant capacity at 4 ° C for one week at 0.87% was observed. With increasing temperature to 16 degrees (for 24 hours) the lowest amount of hypericin and antioxidant capacity was observed. Applying a temperature of 4 degrees for a week increased the amount of flavonoids. The highest amount of phenol was obtained in the samples treated at 4 ° C for one week and 72 hours with the amount of 5.65 and 5.03 mg / g dry matter, respectively. Applying 4 ° C for one week had the greatest effect on the dry weight of the plant. Due to the increase in secondary metabolites of hypericin, phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of H. perforatum after application of 4 ° C treatment (for one week and 72 hours), the use of this elicitor to increase secondary metabolites of H. perforatum Recommended.

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate of salicylic acid foliar effect on morphological and biochemical characters of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with three replications in Qazvin, Iran in 2016.  The treatments of this research were defined as salicylic acid foliar levels as 0 (control), 100, 300 and 600 µM which were applied three months after transplanting. Evaluated characters were as plant height, branch number, plant dry weight, leaves dry weight, branches dry weight, the ratio of leaf to total dry weight, the percentage and yield of stevioside, rebaudioside-A, rebaudioside-B and rebaudioside-c. The results of this study revealed that foliar levels of salicylic acid had a significant effect on all of the evaluated characters except for SPAD index. The treatment of foliar 100 µM salicylic acid led to a significant increase in plant height, stevioside percentage, rebaudioside C yield and its percentage compared with control treatment (18.2%, 91.7%, 160% and 186%, respectively). By increasing the concentration of salicylic acid foliar level to 300 µM, the branches dry weight, leaves dry weight, plant dry weight, stevioside yield, rebaudioside. A percentage and its yield were increased in comparison to control treatment (3.9%, 10.3%, 7.0%, 84.6, 78.3 and 100%, respectively). Finally the treatment of 600 µM salicylic acid foliar level was significantly led to an increase in lateral branches number, the ratio of leaves dry weight to branches dry weight, rebaudioside-B percentage and its yield compared to control treatment (365.8%, 43.0%, 383.3and 344.4%, respectively). Therefore, a concentration of 300 μM foliar application of salicylic acid can be effective for increasing the quantitative and qualitative performance of Stevia.

Considering the destructive consequences of unilateral application of nitrogen fertilizers on water and soil resources, biofertilizers will be of special importance. Regarding that native bacterial strains are capable of sustainability and efficiency, the present study was conducted on 95 isolates of bacteria in the microbial collection of Soil and Water Research Institute. Symbiotic efficiency (S.E) and plant infection tests were carried out. Lentil seeds of Bilesavar cultivar were cultured in test tubes containing nutrient solution without nitrogen and agar in three replications and inoculated with each bacterial isolate. Inoculated Seeds were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions for two months then measured in terms of dry weight of shoot, length of shoot and number of nodules as well as isolates SE using shoot dry weight. Results of analysis of variance showed that bacterial inoculation had a significant effect on shoot dry weight and length, number of root nodules and symbiotic efficiency (p < 0.01). All isolates were able to form root nodules on lentil. Symbiosis efficiency was measured very well and well in 87.3% of the isolates, while 12.7% were moderate to poor. Isolates BK11-1 and GL10-1 had the highest measured SE (250.4 and 247.16, respectively). Finally 19 superior isolate were selected in terms of shoot dry weight and symbiotic efficiency according to distribution of provinces.

Various environmental stresses are one of the most important causes of many problems in agricultural production and drought stress is one of these tensions. Considering the role of nanoparticles in improving the yield and resistance of plants to environmental stresses, this experiment was conducted on Rosa damascena as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was performed in the greenhouses of the Faculty of Agriculture of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in spring and summer of 1397. The treatments consisted of two irrigation regimes (every three days (control), and every six days) and five levels of titanium (0 (control, no titanium), 15 ppm titanium dioxide, 30 ppm titanium dioxide, 15 ppm nano-titanium dioxide, 30 ppm nano-titanium dioxide). The results showed that although the interaction of two treatments of irrigation and titanium dioxide regimes on any of the morphological traits was not significant, the simple effect of irrigation regimes on root dry weight, flowers dry weight, number of flowers and Stem diameter had a significant effect. Thus, the level of 15 ppm nano-titanium dioxide with 0.23% had the highest essential oil yield. The electrolyte leakage was observed at 49% for 3 days of irrigation and 58.9% for 6 days irrigation intervals. The highest amount of electrolyte leakage was in control (68%) and then in 30 ppm titanium dioxide treatment (62.9%.). Increasing the distance between irrigation resulted in increased total phenol and reduced stomatal conductance. among the titanium levels, the highest total phenol (1.13 mg / g) was observed in 15 ppm nano-titanium dioxide treatment and the highest stomatal conductance was observed in 15 and 30 ppm nano titanium dioxide treatments. In general, the use of titanium at all levels used, especially in the 15-ppm nano titanium dioxide, was effective in improving the vegetative and physiochemical properties of Rosa damascena

Soil fertility is an effective factor on quantity and quality of crops and medicinal plants. In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and humic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of savory(satureia hortensis L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design in Payame Noor University of Sabzevar under natural condition. Treatments were vermicompost in three levels (0, 25, and 50 percent in volume) and humic acid in four levels (0, 250, 500, and 750 mg.l-1). In this study, plant height, root length, branch number as well as leaf, root, and shoot dry weights and essential oil percentage and yield were measured. Results indicated that vermicompost affected stem height, branch number per m2, dry weight of leaf, stem, and root, and leaf to stem ratio significantly while this treatment did not have a significant effect on essential oil percentage and yield of savory. The highest stem height and dry weight of leaf, stem, and root were observed in 50% vermicompost. The effect of humic acid was also significant on stem and leaf dry weight and leaf to stem ratio, statistically. In general, results showed that both organic fertilizers had synergistic effect as the highest dry weight of leaf, stem, and root and also essential oil yield were obtained under vermicompost 50% and humic acid 750 mg.l-1 treatment.

In order to investigate the effect of frost stress on Phyla lanceolata as a cover plant under the influence of some organic mulches, this experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Five levels of freezing temperature (0, -5, -10, -15, and -20 °C) and three types of mulch (manure, leaf needle, and bran) were treated in the experiment. For evaluation of frost tolerance temperatures, some traits such as electrolyte leakage percentage, soluble carbohydrate content, leaf proline content, leaf number, leaf area, and plant dry weight were considered. Results showed that the simple and interaction effects of mulch and temperature on the measured morphological traits, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, spade and photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, b and total) were significant. All of the organic mulches used in the study increased shoot and root dry weight so that by applying three mulch of bran, leaf needle, and animal manure, shoot dry weight from 2.15 g under non-mulch conditions reached to 2.72, 3.13, and 3.19 g/plant, respectively and root dry weight from 1.50 g reached 1.90, 2.23, and 2.29 g /plant, respectively. The highest electrolyte leakage (80%) was at -20 °C and in plants treated with bran mulch and the highest relative water content (55%) was at 0 °C and in plants treated with needle mulch treatment. Also, total chlorophyll content was 0.11 mg higher than that in control treatment. In general, among the mulches used, animal manure mulch had the greatest effect on mitigating the effects of frost on morphological and biochemical traits of the plant.

Salinity is a major environmental stress that causes severe damage to crops and horticultural crops and also reduces plant biodiversity. In order to study the resistance to salinity during seed germination and early growth, 18 strains of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.; Including car, non-indigenous and hybrid carcasses) were investigated at four levels of control, 100, 200 and 250 mM sodium chloride. The experiments were conducted with a complete randomized block design in three replications in the research laboratory of department of Biology, University of Isfahan, 2015. The results showed that with increasing NaCl level in the culture media, germination indices were affected with more intense. Comparison of mean traits showed that different cultivars of wheat had different reactions. These cultivars were classified in two groups, so that Sorghtoghm, Hamon, Sivand, Bezostaya, Sepahan and Roshan were placed in resistant groups and Ghods, Guspard, Karaj and Navid cultivars were placed in sensitive and low dendrogram groups. Sorghtoghm and Ghods were shown to have the highest and lowest index for germination stress index (GSI) and salinity tolerance index (STI) respectively. The results showed that the different levels of salinity had significant effects on germination percent, germination rate, seedlings stem and root length, root, and shoot dry weight. All measured variables showed a significant decrease with increasing salinity level.

Salt stress, as one of the most important factors reducing agricultural production, that increasingly threats for arid and semi-arid regions. In order to investigate the effect of glycine betaine (GB) on increasing of salinity tolerant of Suaeda fruticosa, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications during the 2017-18 growing season. The treatments were four levels of salinity stress: 3, 10, 30 and 60 dS.m and 2 levels of GB consisted of without application and spraying with 50 mM GB. The results revealed the significant effect of salinity stress and GB on all of the studied characteristics except the effect of GB on catalase. Also, the interactions effects of salinity stress and GB were significant on all of the characteristics except catalase and peroxidase. The application of GB at all levels of salinity stress increased stem length, root length, ratio of root to shoot, plant yield and leaf area than non-application of GB, so that, in shoot dry weight, the highest dry weight was observed in GB application at levels of 3 and 10 dS.m, which increased the plant dry weight by 58.48 and 47.25 percentage rather than non-application of GB, respectively. Proline, malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase compounds increased by increasing stress level from 3 to 60 dS.m. The production of proline, malondialdehyde and peroxidase in treated plants with GB was significantly reduced compared to non-application of GB. Generally, the results showed the positive role of GB in decreasing the effects of salinity stress on Suaeda fruticosa.

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and productivity. Since agricultural soils in Iran are predominantly calcareous with very low available Pi content, Pi deficiency has been considered to be a major nutritional constraint for crop production, thus, the application of Pi-fertilizers is essential for satisfactory crop production. The application of Pi-fertilizers contaminates soil and water resources. Therefore, the application of Pi-fertilizers should be reduced through some efficient strategies. The identification of genotypes more tolerant to Pi deficiency is an important low-cost strategy to promote sustainable agriculture in low fertility soils. In this study, the morphological and biochemical responses of five cultivars of common bean (Talash, Mahali Khomein, Sadri, Kosha and Line Ks21191) were evaluated under Pi sufficiency and Pi deficiency. Under Pi-deficient conditions, fresh and dry weights and shoot length were lower while root length was higher in comparison with Pi-sufficient conditions. Under Pi-deficient conditions, the highest and lowest levels of total P were observed in Mahali Khomein and Talash, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in root and catalase in leave showed remarkable increase under Pi-deficient conditions. In conclusion, Mahali Khomein and Talash were the most and the least Pi-deficient tolerant cultivars, respectively.

Basil (Ocimum basillicum L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae familyis an important herbal medicinal plant that essential oils from the aerial parts of the plant have been used in food industry as an antibacterial agent and perfumery. This study was conducted in 2014 at the research farm of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The treatments were arranged a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experimental treatments were two basil populations including Varam in and Qaen and different amounts of macro and micro-elements in nine levels. The traits in this study included plant height, leaf length, leaf width, dry weight, number of leaves, number of sub branches, Chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoid and essential oil. The results revealed that the majority of these traits affected by experimental treatments.The result of mean comparisons were showed that the highest dry weight (77.66 g/m2) belonged toVaram in population by application of nano- zinc chelate fertilizer at 1.5 kg/h. Based on the results, the highest chlorophyll a (6.5 g/mg FW) was obtained in Qaen population using urea fertilizer at 60kg/ha. The Varam in population with 0.93 percent essential oil had a significant superiority to the Qaen population with an average of 0.77%V/W essential oil. In addition, application of nitrox in fertilizer at 3 kg/ha had the highest amount of essential oil (1. 09%). The Varam in population with 0.93% essential oil was better than Qaen population. Application of nitroxin bio fertilizer at 3 kg/ha also had the highest essential oil (1. 09%). The results of the present study showed that different treatments concentrations had different results on the measurement traits. It seems that application of nano chelate fertilizer and nitroxin bio fertilizer can be effectively used to improve soil, environment and human health and serve as a good substitute of chemical fertilizers.

The most important of growth phase of plants such as soybean coincide in the summer, which is usually exposed to stresses such as heat, and drought. It can supposed that the use of external component such as vitamins and melatoninto reduce the negative effects of stresses on plants and therefore increase yield. This study wase conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design in three replications. Treatments including melatonin foliar application (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mM) and vitamins B group (0, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine 100 mg / L). Effects of melatonin and vitamin B on total dry weight, yield, plasma membrane stability, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, flavonoids and anthocyanins were significant. Most of the traits were studied including seed yield, relative water content and chlorophyll in 0.2 mM melatonin solution with pantothenic acid were significantly increased. The effect of pyridoxine was also significant. With increasing concentrations of melatonin with non-presence of vitamin B, the percent of protein and seed oil increased. Foliar application of 0.1 and 0.2 mM melatonin increased grain yield increased by 27% and 84%, respectively. According to the results of this experiment combination of Pantothenic acid and 0.2 mM melatonin yield, plasma membrane stability, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll a and b,flavonoids and anthocyanins significantly increased.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of the putrescine on some growth characteristics and mineral elements content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genove) under salinity stress, a pot factorial experiment was performed based on completely randomize design. The treatments included four levels of salinity with irrigation water (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl) and three levels of putrescine (0, 1 and 2 mM) in three replications. The results of this study showed that the interaction of the salinity and putrescine were significant on all of the studied traits. The mean comparison indicated that the highest dry weight (4.03 g/plant) of aerial parts, RWC content (72.7%), P (1.5%), K (1.7%), Zn (22.3 mg/kg), Ca (1.31%), Mg (0.53 %) and Mn (89.05 mg/kg) were observed at the treatment with 2 mM putrescine foliar application without salinity stress. Whereas, the highest Na (0.9%) were observed at 120 mM salinity stress without putrescine application and application of 2 mM putrescine decreased it. Under salinity stress, putrescine improved the mineral elements content and caused to increase fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and RWC of basil; but in the most studied traits there was no significant difference between two concentrations of putrescine.