جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "gis" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

For a long time, the fire incident has been the main problem of urban management and sustainable urban development. In addition to human and social factors, the occurrence of fires is largely influenced by the urban physical environment. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The available information on fire incidents (during the five-year period of 2014-2018) was mapped and analyzed in terms of space and time using the spatial analysis available in GIS. Then, using spatial analysis of hot spots, the pattern of spatial distribution of fire incidents in Ardabil city was determined. Also, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique has been used to analyze high or low fire incidents in Ardabil city. According to the results of the research, the density of incidents is higher in the central parts and in spots from the outskirts of the city. About (40%) of the city's area are located in areas with a high and very high risk of vulnerability. The degree of vulnerability is high in the central part of the city and neighborhoods that have unfavorable socio-economic and environmental conditions.

Active geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes that are effective in the formation of the earth and its features (Taghian and Malekzadeh, 1401; Keller and Pinter, 2002). Geomorphic indices can be used as a useful and efficient tool in investigating tectonic and neotectonic activities, because by using them, you can easily identify areas that have experienced fast or slow tectonic activities in the past (Abedini, 2015). These indicators show the relationship between tectonics and surface effects well, and with the knowledge of this relationship, tectonic events can be interpreted by examining the shapes and unevenness of the earth's surface (Morisava and Hack, 2020).Iranian plateau is a folded alpine region. Currently, it is under pressure from all sides and neotectonic movements are still continuing in it. The occurrence of frequent earthquakes in Iran is one of the consequences of active neotectonic movements at present. The location of the epicenter of most of the recorded earthquakes along the two folded and young belts of the northern and southern margins (Alborz and Zagros), Iran, shows this connection well (Berberian & King, 1981). Almost no region in the world can be found that has not been affected by neotectonic changes during the last few thousand years (Keller & Pinter, 2002).

The Dizj Safar Ali Chai watershed is located in the 100,000th sheet of Varzeghan in a part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan tectonic unit that includes Qara Dagh and Arsbaran mountains, and it is one of the sub-basins of the Varzeghan watershed in East Azerbaijan province. (figure 1). Barracks and alluvial cones can be seen on the southern edge of Varzeghan around the Dizaj Safar Ali Chai river. Due to the hard rock units and the mountainous nature of the region and the high slope of the rivers in the northern part of the basin, they have often created narrow valleys. Except for the southern part of the region, which consists of Pliocene deposits and has smooth and worn surfaces, the rest of the region is formed of sharp and rough ridges due to the presence of hard rocks despite rainfall and erosion. Locally and regionally, due to the processes Chemical weathering and alteration, mountains with worn and smooth surfaces are also observed. In Figure (1), the geographical location of the studied area is presented. Figure 1- Geographical location of the studied area, source: authors, 2022.

The AF values for the studied basin are calculated as 300. As can be seen, the degree of symmetry in the Safar Ali basin is low and indicates the uplift on the left bank of the main waterway and tectonic activities and asymmetry (Figure 8 and Table 1). This index reflects the balance between erosion forces (with a tendency to create sinusoidal fronts) and tectonic forces with a tendency to create straight fronts (Verios et al., 2004). Different researchers have expressed different values to indicate the level of activity of the basin by this index (Table 4) and (Figure 10), numerical values close to 1 of the Smf index indicate mountains that are associated with active uplift and have straight fronts and depressions and outwards. They have less impact, but if the amount of uplift is reduced or becomes zero, the erosion process starts and shapes the mountain forehead in a sinusoidal and irregular manner, which becomes more irregular with the passage of time. Therefore, the increase in the slope of the mountain front (Smf index) indicates the tectonic stability of that front. The level of the slope of the mountain front in the Safar Ali watershed is 2.16, which is semi-active. In general, the lower this value is, the more active the area is. The obtained value indicates the semi-active tectonics in the region. Figure (10) shows the SMF index map of the studied basin.

Paying attention and understanding the dynamics and dynamics of the natural environment with a systemic and basin approach is of great importance and necessity in regional development and construction planning, because the accurate knowledge of these features can lead to the improvement of the environment and prevent the occurrence of hazards and financial and life losses. reduce Knowing the morphotectonic and morphodynamic issues and features in the Safar Ali drainage basin, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and analyze the amount of tectonic activities using geomorphological indicators such as asymmetry indicators (Af), drainage density index (D) and hypsometric integral. , the amount of sinuosity or meandering of the river (RS), the sinuosity of the mountain front (smf) and the ratio of the basin shape (BS) indicate the tectonic activity in the Safar Ali Dizaj catchment, and according to these results, it can be said that the Safar Ali Dizaj basin It has relatively high and active tectonic activity and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults of the region. The study and investigation of geomorphological and morphometric indicators in Dizj Safar Ali basin indicates that tectonics is active in the region. The results of this research showed that the Dizaj Safar Ali basin has a relatively high and semi-active tectonic activity, and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults in the region. Due to the existence of many faults around, near and inside the Dizj basin. Safar Ali and tectonic activity in the region, it can be said that the intensification of morphodynamic activity in the Safar Ali basin is related to and affected by tectonic factors in this basin. Finally, due to the presence of numerous faults in Varzghan region and near and within the study area, tectonic movements and earthquakes and range processes (creep, subsidence, landslides and soliflexion) are not far from expected in the area. Therefore, officials and subordinate organizations should apply special measures in civil works and constructions in this area in order to reduce the occurrence of human and financial losses and not to harm the well-being and comfort of the people.

Water quality is the process to determine the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water bodies and identifying the source of any possible pollution or contamination which might cause degradation of the water quality. Due to the rapid growth of industries, the disposal of liquid and solid wastes is increasing, thereby polluting soil and water. If the waste is not disposed of properly, then it percolates into the ground and causes problems like groundwater contamination, degradation of vegetation, soil contamination and modification of soil properties, etc. Nevertheless, traditional methods of water quality monitoring are often expensive and time-consuming. This is especially important for large water bodies such as lakes, dams, and rivers where sampling does not cover the entire body of water. Publicly available RS data are collected at regional scales and temporal resolutions (i.e., repeat collection time) that are much more frequent than field sampling campaigns. The physics and chemical characteristics of water can be determined from spectral signatures. Also, extracting water quality measurements directly from satellite imagery can allow rapid identification of impaired waters, potentially leading to faster responses by water agencies. Remote sensing data is an appropriate alternative to monitoring water resources due to its time and cost-effectiveness in a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Currently, there are various types of remote sensing data such as hyperspectral and multispectral data that can be used to monitor and evaluate water quality. Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) have been used extensively to assess the water quality all over the world. The Euphrates River is one of the most important rivers in Iraq, which has hosted various civilizations in the ancient Mesopotamia region since ancient times and is still of great importance to the urban and rural communities of Iraq. The Hillah River is one of the two main branches of the Euphrates River, which flows eastward by branching off from it. This river is the most important river in the Babylon governorate in Iraq, which passes through a wide area and several small streams flow from it to supply water to agricultural lands in other governorates. The Hillah River passes through several cities and is affected by industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastewater, which has received less attention than other areas of the Euphrates River. For this purpose, in this research, a detailed assessment of the quality and pollution of the Hillah River in the Babylon governorate is carried out using different methods of remote sensing, GIS, and field and laboratory operations to determine the quality of this river.the purpose of its performance is to assessment the quality of water and soil for the area of Hillah river in Babylon governorate in Iraq. The method of collecting data and information needed to perform quantitative and qualitative analyzes in research was based on field, laboratory and library operations, and various software tools were used in data processing. In order to determine and collect water and soil quality samples, field operations have been used. For this purpose, the area of Hillah city is considered as the base point and samples have been collected parallel to the river Hillah in the north and south of the city. Accordingly, in terms of number, distribution and accuracy in field sampling, 10 points were collected from the area by using Garmin handheld GPS device, 7 points were taken from water and 3 points were taken from the soil of the area. The field work to determine the sampling locations was based on several reconnaissance trips and as a result, the locations of the main water sampling stations were identified. Then, they visited the desired places twice a month, and each time they visited, relevant samples were taken. The samples were collected in standard plastic bottles with a capacity of 1.5 liters and their lids were tightly closed. Paying attention to the change in composition, soil samples were taken with a wider spatial distribution and from places with far distances from each other in the Hillah river basin, and the volume of each soil sample varied between 1 and 1.5 kg. Two different laboratories in Babylon governorate have been referred to perform quality tests on the collected samples. The laboratory measures have been carried out in two separate stages. In the first step, the measures of preparing the samples and separating them from each other have been carried out, which includes labeling, determining the date of water and soil samples, and classifying the samples for laboratory analysis. In the second stage, laboratory equipment and operations have been used for the qualitative analysis of the samples, and various devices such as CRISON have been used to test the physical and chemical parameters on the samples. Using laboratory tools and facilities, various physical and chemical variables of water quality have been measured based on the collected samples. For this purpose, 13 parameters have been tested on the samples. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were measured using an EC meter and pH using a pH meter according to the relevant methods. The capacity of calcium and magnesium ions in water samples has been measured using the weighing method. Soluble sulfate, phosphate and nitrate were measured by a spectrophotometer. Sodium concentration in water was measured by flame photometer. Chloride in water was estimated from the scaling method using silver nitrate standard solution and using potassium chromate solution as the relevant guide and the results were expressed in ppm. Total hardness was measured as calcium and magnesium in water as milligrams per liter or ppm. Turbidimeteror is used to measure water turbidity. Finally, the iodometric method has been used to measure dissolved oxygen in water. In soil quality measurement, in addition to the parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, calcium, magnesium and sodium, which are also evaluated in the measurement of water samples, other parameters were also measured. including sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and calcium carbonate (CaCo). For the measurement of the mentioned two elements, special laboratory tools have been used like other elements. WQI index has been used to evaluate the water quality at the region of the Hillah river. For this purpose, the data related to the stations sampled from the water level were entered into the calculations of the WQI index, and based on this index, the water quality was evaluated on a monthly basis, and water quality maps were prepared for the region. The WQI index equation creates a range between 1 and 100, where 1 means the poorest and 100 the best water quality, and within this range, five classes are set to classify the water quality as very poor or inadequate, poor, moderately good, good and excellent. For satellite images processing, Landsat satellite imagery data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database archive has been used. In this regard, the image of Landsat 8 satellite OLI sensor for the date 2021/06/27 of the area has been selected as the main satellite data for processing.The research results can be presented in several sections. In the analysis of water quality in terms of quality parameters, it has been determined that, except for several cases in different months, in most cases, the concentration of chemical parameters of water did not exceed the permissible limit, and the physical parameters were appropriate. However, the results of the drinking water quality index have shown that the water of the Hillah River is at a poor and very poor level in terms of quality according to the location of the samples, and the spatial quality map of the Hillah river has also shown that the central to northern areas are of a more suitable quality than The southern regions have it, the main reason of which is the concentration of agricultural lands and the entry of waste and various effluents into the water in those areas. The results of evaluating the physical and chemical quality of soil in the studied area have also shown that soils with sandy texture are richer than mixed clay soils in terms of parameters such as electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and SAR, and on the other hand, pH and calcium carbonate of Clay soils were more than sandy soils. The evaluation of the correlation of the parameters between the values of the water and soil samples has been done and the coefficient of the orrelation between them has been obtained, and in some cases, there has been a high correlation between the parameters. Finally, by evaluating the correlation between the quality parameters and the Landsat image bands in terms of combinations and band ratios, it has been determined that there was a direct correlation in a few cases, and on the other hand, the linear relationship also indicated the absence of a relationship between the WQI index and the spectral bands.

Landslide is one of the most important geomorphological processes of slopes, which in addition to its significant role in the evolution of slopes, is sometimes considered as a serious hazard. In this regard, the preparation of landslide risk zoning maps is one of the basic strategies to reduce the risks of this phenomenon. In the present study, the risk of landslides in the Nirchai catchment area, located in Ardabil province, was evaluated. The research methodology is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) model in the context of GIS. For this purpose, 10 variables affecting the occurrence of landslides including the variables of slope, slope direction, height, slope length, convexity of the surface, geological formations, precipitation, distance from waterway, vegetation and land use were included in the model. The results show that the three variables of slope (weight 0.217), lithology (weight 0.217) and precipitation (weight 0.167) are the most important and, in fact, the main controllers Landslide processes at the surface of Nirchai catchment area are considered. The results of landslide risk zoning also indicate that about 9.8% of the surface of Nirchai basin is in the high risk class and about 19.3% of it is in the high risk class. High-risk and high-risk areas are mainly scattered in the middle parts of Nirchai basin. In this part of the basin, various variables such as suitable slope (especially 20 to 40%), vulnerable geological formations, average altitude, receiving favorable rainfall, high drainage density, etc. have increased the potential for landslides.

Land degradation and desertification have emerged as one of the world's most pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges, posing a serious threat to global development. Therefore, it is vital to comprehend the worldwide pattern of this land disaster. Desertification and land degradation are two problems at national, regional, and global scales and fighting them has been a global effort since 1992. More than 75% of Iran's area has arid and semi-arid climate conditions. Therefore, this region has a high sensitivity to land degradation and desertification. In recent decades, natural factors such as climate change and anthropogenic influences have played effective roles in providing proper conditions for land degradation worldwide. Arid ecosystems show different forms of land degradation such as salinization of water and soil resources, wind erosion, vegetation degradation, etc. that contribute to desertification. Early monitoring and identification of land degradation through the application of simple and fast ways to alert people and prevent future threats is one of the key goals of various scientific and political groups worldwide. Due to the important role of identifying sensitive ecosystems to land degradation to reduce its impacts (especially in weak and fragile ecosystems), in this research, in order to identify sensitive ecosystems and determine the type of climate involved in land degradation in Khuzestan province, the statistical rates of land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of the mentioned region were assessed.

Khuzestan province with an area of about 64234 Km2 is located between 47º41ʹ 00ʹ to 50º 31ʹ00ʺ east longitude and 23º 04ʹ 00ʺ to 29º 58ʹ 00 ʺ north latitude in the southwest of Iran on Persian Gulf and Arvand River. This province is the center of Iranian oil extraction industry and Ahvaz city is its capital. This province is part of Persian Gulf coastal plains, hot and dry southern regions, and Gulf vegetation region. The province's average rainfall is estimated to be 150 mm. Although average air humidity in Khuzestan is 50%, the majority of Khuzestan plain is dry and desolate due to minimal rainfall. Rainfall in the province increases from south and southwest to north and northeast. Northeast has the highest rainfall, with an average of 616 to 700 mm, and southwest has the lowest amount, with an average of 125 to 225 mm. Annual average temperature is between 24 and 28 ◦C. Evaporation rate is estimated to be 2000 mm per year. Based on the climatic divisions of Amberje, the province includes extreme hot deserts and hot temperate deserts. In terms of topography, it consists of two mountainous parts in north and northeast and a plain in south. There are 500,000 hectares of forests and 5.2 million hectares of rangelands in Khuzestan province. Rangelands are poor winter rangelands with richer vegetation in mountainous areas. Of overall forests, 10% are of good grade, 30% are scarce, and the remaining is degraded and unusable. FAO-UNEP and NDVI vegetation indices were utilized in this investigation. Because NDVI vegetation index depicts the state of cover, it can be used to study the current state of land degradation as a result of effective elements in degradation (rainfall, soil, land cover, etc.). For this purpose, MODIS vegetation images recorded in the range of 2011 and 2013 were extracted from USGS site and their geometric positions were corrected. Three images obtained in March, April, and May in the mentioned years, which represented the highest production, were selected. Then, to eliminate changes between 2011 and 2013, an image representing the maximum production in the aforementioned three months was generated and the maximum images were averaged. Then, maps of rainfall, land use, and land unit were combined to determine work units in GIS environment. The current production values of NDVIMAX and potential production (NDVIPOTENTIAL) were replaced in FAO-UNEP equation and by determining their values in each unit of work and with the help of FAO-UNEP equation, risk classification of the current situation of land degradation was performed in five classes. Then, using network method, we investigated the extent of degradation in Khuzestan province climates (very arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid) and different ecosystems (desert, rangeland, rainfed, and forest) as determined by Domarten Climate Index (ultra-arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid). The samples were random-systematic with a network size of 5×5 km. To explore the extent of difference in degradation in different climates and ecosystems of Khuzestan province, land degradation, climate, and land use maps and Point maps were integrated into GIS, and maps of each climate and ecosystem were generated independently. Finally, the analysis of variance and Duncan test in SPSS software were applied for statistical analysis of different degradations in various climates and ecosystems.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of study area was significant at the level of 1%. Very arid climate (53.75 %) had the highest risk of land degradation, followed by dry climate (32.53%). In semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid climates, the prevalence of land degradation was in middle-risk category and in terms of land degradation, there were no significant differences among the mentioned climates. The results also showed that desert ecosystems (81.95%) and rangeland ecosystems (49.20%) were in the categories of severe and very severe land degradation, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between forest and rainfed ecosystems in terms of land degradation. Also, the predominance of land degradation in these two ecosystems was related to middle-risk class. In rainfed and forest ecosystems, the percentages of severe and extreme hazard classes were higher than those of no risk and low-risk classes. Finally, it could be said that the reason for more severe land degradation in drier regions of Khuzestan province was related to the conditions of that region because its areas were semi-desert (they have not reached the final level of desert) and did not have the conditions of complete desert areas. Also, given that the rate of land degradation in desert ecosystem was the highest, we were faced with new concepts such as man-made or new deserts. It was hoped that the results of the present study and the application of this method could help managers and relevant officials in identifying ecosystems and climates sensitive to degradation to better plan and manage these areas to prevent further land degradation and desertification.Keywords: Current state of land degradation; Climate; Ecosystem; GIS; MODIS images.

Urban development and land use pattern changes have far-reaching environmental effects. Increasing the size and number of cities in the future Human activities such as changing land uses, consuming more resources and emitting pollutants have negative effects on the functioning and structure of the urban system and disrupt the circulation of materials and energy. Population growth, different social and economic conditions of cities, providing high quality housing in cities, fragmentation, destruction of natural habitats due to urban development, while becoming one of the major challenges for managers and planners, It has forced cities to withstand pressures beyond the carrying capacity of environmental refinement and reabsorption capacity. Urban carrying capacity refers to the amount of population or development that can continue in an area without any impact in the area that is too acceptable. This article tries to look at the city of Karaj as a system that has been disrupted due to human intervention, structure, function and processes, and through the correct identification of pressure forces, resources and reservoirs and analysis of their status. To study and monitor the pressures resulting from development in urban regressed systems and by monitoring the indicators of pressure on the urban environment, the stability of the city in the form of load number index and finally in the process of planning and environmental management the life of Karaj city should be used. The study of the Total Load Numbers (TLN) obtained in the districts of Karaj shows that none of the urban districts at the time of the study, according to the 18 indicators, is in the range of the optimal total load number. district 1 of Karaj city had high-to-very high range.

In this study, in order to evaluate the pressure on the urban environment in the city of Karaj, after reviewing information sources and frost documents and preparing existing maps, a number of effective indicators based on weighting analysis and calculating the coefficient of importance of indicators using the method entropy and SMART FILTER were determined. Then, the loading numbers were calculated for each of the indicators in the degrees of carrying capacity and the mapping of these indicators was done in GIS and in each of the areas based on these loading numbers. Finally, the zoning and status of each area of Karaj was determined based on environmental pressure and loading number model (Figure 1).In this research, using the PSIR framework, in addition to structuring information, it is possible to determine important relationships as well as achieve a comprehensive understanding of environmental problems and finally to achieve practical and environmental management solutions. Therefore, effective indicators in the context of pressure-status-effect-response are selected to assess the state of the urban environment (table 3).In order to create a model of loading number from the city board, each of the indicators, in case of minimum allowed (desirable) and maximum allowed or allowed (threshold) is classified into 6 categories and according to the amount and intensity of the index within the allowed limit Winning is given to them to the degree that is called the degree of carrying capacity (DCC) (table 1).In this model, indicators are placed in 6 categories called "Degree of Carrying Capacity (DCC)".In order to calculate the degree of carrying capacity of the indicators, the standards, base values and tariffs for each indicator have been used, which have been calculated for the group of selected indicators, including status, pressure and effects indicators (table 2).In order to compile the spatial model of urban board capacity based on PSIR framework, the indicators are selected using Smart Filter and entropy methods and their importance coefficient is determined. Table 3 shows the importance coefficients of indicators.After determining the importance coefficients of indicators by the importance coefficient matrix, DCC of each indicator was multiplied by its IC. The resulting number represents the pressure on the urban ecosystem based on the concept of carrying capacity. It also indicates the priority of pressure indicators called the load number (LN). LN= DCC x ICTo evaluate the total carrying capacity of 18 pressure indictors, the carrying capacity table and the total pressure number of 18 indicators were used (Table 4).

After determining the DCC and LN of 18 indicators in Karaj, the total load number of these indicators was calculated (Table 6) and the LN maps were prepared (Figure 3, 7). This maps shows the distribution of pressure in different areas of Karaj and is an appropriate tool to investigate and locate critical points and to compare the overall situation in different areas. The total load numbers of the studied zones in the areas of Karaj city and the areas with the highest number of loads were identified and prioritized. Then. In each region, the priority of each indicator in creating pressure was examined (table 5).After calculating the values of the load numbers of each indicator in the study zones, district 1 with the loading number of 312.845, which is in the 3rd to 4th group of the carrying capacity of the total loading number degree, has the highest amount of loading number, the highest of which in the group of indicators is equal to 236.18 and belongs to the indicators, The situation. Then the pressure indices with loading number 47.88 and in the third place are the effect indices with loading number 28.785.The results of this study show that the city of Karaj exceeds the desired environmental level with high pressure on the urban carrying capacity and reveals the need for management and planning to reduce the pressure on the land in the urban areas of Karaj.It should be noted that obtaining the final loading number means a very high pressure and is within the threshold of all indicators, which seems unbearable to achieve, placing the loading number in this range can indicate a high and threshold of most Indicators and requires special attention to the situation of the land in the area whose loading number is mentioned in the range.According to the load number model studied in this study, the applicability of this model in all urban areas is shown and it is easy to compare the load numbers from each urban area to compare the environmental pressure on the urban ecosystem.

Ecological Niche models are ways that allow approximating the area of suitability for a species, thereby allowing elaboration of conservation strategies. In order to creat a model the habitat of Onobrychis cornuta Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) method in a Biomapper software has been used. In this study, the presence points of species used as a dependent variable and 14 environmental variables used as an independent variable. First this layers were prepared and then analyzed by Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) method. Influential environmental variables such as A.m.t, Aspect, Ec, Slop, and TNV have been used. The results of species marginalization shows that this species tends to live in habitat of marginalization. Also, the evaluation of the model using the Cross Validation (0.8) indicate high accuracy model of Ecological Niche Factor Analysis for Onobrychis cornuta in the study area. This way of modeling could be widely used to identify appropriate areas for protecting of valuable native plant species

With consideration of the rapid growth and expansion of cities, followed by population growth and the need for land for housing, it is necessary to have a detailed plan for urban development. The present study aimed to determine the appropriate use of urban development, based on the indicators of the model of ecological potential assessment of urban development in Iran in the city of Pardis, considering 14 criteria. For this purpose, the multi-criteria evaluation method, which the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is the most important process, was used to produce and analyze the data, and the existing criteria were evaluated and integrated according to the Makhdoom model using ARC GIS. Based on results, from total area of 27,600 hectares in the study area, 120,304 hectares have very unfavorable potential, 4404.50 hectares have unfavorable potential, 9433.34 hectares have medium potential, 8684.55 hectares have desirable potential and 4119 hectares also have very good potential. Slope and fault became the most important criteria in urban development and had the highest score, respectively. Also, the southern parts of the north and to some extent the central part of the region have a better position for the future expansion of the city.

This research evaluates the conservation status of Lorestan newt to find new habitats and offers solutions for its protection. In this study, first by studying past researches and inquiring from local people and specialists, and then field visits and collecting information about the fauna and flora of the region and photographing, information about previous habitats as well as new habitats were obtained. Due to the dependence of Lorestan newt on rainfall, humidity, and temperature, changes in precipitation during a year and changes in temperature and humidity were studied, which could help explain the reason for the decline of Lorestan newt. Among the reasons for the decline of this species can be: a) natural threats such as floods, drought, prey, diseases, parasites, b) human threats such as financial abuse, decoration, illegal trade, unscientific research activities, tourists and mountaineers by creating noise pollution and habitat destruction, and adding detergents to water, and c) lack of applied research projects. In this study, 29 habitats were identified and surveyed. The area where the Lorestan newt is found starts from Tang Haft (Lorestan province) to Shahzade Ahmad (Khuzestan province). Habitats of Lorestan province include Tafo, Darreh Gol, Dolshali, Ab Anbar, Nargeseh or Zalazel, Kolchep Waterfall, Abkash, Choobeh, Ashk Ab, Lisaneh, Dol Nisar, Kresar, Moor Dastan, and Vejan Ab Waterfall. Habitats of Khuzestan province include Sargach, Leopard Valley, Karam Ab, Labsefid, Cheshmeh Zayd, Abshare Bozorg, Ab Zaleh, Ab Sardeh, Chenar Mengereh, Deh Sorkheh, Shahzade Ahmad, Haji Barikab, Kol Saad, and Tale Zang or Abshar Shui.  A new habitat has been identified in Haft Cheshmeh village of Poldakhtar city of Lorestan province, called Chalkel, which is located 5 km from Balmak wetland. Unlike waterfall habitats, this habitat has hot dry weather conditions.

Asalouyeh  is one of  the most important oil and gas centers in the southwest of Iran, Bushehr province and on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. Due to the petrochemical and petroleum industries along the coast,oil derivatives leak into the sea, causing pollution of the water basin in the Asalouyeh area and neighboring areas, which is an environmental threat.The GNOME  model is a lagrangian-Eulerian model that is used to find wastewater and contaminated areas. In this paper, to assess the risk of areas affected by the petrochemical effluent contamination of the Asalouyeh coastal area,the refined  petroleum effluent diversified under 3 scenarios with Non-weathering materials, Fuel oil 4 and Fuel oil 6 and each in two volumes of 10 and 100 , set for 2018. Then,wind and flow were analyzed in the area and applied as input file to the model.Subsequently, GIS-based analyzes were used to map and estimate contaminated areas. GIS output estimates and mapping estimates showed that the highest level of contamination was  related to Non-weathering material with an area of 10.92 , which occurred in spring due to increased wind speed and consequently increased water flow. Also, Fuel oil 6 had the highest dispersion, which occurred in the spring. Final results showed that the extent of the contamination with an area of 1.31  reached to the eastern and southeastern parts of Asalouyeh, the Hala and Hara forest area of  Nayband Bay, a national protected area and national park

In general, fishing activities are considered as one of the most important environmental disturbances in increasing the vulnerability of the mangrove ecosystems due to their destructive effects on the process of sedimentation and wave currents, decreasing biodiversity, and introducing oil pollutants into these ecosystems. Therefore, investigating and mapping the intensity of fishing activities in mangrove habitats are of great needs in conducting the vulnerability assessment and providing managerial solutions and empowerment of these ecosystems to minimize and compensate the damages caused by environmental hazards. The aim of this study was to investigate, determine, and delineate and the intensity of fishing activities in the mangrove habitats of the Hormozgan province. To this end, the map of intensity of fishing activities was prepared in Khamir, Qeshm, Tiab, Sirik and Jask habitats through mapping the mangrove habitats, drawing 598 cell networks of 4 × 4 km in the coastal waters and the available geospatial data, and number of vessels in the fishing ports of the Hormozgan province. The results showed that in terms of the geographic distribution and the number of vessels in the fishing ports of the Hormozgan province, the intensity of the fishing activities in the mangrove habitats is ranked as follows: Khamir habitat> Qeshm habitat> Tiab habitat> Jask habitat> Sirik habitat. The results of this study can be used as a prerequisite for assessing the vulnerability of the mangroves of Iran.

Forests are the most important genetic reserves in the world and are considered to be the main sources of water and soil, which, in order to play their role, requires a biodiversity factor. Alborz province has an appropriate species diversity due to the special climatic conditions, diversity of topography, and a large part of its area located in the folds of Alborz Mountains. In this regard, studying its tree and shrub genetic reserves is very important. The present study was conducted in two phases of justification and detailed. In the first stage, information about tree species and shrubs in Alborz province and their districts were obtained based on valid sources. Then, the Landsat 8 satellite image (2014) was prepared for Alborz Province. After calculating the vegetation index and writing the minimum-maximum functions, fields with trees and shrubs were separated from the empty areas. Entering the arena began with recording geographic location, identifying tree species and shrub species and developing distribution maps. The results showed that in less than 3 percent of the province Rosaceae families with 49.12 percent, Cupressaceae with 24.56, Berberidaceae with 12.28, Elaeagnaceae with 5.26, Betulaceae with 3.5, Aceraceae with 1.75, Leguminosae with 1.75 and Rhamnaceae with 1.75 percent, respectively, in terms of species form tree and shrub cover.

Many mountain communities and nations (with mountain) in the world, promote their ecotourism. The aim of this study was to assess and manage potential of tourism in mountain areas is Hamedan city. This issue is important unfortunately, in recent years the lack of attention to the environment, uncontrolled growth and things of this nature are expensive and walking ecotourism losses to the mountains of Hamadan city has arrived and cause massive disruptions in natural systems is biological. ARC GIS 9.3 software for analysis and analytic hierarchy process model (AHP) is used. The first layer information such as elevation, slope, aspect, soils, climate and vegetation were determined and collected. The parameters were classified based on ecological Makhdoom. Then by using analytic hierarchy process AHP Expert choice software using the parameters given weight. The next stage was the standardization of parameters of fuzzy logic in GIS environment. Then it layers the value obtained by multiplying the analytic hierarchy process. Finally, data layer logic GAMMA, AND they were on time and final capability layers were extracted. Visitor Survey maps from the logic of the logic SUM and OR were adjusted by comparing the actual situation seems more logical.

Urban green spaces as an integral and essential component in the metabolism of the body of cites one of them is capable of Major Role. The lack of them can cause serious damage to urban life. The results show that urban green spaces have social and ecological efficiency. The most important green space in cities, functions of environmental or ecological efficiency is for city makes favorable environment and The adverse effects on the development of industry and transport and improve the quality of life of the citizens against the In this study, we investigated Access at the regional level according to current standards and by taking other urban factors, by providing appropriate pattern for optimal distribution of green space in the area is using GIS. To achieve this aim the criteria is located in an area with the appropriate users as wasteland, proximity to educational centers, cultural centers and population centers, network access and communication between facilities, factories and petrol stations in the city and away from the park were used green space. Then, for each of the factors affecting the location of parks, green space, information layers in GIS environment was prepared and for each of the layers was conducted weighted. Then, to modeling, to each layer of information based on their importance locate parks and green space has been reclaimed using appropriate weight AHP model According to the map of places that are rated higher, such as wasteland and open spaces close to the cultural and educational centers have higher priority.