نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال نهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1403)

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key physical parameter of land surface processes, at local and global scales, which is a combination of all results from the land surface and the energy flow between the surface and the atmosphere. Earth surface temperature is an important indicator related to climatic, meteorological, hydrological and environmental phenomena and processes. Currently, data from meteorological stations are the most important decision-making reference in this case (Baidy et al., 2013: 517). What is considered as a basic defect in monitoring the temperature of the earth's surface is the lack of sufficient meteorological stations to know the temperature values in places without stations. Considering the limited information, the need to use remote sensing technology with time conditions, along with the feature of continuity and data collection in wide ranges, can be very efficient (Kake Memi et al., 2019).Soil moisture is the amount of water stored in soil particles and is affected by factors such as precipitation, temperature and other soil properties (Pandi et al., 2020: 1). Estimating soil moisture is of great value for weather forecasting, climate change monitoring, and flood monitoring (Beau et al., 2018). Remote sensing techniques provide tools for mapping soil moisture at large spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing can be effectively used to estimate soil moisture because soil light reflectance and thermal emission are highly correlated with soil moisture (Acharya et al., 2022: 2).Meteorological and hydrogeological studies of the Sentinel satellite series have been developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) to support the services of the European mission and the demands of the Copernicus program (Zarei et al., 2021: 3980); The first three Sentinel missions contribute to the understanding of the Earth system by detecting, monitoring, and evaluating changes in the ocean, troposphere, and land components (Ruskas et al., 2016: 1).

The studied area is Nair city. This city covers 8% of the total area of Ardabil province with an area of 1495 square kilometers. It is located at 47 degrees 59 minutes east longitude and 38 degrees 2 minutes north latitude. This city of Nir is located 35 kilometers west of Ardabil between Sablan and Bezgosh mountains. In this study, Sentinel 2 satellite images have been prepared for the date of 12/7/2022, and then atmospheric and radiometric corrections were made in ENVI 5.6 software, and a part of the images was cut based on the study area. After the atmospheric and radiometric correction of the image, the land use classification map was prepared in eCognition 9 software using the nearest neighbor method of the object-oriented algorithm; There are two main steps in image base object classification. The first step is image segmentation, which divides the image into separate areas or objects (segments) based on a similar spectral and spatial pattern. After segmentation, the second step is to relate the image segments using spectral and shape statistics, texture parameters and topological information. To perform this method, the results of different scales were analyzed. Finally, considering the scale of 60 and the amount of softness and compression, respectively, 4 0.0 and 0.6 segmentation was done. After segmentation of the study area, they were classified into seven classes: irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, residential area, water areas, snow cover, pasture and communication road; Then, the kappa coefficient and accuracy were estimated for validation. Sentinel 2 image was also used to calculate soil moisture using OPTRAM method. To perform this method, first NDVI and STR index were calculated and then soil moisture value was determined using these two indices.In the continuation of the research, to calculate the temperature of the earth's surface, the daily temperature product of Sentinel 3 images related to the time of 7/11/2022 was prepared for the studied area; And in the SNAP software, the temperature of the earth's surface was estimated. The Sentinel 3 temperature product is an official level 2 product and has a spatial resolution of 1 km. It provides estimates of LST and some related parameters, e.g. LST uncertainty, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation type (biome), atmospheric column water vapor content (CWVC) and parameters related to LST retrieval. has After extracting maps of surface temperature and soil moisture using satellite images, the correlation between the dependent variable of humidity and the independent variable of temperature has been investigated using geographic weighted regression. calculating In this research, in the first step, the classification of land use in seven classes of irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, pasture, residential area, water areas, snow cover and communication road has been done using the object-oriented method in eCognition software. The accuracy of this classification has an overall accuracy of 99% and a kappa coefficient of 98%, which has achieved acceptable results due to the use of Sentinel 2 images. One of the influencing factors on land suitability for different uses is soil surface temperature. In this study, the temperature products of Sentinel 3 images were used to check the soil surface temperature. One of the factors affected by climate and temperature is soil moisture; In this way, Sentinel 2 images and OPTRAM method have been used to estimate soil moisture. Examining the results shows that the temperature of the ground surface and the amount of soil moisture are completely dependent on the nature of the types of use. The highest average temperature related to pasture use is 43 degrees Celsius and the lowest average temperature related to snow and water use is 34 and 37 degrees, respectively. Examining the soil moisture of each land use shows that water areas have the highest average humidity and residential areas have the lowest average. Based on the results, there is a direct and inverse relationship between soil surface moisture, vegetation density and surface temperature. The presence of moisture on the surface of the soil and vegetation leads to a decrease in the temperature of the earth's surface. So that dry lands, or in other words, low humidity, as well as lands with low density vegetation, correspond to the areas that show high temperature in thermal images.

Introuduction:

Studies have shown that 16% of hearing loss is occupational and caused by noise in the work ‎environment. Also, about 0.2 to 2% of the gross domestic product in developing countries is ‎spent on expenses caused by noise, and about a third of hearing loss is caused by exposure to ‎excessive noise. Fortunately, in Iran, more attention has been paid to noise pollution in recent ‎years; So that according to Article 2 of the Executive Regulations related to how to prevent ‎noise pollution, since 1378 it has been prohibited to take any action that causes noise pollution ‎‎[7]. Sound pollution control, which is very important today, is important in the first step of ‎measuring the level of sound pressure and comparing it with the standard (85 dB for 8 hours ‎of work). According to the studies conducted by the researchers of this project, at least one ‎million workers in the country are exposed to noise exceeding the permissible limit, among ‎which the exposure of workers to noise in workshops such as stone cutting, carpentry, welding ‎and turning is significant. is Also, with the increasing progress of industry and industrial ‎technology, the need to investigate the risk factors of the work environment, including sound, ‎which is considered as the most common physical harmful factors in the work environment, ‎has been felt more and due to the increase in the diversity of the risk of injury. This factor is ‎necessary for workers to compile basic information for the study of the situation of exposed ‎groups and hearing protection programs [3]. The purpose of hearing protection programs in the ‎workplace is to prevent the occurrence of The onset and progression of hearing loss is caused ‎by exposure to noise in workers. In America, after recognizing hearing loss as a health ‎problem, OSHA announced guidelines that included the minimum principles and regulations ‎necessary for employers to establish them in the work environment. Although the ‎implementation of these principles alone does not guarantee the full effectiveness of this ‎program in preventing hearing loss. The employee hearing protection program consists of 5 ‎steps, which are: regular sound check, implementation of engineering or administrative ‎methods in order to establish permissible limits, training, use of personal protective equipment, ‎evaluation through audiometry in the workplace. Depending on the case, the implementation ‎of one of the above steps can be emphasized more. But in general, the implementation of all 5 ‎steps is essential and effective [1]. Most of the sawmill workers employed in this study were ‎men. Although blood pressure was unknown before recruitment, it is assumed that many of ‎them had normal values. Some of the factors known as risk factors for high blood pressure are: ‎family history of high blood pressure, increasing age, sedentary lifestyle and diet. However, ‎this study is focused on the effects of long-term noise exposure on blood pressure in Bandar ‎Anzali lumber mill workers.‎

The study area: Bandar Anzali is connected to the Caspian Sea from the north, Soumesara ‎City from the south, Rasht City from the east, and Razvanshahr City from the west. Bandar ‎Anzali City is located in a completely plain area along the coast of the Caspian Sea. The ‎present study is a descriptive and analytical type that was carried out in the wood-cutting ‎workshops of Bandar Anzali city. In this research, 65 employees of the lumber workshop of ‎the city were selected and statistical sampling was done using Cochran's formula, based on ‎this formula, the statistical sample number of 52 employees was selected as a cluster from ‎several available workshops.‎The information of all subjects under study, including demographic information, medical ‎records, and job information was obtained using the direct interview method and recorded in ‎a questionnaire that was designed for the implementation of this study. The information in this ‎questionnaire included: age, work experience, medical history, duration of exposure to the ‎device, proximity to the device, blood pressure before work, blood pressure after work, and ‎sound intensity measured on site. The data obtained by SPSS 20.0 statistical analysis software ‎were calculated and to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was ‎considered with the acceptance condition of the test result above 0.7. Pearson's correlation test ‎was used to determine the significance of the relationship between research variables.‎

In this study, 78.85% (41 people) of these employees did not have a history of hypertension, ‎while 21.15% of these people (11 people) had a history of hypertension. To check the ‎reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test with the acceptance condition of the test ‎result above 0.7 is considered, and the results of the test analysis are 0.86, which indicates the ‎acceptable reliability of the questionnaire.‎The secretaries in the sawmill workshop are not directly connected to the machines and are ‎mostly working in a separate room, that's why the sound intensity is low for them (the average ‎sound intensity is approximately 67 dB). And the amount of changes in their blood pressure, ‎after and before work, is almost zero. However, the amount of changes in the blood pressure ‎of these people and also the level of sound intensity in the rooms of these people depends on ‎the distance of their work room from the workshop and the proximity to the type of machine. ‎To investigate the existence of a relationship between these three factors in the sawmill ‎workshop. Pearson's correlation test was used to check the relationship between the three ‎variables. According to Table 3-4, the value of sig indicates the existence of a relationship ‎between three variables. Because the value of sig is less than 0.05, as a result, there is a ‎significant relationship between the three variables.‎The results obtained from the data analysis of the lumber workshop indicate that there is a ‎significant relationship between blood pressure before work and blood pressure after work. ‎While there is no significant relationship between any of the variables of age, working hours, ‎having a history of hypertension, and blood pressure after logging. Also, according to the ‎number of hours, the workers are exposed to the devices and the number of changes in their ‎blood pressure, it can be said that there is a difference between the exposure of people ‎between 5-6 hours and 7-8 hours of exposure of people to the devices in the lumberyards. It ‎does not exist, and on average, each device raises people's blood pressure by 1.01. Due to the ‎low level of sound intensity in the secretary's office (the average sound intensity is ‎approximately 67 decibels), the amount of blood pressure changes after and before work is ‎zero. However, the amount of blood pressure changes in these people as well as the sound ‎intensity of these people's rooms depends on the distance of their work room from the ‎workshop and the proximity to the type of device. ,‎

The way of pollution spreads one of the most important issues in the marine environment. In this study, the spread of mercury pollution on the surface and bed areas of the northern and southern region of Kish Island was investigated by using the 3D MITgcm model in the winter season. Primary data (temperature, salinity, wind, net heat flux, evaporation and precipitation) were interred to the model and modeling was carried out by considering the three factors of wind, density gradient and tide for 10 years. After the stability of the model, comparing the results of the hydrodynamic model with the measured data showed a good agreement among them. Moreover, the results of using the passive mercury detector showed that in June and February, the mercury pollution spread to the Strait of Hormuz because of the influence of the prevailing currents around the Kish Island, but over the time, on March, it can be seen that the pollution spread towards the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. In the lower layers, due to the reduction of wind stress, mercury pollution spreads slowly in the bed. At the beginning of the modeling, mercury contamination is observed up to a depth of 70 meters, while at the end of the modeling, its concentration decreases due to mixing the pollution with nearby waters.

From a philosophical and mystical perspective, Lingering Gardens in Suzhou, China, are regarded as spaces that manifest a profound connection between humans, nature, the cosmic universe, and spirituality. These gardens embody principles and concepts rooted in Taoist philosophy, emphasizing the natural way of life (Tao) and the harmonious balance between humans and their surroundings (Confucianism). The various sections of the gardens, such as the "Main Fountain Garden" with its springs and ornamental structures, the "Greenhouse" featuring a diverse range of greenhouse plants, the "Outdoor Gardens" with their diverse natural and historical landscapes, the "Meadow Garden" with wild plants and meadows, and the "Forests" with forested areas, collectively form an environment that encourages contemplation and connection. From a Taoist perspective, the gardens represent the embodiment of the natural and essential way of life. Natural changes, flowing water, and the exhibition of the beauty of nature create an experience of the eternal flow of changes in the material world, resonating with the natural flow of life. Moreover, by imitating natural landscapes and incorporating artistic elements, the gardens convey a deeper connection between humanity and the natural world. The principles of Confucian philosophy are also present in various aspects of the gardens. The meticulous architectural structures and the meticulous arrangement of elements signify the harmonious relationship between humans and the universe. The garden structures, through unique designs and profound concepts, lead to a deeper understanding of the human connection to the natural environment and the cosmic order. For instance, "Drifting Fragrance Hall" invokes contemplation about time and change in life through its depiction of temporal movement. In conclusion, Lingering Gardens combine Taoist and Confucian philosophical principles to offer a profound experience of the human connection with nature and the cosmic universe. These experiences are communicated through the aesthetics of nature, reflections on life, and engagement with spiritual and profound concepts. In contrast, garden design during the imperial era, although still showcasing natural beauty, was often employed as a symbol of imperial power and authority. The choice of plants and design elements aimed to convey the might and prestige of the empire.From a philosophical and mystical perspective, Lingering Gardens in Suzhou, China, are regarded as spaces that manifest a profound connection between humans, nature, the cosmic universe, and spirituality. These gardens embody principles and concepts rooted in Taoist philosophy, emphasizing the natural way of life (Tao) and the harmonious balance between humans and their surroundings (Confucianism). The various sections of the gardens, such as the "Main Fountain Garden" with its springs and ornamental structures, the "Greenhouse" featuring a diverse range of greenhouse plants, the "Outdoor Gardens" with their diverse natural and historical landscapes, the "Meadow Garden" with wild plants and meadows, and the "Forests" with forested areas, collectively form an environment that encourages contemplation and connection. From a Taoist perspective, the gardens represent the embodiment of the natural and essential way of life. Natural changes, flowing water, and the exhibition of the beauty of nature create an experience of the eternal flow of changes in the material world, resonating with the natural flow of life. Moreover, by imitating natural landscapes and incorporating artistic elements, the gardens convey a deeper connection between humanity and the natural world. The principles of Confucian philosophy are also present in various aspects of the gardens. The meticulous architectural structures and the meticulous arrangement of elements signify the harmonious relationship between humans and the universe. The garden structures, through unique designs and profound concepts, lead to a deeper understanding of the human connection to the natural environment and the cosmic order. For instance, "Drifting Fragrance Hall" invokes contemplation about time and change in life through its depiction of temporal movement. In conclusion, Lingering Gardens combine Taoist and Confucian philosophical principles to offer a profound experience of the human connection with nature and the cosmic universe. These experiences are communicated through the aesthetics of nature, reflections on life, and engagement with spiritual and profound concepts. In contrast, garden design during the imperial era, although still showcasing natural beauty, was often employed as a symbol of imperial power and authority. The choice of plants and design elements aimed to convey the might and prestige of the empire.From a philosophical and mystical perspective, Lingering Gardens in Suzhou, China, are regarded as spaces that manifest a profound connection between humans, nature, the cosmic universe, and spirituality. These gardens embody principles and concepts rooted in Taoist philosophy, emphasizing the natural way of life (Tao) and the harmonious balance between humans and their surroundings (Confucianism). The various sections of the gardens, such as the "Main Fountain Garden" with its springs and ornamental structures, the "Greenhouse" featuring a diverse range of greenhouse plants, the "Outdoor Gardens" with their diverse natural and historical landscapes, the "Meadow Garden" with wild plants and meadows, and the "Forests" with forested areas, collectively form an environment that encourages contemplation and connection. From a Taoist perspective, the gardens represent the embodiment of the natural and essential way of life. Natural changes, flowing water, and the exhibition of the beauty of nature create an experience of the eternal flow of changes in the material world, resonating with the natural flow of life. Moreover, by imitating natural landscapes and incorporating artistic elements, the gardens convey a deeper connection between humanity and the natural world. The principles of Confucian philosophy are also present in various aspects of the gardens. The meticulous architectural structures and the meticulous arrangement of elements signify the harmonious relationship between humans and the universe. The garden structures, through unique designs and profound concepts, lead to a deeper understanding of the human connection to the natural environment and the cosmic order. For instance, "Drifting Fragrance Hall" invokes contemplation about time and change in life through its depiction of temporal movement. In conclusion, Lingering Gardens combine Taoist and Confucian philosophical principles to offer a profound experience of the human connection with nature and the cosmic universe. These experiences are communicated through the aesthetics of nature, reflections on life, and engagement with spiritual and profound concepts. In contrast, garden design during the imperial era, although still showcasing natural beauty, was often employed as a symbol of imperial power and authority. The choice of plants and design elements aimed to convey the might and prestige of the empire.

In general, rivers have a hydraulic connection with aquifers and they affect each other quantitatively and qualitatively. River water percolates into the underground along its path and after passing through the subsurface layers, it feeds the aquifers. During the infiltration of water inside the layers, the concentration of contaminants in river water is reduced as a result of river bank filtration or because of some processes in the porous media. This makes the quality of the passing water inside the subsurface layers much better compared to the quality of the river water before infiltration and purification.In the east of Golestan Province and in the vicinity of the Doogh River, one of the main branches of the Gorganrud River, two Felmann wells have been drilled. The discharge of each Felmann Kalaleh wells is about 200 liters per second, which is equivalent to 5 deep wells drilled for drinking water in the Gorgan Plain. The water of these two Felmann wells is used to supply almost 20% of the water of the urban population of Gonbad Kavous. In addition, using the Felmann well method plays an important role in reducing water treatment costs (especially physical treatment). Therefore, the mentioned method can be of interest to water and sewage companies and water affairs located in the northern provinces of IranPrevious studies showed that Felmann Kalaleh wells have a good efficiency in improving the water quality of the Doogh River. However, the river discharge effect variations on the amount of water parameters extracted from Felmann Kalaleh wells is still unknown and needs to be investigated. Therefore, the investigation of the factors affecting the quality of the river water feeding the wells of Felmann Kalaleh, as well as its effect on the quality parameters of the wells, is important for the optimal and appropriate use of their water for drinking water. Hence, the current research is aimed to investigate the role of Doogh River discharge fluctuations and its effects on the water quality parameters of the river and Felmann well.

Doogh River is one of the important sub-basins of Gorganroud River and it drains parts of the three provinces of Semnan, North Khorasan, and Golestan. A part of the Doogh River catchment located in Golestan province has many differences with other parts of the basin in Semnan and North Khorasan provinces in terms of climatic conditions, vegetation, geology, physiography, and geomorphology. It plays a very important role in the agriculture of the region in addition to controlling the floods in the east of Golestan Province. Therefore, the quantitative and qualitative study of Doogh River water is very important in terms of agriculture and drinking.In general, there are two Felmann wells in Kalaleh City, which play an important role in supplying drinking water to Gonbad Kavous City. These two wells were drilled by the water and sewerage company of the province in 2013 in the vicinity of the Doogh River (one of the main tributaries of the Gorganrud River) and in the vicinity of the two villages of Ajen and Qarakhoja. The approximate depth of these two wells is about 20 meters, the diameter of their main opening is about 3 meters, at the end of which 12 radial galleries with an approximate length of 30 meters are drilled, which bring water into the water supply network of Gonbad Kavous City with a flow rate of about 200 liters per second.In this research, for the physicochemical and microbial analysis of well and river waters, samples were taken simultaneously from Doogh River and Felmann Kalaleh wells following the existing standard methods. For this purpose, 10 samples of river water and 10 samples of each of Felmann Kalaleh wells were collected at the same time in a period of approximately five months from October 2019 to February 2019. Also, the discharge values of Doogh River were collected from the hydrometric station in the vicinity of Felmann wells.Correlation test was used at the probability level of 0.05 to investigate the relationship between discharge fluctuations with the physicochemical characteristics of Felmann wells and also the relationship between river discharge fluctuations with the river's physicochemical characteristics. All statistical tests were performed in MINITAB 17 software.

Results revealed that most of the values related to chemical parameters such TDS, sodium, calcium, etc. are within the permissible limit for drinking water according to the 1053 standard of Iran and World Health Organization (WHO). However, the amount of turbidity and total coliform is higher than the permissible limit and needs to be purified for use in the drinking sector.Based on the p-value of the paired T-test for only 6 factors (including TDS, fluoride, sodium, chloride, nitrite, and manganese) out of 24 qualitative factors between the physicochemical characteristics of river water and Felmann 1 and 2 wells that were collected simultaneously and, no significant difference was observed. But this difference is evident in 18 parameters. This indicates that the riverbank filtration as a result of processes suchas surface absorption, aerobic, and anaerobic decomposition by microorganisms and filtration of sediments was not effective on the values of TDS, fluoride, sodium, chloride, nitrite, and manganese parameters.Based on the results of the removal efficiency by riverbank filtration, most of the removal rate due to riverbank filtration is related to turbidity, total coliform, and color, respectively, at the rate of 97.52, 96.91 and 79.17 for well number 1. However, similar numbers were obtained for well No.2. Also, the results revealed that during the riverbank filtration, the amount of some parameters such as calcium, total hardness, etc. increased in Felmann well due to the change in water chemistry and interactions taking place in the active zone created in the river bed.

Results:

 revealed that riverbank filtration played an important role in reducing some quality parameters, especially total coliform, turbidity, and color. But this amount has decreased significantly in nitrate. While some parameters such as bicarbonate and electricalconductivitynot only did not decrease much, but also slightly increased. This can be a result of change in water chemistry and the environment during the filtration process, as well as the change in pressure. Also, the mixing of water obtained from filtration with groundwater water can affect the concentration of these parameters.Investigation of the relationship between river water fluctuations and the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of river showed that 13 of 24 factors investigated include turbidity, color, TDC, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and total coliform. There is a significant relationship between the values of these 13 qualitative factors and the Felmann well, and for 11 qualitative factors, no significant relationship was observed between discharge fluctuations and the quality characteristics of river water.As expected, there is a direct, linear, and positive relationship between the changes in Doogh river discharge with turbidity, color, sodium, and electrical conductivity. This relationship indicates the existence of geological formations such as marl and clays containing evaporite minerals in a large area of sub-basins of this river in North Khorsan and Semnan Provinces, which the intensification of rainfall and the subsequent increase in the discharge of the Doogh River cause the dissolution of this formations in water, and consequently, increase in the amount of dissolved and suspended solids in Doogh River water.Contrary to the mentioned parameters, the changes between Doogh River discharge and total coliform of whole relationship are direct, linear but negative. So, with the increase in flow rate, the amount of total coliform of Doogh River decreases significantly.The results of the correlation test, to investigate the significant relationship between the river discharge and the physicochemical characteristics of Felmann well, revealed that the value of 12 factors out of 24 factors investigated in Felmann number 1 including turbidity, color, EC, TDC, total hardness, calcium hardness, ammonia, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, COD, and total coliform are dependent on river discharge fluctuations. For 12 other qualitative factors, including nitrate, nitrite, pH, sodium, potassium, etc., no significant relationship between discharge fluctuations and qualitative characteristics was observed for this well.The results of the above test for well number 2 showed that only in 8 of the 24 investigated factors, including turbidity, color, total hardness, calcium hardness, calcium, magnesium, COD, and total coliform, a significant relationship between these parameters and discharge fluctuations was observed. In Felmann number 2, for 16 other factors, no significant relationship between flow fluctuations and qualitative characteristics was observed.Based on Durov Diagram, there is no specific geochemical evolution direction for water resources, and the distribution of samples related to Doogh River and Felmann wells is at the same location. Water type of samples is bicarbonate type in the recharge areas (margins of the heights). Based on the rectangle related to pH, the value of this parameter in Doogh River (7.75-7.85) is slightly higher than in Felmann wells (>7.55). It seems that after the river bank filtration, the value of this parameter decreases due to the processes that occur in the active zone.

Heat waves are one of the natural climate phenomena in different regions of the world, which have increased as a result of global climate fluctuations in recent years; which has negative effects on agriculture, fires of forests and pastures, water resources, energy consumption and human health.There is no comprehensive and clear definition of heat wave globally, so that even the World Meteorological Organization has not been able to provide a comprehensive definition of heat waves. Heat wave is variable in different situations and no specific criterion has been defined for it. On the other hand, the characteristics and intensity of heat waves are also variable in each place. But in general, heat waves can be considered as positive fluctuations above the average maximum daily temperatures, which have continuity over days and sometimes weeks.It seems that in each geographical region, based on its environmental and climatic characteristics, certain temperature thresholds can be considered to define the heat wave.Generally, a heat wave refers to intense periods of heat that last more than 5 days and the temperature is 5 degrees higher than normal and also creates a crisis for the environment and human health. In other words, intense heating of the air or the rule and invasion of very hot air in a wide area is called a heat wave.

In this research, the daily maximum temperature data of Isfahan synoptic station were used to identify heat waves in Isfahan. Identification of heat waves based on the 90th percentile was done in such a way that by considering the thresholds for each season and month, the periods in which the maximum temperature was higher than the desired threshold for at least three consecutive days (90th percentile) were considered as heat waves. . In the next step, the frequency of heat waves for different seasons and months was checked, and taking into account the difference between the 90th percentile threshold and the average temperature of the heat wave, the intensity of each heat wave was also calculated, and the trend of its changes in the scale of months and seasons was checked. In the next step, the continuity of each of the identified waves was checked for different months and seasons; in this way, the average continuity and the highest continuity of heat waves and the trend of their changes during the statistical period were evaluated. In this research, the daily heat wave magnitude index (HWMI) has been used. Extraction of heat waves in each season has been done based on a separate percentage threshold of that season. Annual values are also obtained from seasonal values. In this way, the sum of the number of waves of the seasons determines the number of annual waves and the average magnitude of all the waves of the seasons determines the average magnitude of the annual waves of each station. The magnitude of each heat wave is the sum of the magnitude figures of all the days of that wave. Also, the biggest wave of each year is considered as the indicator wave of that year and the biggest wave of each season is considered as the indicator wave of that season.

In the spring and summer seasons, in the first decades of the statistical period, durations of less than 5 days prevailed, but since the mid-90s, heat wave events have occurred in higher durations, with the highest duration in the spring season with 18 days for 2017 and the highest heat wave event. The summer season in 2003 was recorded with duration of 17 days. Spring, summer and autumn have not had much difference in the average duration of heat waves; in such a way that for these three seasons, heat waves continued for an average of 6 days; But for the autumn season, the lowest average duration was recorded with 4.35 days. In line with the trend of changes in continuities, a significant increase has occurred for a large index in the late 90s compared to the beginning of the statistical period. Its clear examples are in the spring season, the magnitude of 29.54 in 2017, in the summer season, the magnitude of 28.05 in 1977, and the highest average magnitude value, which is recorded in these seasons. Examining the changes in the heat wave intensity index, all seasons during the statistical period, from 1970 to 2021, shows that the most intense heat wave is related to the spring with an intensity of 3.88 in 2020, the summer season in 2012 with an intensity of 1.65, and the autumn season It occurred with a magnitude of 2.93 in 2017. The most severe heat waves related to the winter season occurred in three consecutive years between 2016 and 2018, and the intensity of these three waves was 3.31, 3.35 and 3.36, respectively.

There has been a significant increasing trend with a rate of more than 0.5 degree increase for each decade. By examining the frequency of occurrence of waves, we found that the occurrence of heat waves in all seasons of the year in the entire statistical period under study had an increasing trend. The highest frequency related to the spring season with 61 cases and the autumn season with 43 waves during the statistical period, have the lowest frequency of heat waves among other seasons. Examining the frequency of occurrence of heat waves on a monthly scale showed that the months of May and June had the highest frequency of heat waves with 21 and 20 occurrences, respectively, and July had the lowest frequency of heat waves with 13 occurrences in the statistical period studied. Examining the intensity of the waves showed that this index had an increasing trend in all seasons, and based on the results of the Mann-Kendall test, this increasing trend was significant for all seasons except summer. The changes in the highest duration of heat waves show that, in the first decades of the statistical period, durations of less than 5 days prevailed, but since the mid-90s, heat wave events have occurred in higher durations. The longest recorded duration of heat waves for spring and summer was 18 and 17 days, respectively. Since 1990, at the same time as the trend of global warming, the penetration of heat waves in Isfahan city has increased significantly, and the most heat waves were recorded in 2003 and 1999. On a monthly scale, the highest average persistence was in March and August. The highest duration recorded for heat waves in the months studied in the statistical period (1970-2021) was for April and July with 13 days and the smallest for January with 6 days. Along with the trend of changes in continuities, a significant increase has occurred for a large index in the late 90s compared to the beginning of the statistical period.

The present study was conducted to geographically evaluate the epidemiology of respiratory diseases in the regions of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population of the research is 1918 respiratory patients in Tehran metropolis. Data analysis was done in ArcGIS software. To show the distribution of patients in the period of 2018-2021, the point density method was used, and then the spatial distribution of patients was checked by using Moran's coefficient, and also by using spatial autocorrelation, the spread of respiratory diseases was analyzed among the regions of Tehran. Finally, by using the local Moran's coefficient of the single-variable Moran's spatial linkage, the spatial clustering of 22 districts of Tehran was formed based on respiratory disease sufferers. The findings show that the spread of respiratory diseases in Tehran in the years 2020, 2019, and 2018 is towards the semi-eastern regions, and the highest spatial spread has occurred in regions 13 and 14 as the center of the disease, and in 2021 Most areas, especially the north of the city, have been affected by the disease. In the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, the spread of the disease has an upward trend up to a distance of 2.75 km between the city areas, and from then on, due to the increase in distance and decrease in population density, its spread has decreased. The spatial pattern of respiratory diseases in Tehran is of a cluster type, with areas 13 and 14 in the HH part of the Moran scatter diagram with positive spatial autocorrelation as the main focus of disease spread, areas 9, 10, 11, 15, 21 and 22 in The HL part of the Moran scatter diagram with negative spatial autocorrelation and the existence of spatial heterogeneity in the number of patients and in the LL cluster of region 17 and the LH cluster of regions 1, 3, 6, 7, 18, 19 and 20 are located with negative spatial autocorrelation.

The Middle Eastern countries, due to their location in the dry belt, are facing the problem of water scarcity and recurring droughts, as well as destructive and devastating floods. Drought-flood is one of the most serious, costly, and widespread natural disasters in the world. This complex natural phenomenon is caused by insufficient or excessive rainfall compared to long-term recorded averages, which can pose major threats to human society, agricultural production, ecosystems, and water resources. Sudden drought-flood recurrence events (DFAA) in a specific region or basin are a new type of extreme hydrological events that are caused by the coexistence and rapid alternation of drought and flood. DFAA events can create more serious disasters than a drought or flood event and lead to more casualties and economic losses. Global climate change and human activities, including abnormal atmospheric and oceanic circulation, are factors that have led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of DFAA events. Previous studies around the world have shown that the spatial distribution of DFAA events is expanding.In this study, Persian satellite images were first extracted at the level of the Karun Grand Basin and converted to satellite data. Then, using the Rstudio software, the degree of rainfall concentration (PCD) and the rainfall concentration period (PCP) were calculated for the Karkheh and Karun basins. Next, the MANN-KENDAL trend test was evaluated for PCD and PCP. The results showed that the increasing trend of rainfall concentration degree and rainfall concentration period for the period 1980-2017 was in line with the increasing trend of rainfall data. The Sudden Drought-Flood Recurrence Assessment Index (LDFAI) was also evaluated. The results showed that the trend of the sudden drought-flood recurrence index is directly related to the degree of rainfall concentration and the rainfall concentration period.This study is important because it provides new insights into the causes and trends of DFAA events in the Middle East. The results of this study suggest that DFAA events are becoming more frequent and intense in this region, and that this trend is likely to continue in the future. This is a serious concern, as DFAA events can have devastating impacts on human society and the environment.The study's findings have several implications for policy and decision-making. First, they highlight the need for increased investment in adaptation measures to climate change. Second, they suggest that policies to reduce human-induced climate change and other factors that contribute to DFAA events are needed. Third, they call for improved monitoring and early warning systems to mitigate the impacts of DFAA events.

The Karun Grand Basin is one of the most important water basins in the country in terms of water resources, and the abundance of rainfall, especially in the headwaters of these two basins, has created a significant potential for surface and groundwater resources.From the point of view of geographical location, the Karun basin is located in the range of 48°39′77˝ to 48°17′39˝ east longitude and 30°39′11˝ to 37°39′01˝ north latitude, and Karkheh is located between the geographical coordinates of 34 to 56 degrees north latitude and 30 to 58 degrees east longitude.The Karun Grand Basin includes the provinces of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, large parts of the provinces of Lorestan and Khuzestan, and a small part of the provinces of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Isfahan. The Karkheh Grand Basin includes more than half of the provinces of Lorestan and Kermanshah, and parts of the provinces of Kurdistan, Hamadan, Ilam, and Khuzestan. The main waterway of the basin is the Karkheh River, which is formed by the confluence of the Simorgh and Zale rivers in the south of Pol-e Dokhtar. This basin is part of the second-degree basins of the country in terms of national divisions. The area of Karkheh is equal to 51527 square kilometers. In the Karun Grand Basin and Karkheh, the highest monthly rainfall of 111.4 millimeters and a share of 19.3% in the year is related to December. After December, November with 114.8 millimeters and 19.7% has the most rainfall. In this water basin, the rainfall of the months of June to September accounts for less than 1% of the total annual rainfall. In the Karkheh and Karun Grand Basin, annual rainfall varies from 113 to 7000 millimeters, with an average of 837 millimeters.Here is a more concise translation:The Karun Grand Basin is a major water source in Iran, with abundant rainfall, especially in the winter months. The basin covers parts of seven provinces, and its area is about 51,500 square kilometers. The average annual rainfall is 837 millimeters. I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions. The method for calculating the degree of rainfall concentration index (PCD) and rainfall concentration period index (PCP) was first proposed by Zhang et al. (2003) in a study of compound drought-flood events in the Yangtze River basins. This method can quantitatively describe the spatial and temporal characteristics of regional rainfall. The concept of the PCD and PCP calculation methods is to describe the total monthly rainfall as a vector quantity with magnitude and direction (Li et al., 2010). The method used to calculate PCD and PCP is as follows:To calculate the monthly direction angle, the angle corresponding to the middle of the day of each month is considered. According to Equation (1), the mean daily rainfall depth is equal to 0.986. The method used in this study to calculate PCD and PCP is as follows. (Zhang et al., 2003). MANN-KENDAL trend estimation In time series, especially climate data time series, the need for trend analysis is felt. One of the practical and non-parametric methods is the Mann-Kendal method, which is widely used. The Mann-Kendall method was first presented by Mann (1945) and then expanded and developed by Kendall (1970). The zero hypothesis of the Mann-Kendall test indicates the randomness and absence of trend in the data series, and the acceptance of the one hypothesis (rejection of the null hypothesis) indicates the existence of the trend in the data series. The Mann-Kendall test is used to determine whether a time series has a uniform upward or downward trend. The data need not be normally distributed or linear. It requires that there is no autocorrelation.In the relation (6 n) of the total number of data, p indicates the cumulative number of years when the data value is greater than the value of the previous year, and in other words, if xi is the data value per year, p is the number of observations that Xji. Finally, positive values of T indicate an increasing trend in the time series, while negative values indicate a decreasing trend over time (Yu et al., 2002). Also, if the absolute value of T is greater than 1.96 in The probability level of 5% has a significant trend and for the absolute value of T greater than 2.575, the probability level of 1% has a significant trend (Hobbins et al. 2001).

In spatial scale analysis, PCD rainfall concentration and PCP rainfall concentration period show a scattered increasing trend from the southern and southeastern points to the northwestern points. The spatial distribution of these parameters is relatively consistent. In the PCD scale, the southeastern station has the highest value and the western station has the lowest value, and the range of these values varies from 0.36 to 0.54. On the other hand, in the PCP scale, the range of values varies from 0.254 to 1.165. The spatial distribution of PCD and PCP in the Karkheh and Karun region is relatively consistent, and it seems that various fluctuations in weather conditions may affect the spatial and temporal changes of these two parameters. In spatial scale analysis of the LDFAI index (sudden drought-flood recurrence index in the short term), it is seen that there is a decreasing trend from the northern and northwestern regions to the south. The spatial distribution of this index has a significant match with the degree and period of rainfall concentration.In the Karkheh and Karun Grand region, it is observed that there are significant differences in the frequency of LDFAA events (drought to flood and flood to drought). DTF and FTD events from the northern to southern region of Karkheh and Karun Grand show different characteristics. These two events are seen in some areas with significant differences in frequency. Although the spatial pattern of FTD events agrees with DTF, in general, the frequency of DTF events has been higher than FTD. These results show that in this region, drought to flood (DTF) events are seen more in some areas than flood to drought (FTD) even.

Diesel is one of the important petroleum products widely used in Iran and other parts of the world. Its release into the environment can cause an imbalance of nutrient levels, especially carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios in soils, which is unfavourable for microorganisms' growth. This condition negatively impacts the bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollutants (Molina-Barahona et al., 2004; Sarkar et al., 2005; Khosravinodeh et al., 2013). However, in such conditions in contaminated soil systems, by providing nutrients through fertilization and optimizing the growth conditions of these organisms, it will be possible to adjust these imbalanced ratios (Lee and Ward, 1985; Kim et al., 2005). Using nutrient modifiers is one of the main methods to reduce petroleum pollutants in contaminated soils, accelerating these compounds' biodegradation by providing critical nutrients for microorganisms.Total nitrogen is the second most influencing factor affecting the distribution and activity of bacteria in soil which mainly affects biodegradation rates of hydrocarbon pollutants (Wang et al., 2018). Many studies have investigated the effect of nitrogen on the biological remediation of contaminated soils (Brook et al., 2001; Gallego et al., 2001; Walecka-Hutchison and Walworth, 2006), and nutritional supplementation of contaminated soils using inorganic N sources is proposed as an effective method in bioremediation process (Toffoletto et al., 2005).Kinetics analysis of biodegradation reactions has a crucial role in determining the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in polluted soils (Nabgan et al., 2016; Sharma and Shane, 2016; Yuan et al., 2017; Guo et al., 2018; Safdari et al., 2018; Doustaky et al., 2022) which is based on providing practical trends of hydrocarbon elimination from the contaminated environments. Kinetic modelling is usually performed using first- and second-order models to evaluate the biodegradation rates of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) over time (Yeung et al., 1997; Namkoong et al., 2002; Sarkar et al., 2005; Adesodun and Mbagwu, 2008; Chemlal et al., 2013; Nwankwegu et al., 2016). Based on a computational approach, this modelling analysis can provide estimations of biodegradation constant (K), half-life values (t1/2) and correlation coefficients (R2) for pollutant removal trends (Yuan et al., 2017; Safdari et al., 2018). These valuable indices could be used practically in predicting residual levels of hydrocarbons and the time required for their removal from contaminated soil systems.The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different inorganic nitrogenous modifiers on the bio-elimination of hydrocarbon pollutants in diesel-contaminated soil. Three inorganic nitrogen sources, including NPK, Urea, and NH4SO4, were used as soil modifiers at different initial diesel contamination levels of 0, 5 and 10% during three months. Also, kinetic modelling was applied as an essential part of the bioremediation process assessment due to the addition of nitrogen modifiers.

The uncontaminated soil was sampled in farmlands (depth = 0 – 20 cm) of Gorgan City, Golestan Province, north of Iran. Three initial gasoil concentrations (0, 5 and 10%) were considered as pollution levels, and initial pollution was applied through complete mixing. The resulting soil mixtures were incubated for one month before N modifier applications (Nwankwegu et al., 2018; Onwosi et al., 2018). The soil moisture was held at 60% FC during this period. Inorganic nitrogen modifiers were applied to the contaminated soils as 80 gr N modifiers per 3 kg soil in each treatment. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content, degradation ratio (%D) and microbial respiration (CO2-C) values were weekly measured for three months. TPH measurements were done using the standard methods of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 4113.1) (Hutchinson et al., 2001). Degradation ratio (%D) was calculated using the following equation:Where TPHi and TPHr were initial and residual levels of TPH in soil samples, respectively. The Anderson (1982) method was used to determine the microbial respiration (CO2-C). Kinetic modelling analysis was done using the first- and second-order models (Agarry et al., 2013). Also, degradation constant (K), half-life (t1/2) and correlation coefficient (R2) values for TPH data were calculated using these kinetic models. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen modifiers and the initial contamination level on TPH and CO2-C. The normality of experimental data was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and if necessary, data transformation was applied to normalize the data. The Comparison of means for experimental treatments was conducted using the Tukey-HSD test at a significance level of 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using R (version 4.1.2).

The results showed that using inorganic nitrogen modifiers led to significant (p < 0.05) reductions in TPH concentrations in the contaminated soils compared with the control condition. A similar trend was observed for decreasing TPH concentrations in all N modifiers with all initial gasoil concentrations (0, 5 and 10%). Among nitrogen modifiers, the highest degradation ratio belonged to Urea, followed by NPK and NH4SO4. The lowest elimination of TPHs in all initial concentration treatments was found in the control (i.e. no modifier application) condition, and the highest TPH decrease belonged to the Urea application condition. Using Urea fertilizer led to the highest biodegradation ranging from 79.31% (10% initial concentration) to 85.00% (0% initial concentration). The levels of natural degradation of TPHs in the control conditions varied between 41.35 to 48.08% for 10% and 0% initial gasoil concentrations, respectively.Microbial respiration (CO2-C) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated during the first six weeks of the experimental period due to the effects of nitrogen sources. Using Urea and NPK nitrogen sources had the highest microbial respiration levels (NPK: 2.93 – 3.66 mg C/kg soil; Urea: 2.83 – 3.66 mg C/kg soil) while the lowest levels were obtained with the control condition (1.61 – 2.66 mg C/kg soil). The microbial respiration levels were higher at 5 and 10% initial gasoil concentrations compared to the 0% level.The first-order kinetic model had better fits and higher predictive performance than the second-order model for the obtained data. Considering all modifier treatments, the biodegradation constant (K) scores decreased with increasing initial pollution concentrations. The highest K values were calculated for Urea application with 0% pollution concentration (first-order: 0.1321 day-1; second-order: 0.4374 day-1), and the lowest K values were obtained for the control condition at 10% pollution level (first-order: 0.0364 day-1; second-order: 0.0258 day-1). Conversely, the lowest half-life (t1/2) scores were obtained using Urea at 0% gasoil pollution (first-order: 5.25 days; second-order: 3.84 days), and the highest scores were calculated with no application of N modifiers (control condition) at the highest initial gasoil concentration (10%) (first-order: 19.4 days; second-order: 22.86 days).The findings of the present study indicated that using different inorganic nitrogen sources (NPK, Urea and NH4SO4) as soil modifiers in the bioremediation of diesel contamination in soils improved biodegradation efficiency by stimulating microbial activity and metabolism in the contaminated soils. Among nitrogen sources, the highest practical improvement of pollutant removal was obtained with Urea. Also, kinetic modelling showed better performance of the first-order model in predicting the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons than the second-order model. It could be said that using inorganic nitrogen sources could practically result in reductions in diesel contamination levels and their persistence in the soil environment.

The impact of climate change and global warming on Earth's climate and other systems such as water sources, agriculture, environment, industry, health and the economy as a known the threats to sustainable development. So the effects of climate change on different systems and adaptive solutions to deal with the negative consequences of this phenomenon in future periods is essential. So according to importance of the issue, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate change on temperature, precipitation, runoff and finally hydrological drought in the “Roude Zard” watershed in the future. For this purpose, data from the years 2000-1971 as a base data to small-scale model of LARS-WG introduction and calibration data for the years 1997-1990 and 1989-1974 years data were used to validate models of rainfall-runoff IHACRES. In order to evaluate hydrologic drought index SDI was used. Results show that increase in mean annual temperature in the study area 1.02 degrees Celsius as well as the expected changes in mean annual precipitation to the study area 11/91 percent and 73/78 millimeters. Results IHACRES model to simulate rainfall-runoff study area show that this model is suitable. The simulation results runoff also indicated an increase in the average runoff affected by climate change in some of the months of January, February and March and a decrease in average monthly runoff out of the area in September, October. Also results of the SDI index show increase in intensity of drought in the future compared to the base period. The results of this study will be to adapt to climate change studies in order to provide suitable management strategies used in the study area.

Development and progress of human society is rely on research and the application of its principles in educational-scientific fields. Research is one of the most important tasks of universities in order to find and provide solutions to solve problems and obstacles in the society. Students play an important role in research and production of scientific documents, and this is the reason why universities have moved from education only, which is known as first-generation universities, to second-generation universities or education combined with research. Student research committees in the second generation universities play a vital role in the development of research, they identify interested students by establishing a relationship between faculty members and students, creating friendly research groups, research camps and show them the way. Which may be a kind of research talent search. Due to the importance of the mentioned cases, it is necessary to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and performance of students towards research in medical sciences universities. Because the first stage is the formation of research beliefs and ideas in the university and during the student period. The knowledge, attitude, and research performance of students in the field of health and treatment can play an effective role in the field of public health policies, providing health services, as well as the efficiency of the trained forces to fulfill their mission. This study was conducted to investigating the knowledge, attitude, and performance of students towards research in the Health Faculty of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences in 2022.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted cross-sectionally on all undergraduate students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health. The sample size (N) was equal to 200 people, and due to a series of restrictions and lack of necessary access to students, 164 of them were participated in this study. To conduct research, the code of ethics (IR.HUMS.REC.1401.133) obtained in the Faculty of Health of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Then a standard questionnaire was applied to investigate students' knowledge, attitude, and performance towards research. The data collected via a questionnaire consisting of four sections of demographic characteristics, knowledge assessment, attitude, and research performance of students. Wrong answers were given a score of zero and correct answers were given a score of 1. The ranking of the students' knowledge based on the obtained score was as follows: 1. Poor level (0-7), 2. Average level (8-11), 3. Good level (12-15). In the attitude section, each question had a score between 1 and 5. In this study, scores of 15-34 were considered as poor attitude, scores of 35-59 as average attitude, and scores of 60-75 as good attitude. In the functional questions section, each question had a score between 0-3. Based on the results, scores of 0-10 were considered as poor performance, scores of 11-20 as average performance, scores of 21-30 as good performance, and scores greater than 30 as excellent performance. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (T-Test, ANOVA, etc.) at a significance level of p<0.05 in SPSS V25.0 software. In order to describe and analyze the data, frequency distribution tables, graphs, index of central tendency (mean, median and mode), and dispersion index (variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and their range) are used.

Among 164 studied students, 29 (17.7%) were male, and 135 (82.3%) were female. The information of students participating in the study showed that 85.4% of students were single and the rest were married. The largest number of students participating in this study (36%) are related to the field of environmental health engineering, and other fields are 23.8%, 20.7%, and 19.5%, respectively, related to the fields of public health and occupational health engineering, and biology and vector control. About 72% students lived in dormitories. The relationship between each of the three parts of students' knowledge, attitude, and research performance using Pearson's correlation (at a significance level of 0.05) indicates a correlation of 0.325 between knowledge and attitude, a correlation of 0.334 between knowledge and performance, and the correlation was 0.285 between attitude and performance. The relationship between each part of students' knowledge, attitude, and research performance with their educational level (average) was also investigated. It was observed that there was a positive and significant correlation (0.193) between students' GPA and their research performance. The analysis of the relationship between the variables of gender, marital status, residence status, membership in the student research committee, and field of study using the T-Test showed that the knowledge of girls was significantly higher than that of boys (p<0.05) but in the field of attitude and No significant difference was observed between boys and girls. Regarding the marital status, no significant relationship was observed between the knowledge, attitude, and performance of single and married students. Statistical analysis and examination of the data obtained from the performance of the studied students according to their living conditions showed that the non-dormitory students had a higher average than the dormitory students (p<0.05), but there was a significant difference between their knowledge and attitude. There were no dormitory and non-dormitory people. Dormitory people had a weaker performance than non-dormitory people, which can be due to reasons such as the psychological effect caused by being away from the family environment, the lack of access to free time due to the creation of friendly meetings in the dormitory environment. It should have suitable facilities and space for studying and conducting research. In the study conducted by Izadi et al. at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, there was a significant statistical relationship between the level of attitude and the place of residence of people; So that the students living in the dormitory had a better attitude about research, which is contrary to the results of the present study.The knowledge, attitude, and research performance of students who were members of the student research committee were higher than other students. Regarding the field of study of the students, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the average score of knowledge (0.032) and performance (0.014) of students studying in different fields of study at the undergraduate level. The results of the ANOVA statistical test on the relationship between students' knowledge, attitude, and performance with the students' academic year showed that, in general, the average scores related to knowledge, attitude, and research performance increased with the increase of the academic year, and therefore the difference There was a significance between students working and studying in different academic semesters (p<0.05). These results are consistent with the findings of Ghafornia et al.'s study (2004) in Isfahan. In a study related to chiropractic students in England, the attitude of 76% of these students towards research was investigated. In this study, the final year students' views on research were significantly different from the first year students and they had a more positive attitude, which is consistent with the results of the present study. In addition, in a study that was conducted in connection with the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in order to investigate their knowledge and attitude about research, the attitude of students in lower educational levels towards research was positive compared to postgraduate students.

Based on the results, it is necessary to find ways to overcome the obstacles faced by students and motivate them to participate in research. Faculties of medical sciences can by updating their curricula and focusing on research-oriented activities, teaching research methods and research empowerment of students, allocating time, developing spaces, facilities, budgets, and research opportunities, forming and Expanding student research cores, assigning supervisors for student research, encouraging and persuading faculty members to participate in student research, provide research experience for all students in faculties of medical sciences. What is certain is that efforts to comprehensively evaluate this issue and to find ways to overcome the existing obstacles can lead to an increase in the participation of students in various fields of medicine in research.

Today, cities are considered one of the most important centers in the consumption of resources and energy and the producer of air pollutants, especially greenhouse gases, due to their population density and all kinds of social and economic activities, so that cities around the world consume about three-quarters of the natural resources needed by the world.Energy is a vital resource needed in industrial and agricultural production, transportation, human quality of life, etc.In recent decades, environmental challenges and problemsaboutenergy have become one of human concerns.Due to human activities such as: Fossil fuelconsumption, deforestation and environmental degradation, greenhouse gas volumes in the atmosphere have increased, and global temperatures have increased day by day. Among greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide accounts for about 60 percent of all greenhouse gases and has the greatest impact on global warming. 81% of all greenhouse gases are also obtained from fossil fuel consumption, which increases carbon dioxide emissions and other pollutants, including suspended particles, and ultimately leads to climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels in various forms of Road Transport include: cars, trucks, motorcycles and buses. 60% of the traffic is caused by "cars, motorcycles and buses" and the remaining 40% of the road transport is "trucks". According to the World Bank, in 2020 between Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia became one of the largest carbon emitters in the Asia-Pacific region with 590 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions, ranking second in Malaysia.In this regard, to determine the extent of the impacts on the environment, the most important and comprehensive quantitative indicator presented among the indicators of Sustainable Development Evaluation in this field are the indicators of "ecological footprint and carbon footprint", developed two decades ago by William Rees and Dr. Mattis walkernagel. Currently, Iran's ecological footprint is 22/3, and while the biological capacity is 74/0, we are facing an ecological deficit equivalent to 48/2, which shows the deterioration of the environmental situation and theexcessiveexploitation of Natural Resources and the pressure on the environment. Iran is also the sixth largest greenhouse gasproducer in the world, relying on non-renewable sources for energy consumption, which has led toincreased emissions and bio-deficits. Forests are important in keeping carbon outside its natural cycle for a long time. So the best way to stop the increase in carbon can be to create the right forests, because on a global scale, forests are the largest carbon dioxide absorber on the rise. Numerous internal and external research has been conducted on ecological footprints, which, according to the results obtained from them, have mostly faced a lack of green space compared to this type of gas . today, cities are exposed to a variety ofenvironmental pollution such as soil, air, water, etc. due to the increase in population, and have put more pressure on life support systems than their capacity. One of the most important of these pollutants is the pollution caused by fossil fuels, which are mostly consumed in transportation or in factories. Due to theincrease in the use of fossil fuels in cities, the volume of carbon dioxide gas, one of the most importantgreenhouse gases, has increased, negatively changing the climate of cities or the climate of the country in general. One of the most fundamental ways to sustain the urban environment and deal with the pollution crisis is to protect and develop urban green spaces. Because the ecological footprint of carbon dioxide gas is a part of the forest that is needed to stop this type of gas emitted from fossil fuel. Bostanabad is a city in the East Azerbaijan province, located 45 kilometers east of Tabriz on the transit route of Tabriz-Mia and Tabriz-Sarab and Ardabil، In recent years, this has led to trucking and transportation services being ranked among the most deliberate businesses in the city. It is located between Tabriz and middle cities and is geographically located between 46 degrees 30 minutes and 47 degrees 14 minutes east longitude and 37 degrees 32 minutes and 38 degrees 4 minutes north latitude. The area of the city is 997/2794 square kilometers, which accounts for 6/4 percent compared to the total area of the province. The city today consists of four historical neighborhoods called skikand, bostanabad Aliya and bostanabad sefli and Kara-Kure, each of which was an independent village in the not-so-distant past. Increasing emissions of carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere are the most important causes of this type of challenge. But the most important source of gas emissions is fossil fuels like gasoline, diesel and oil, which are used to generate energy in urban areas. This research is applied and analytical in nature. The current research statistical community is the entire city of bostanabad. The study used written documents and statistical data taken from the Statistical Yearbook of the East Azerbaijan province and the energy petroleum products statistics of the entire country for the year 1399-1398. Taking into account the importance of the subject in this study, we have tried to evaluate the volume of carbon dioxide gas by using the IPPC method first. So first, the annual fuel consumption and the amount of dioxide gas produced, and then the ecological footprint of this type of gas is calculated. So that a good estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide gas produced from the fossil fuels of the city of bostanabad and the ecological footprint resulting from it is done. The results of the evaluation and calculation indicate that since the city is located on the transit road and has a high traffic rate, and also given that in recent years, driving jobs, especially heavy cars, have increased in the city, as a result, a significant part of the fuel consumption of cars and trucks is carried out in the city, which has increased the amount of ecological footprint and pollution caused by transportation. In other words, during the day, the number of passengers to this area, whether in terms of work, education, circulation, etc., has increased the fuel consumption of gas stations in the city, which is impossible to assess. Therefore, the study was conducted using statistics and authoritative documents related to the city of bostanabad and related computational methods, during which it was concluded that the ecological footprint of CO2 gas produced from fossil fuels especially gas oil(diesel), has been increasing over the years. That is, the use of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel in the city of bostanabad has increased due to the location of the city on the transit route, especially during the years 1399-1398, and the volume of carbon dioxide emitted from gasoline and diesel fuels in 1398 was equivalent to 1434181 and 3672921 tons respectively, and in 1399 it was equal to 1137533 and 4248367 tons. Also, during the results the ecological footprint of this type of fuel during the years mentioned was 5331 and 7/5534 hectares, respectively. However, the area of green space in the city was about 20/67 hectares in 1398 according to the Statistical Yearbook and 1096 hectares in 1399. In addition, the per capita biological footprint of fossil fuel consumption for each citizen of the city of bostanabad in the years 1399-1398 was equal to 92 and 89 square meters of green space respectively. And this is despite the fact that the green space of the city of bostanabad in 1398 was about 20/68 hectares and per capita of each citizen 61/6 square meters(Statistical Yearbook of the East Azerbaijan province, 1398). Also in 1399, the green space of the city studied was 180 hectares and per capita each citizen was 14/17 square meters(Statistical Yearbook of the East Azerbaijan province, 1399). Taking into account the calculations made in this regard, if we base the year 1399. In addition, the per capita biological footprint of fossil fuel consumption for each citizen of the city of bostanabad in the years 1399-1398 was equal to 92 and 89 square meters of green space respectively. And this is despite the fact that the green space of the city of bostanabad in 1398 was about 20/68 hectares and per capita each citizen was 61/6 square meters. Also in 1399, the green space of the city studied was 180 hectares and per capita each citizen was 14/17 square meters. Taking into account the calculations made in this regard, if we base the year 1399, in addition to the available green space, each citizen of the city of bostanabad has 29.61 square meters of additional green space to absorb the effects of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas. To deal with such a crisis, the municipality is obliged to provide control solutions in the field, to deal with the environmental crisis, to develop and protect the green space of the city, which in the end, according to the results of the calculations, the amount of ecological footprint of the city was greater than its biological capacity, and to prevent and reduce this, the municipality of bostanabad should focus more on implementing appropriate policy for the development and protection of urban green space.

Human life has been dependent on nature throughout history and human has had a peaceful relationship with the nature as an element of it. Therefore, technological developments, population growth, and the change of lifestyles, and the expansion of human needs paved the way for human domination in nature.So, the irresponsible actions of human have directed the public attention to it worriedly and "human and environment" issue has been one of the global vital problems. Iran has also encountered various problems of environment because of growing population and being affected by the aforementioned developments. In fact, the human has been both the victim and cause of environment destruction as this period is called the period of environmental crisis. But environmental illiteracy further aggravates this crisis.Thus, most countries of the world (included Iran) have provided the environmental education in formal and informal education and they have considered the environmental education in their syllabus (curriculum). In Iran, material design under the name of "human and the environment" has been done for this purpose.The textbook "human and the environment" is a common subject for all the fields of study of senior high school that based on the general approach of the national curriculum of Islamic Republic of Iran placed in educational system of the country as an independent subject for the first time since 2019.This textbook tries to provide the essential information at seven important areas of environmental education (including water, soil, energy, dirt, biodiversity and tourism), meanwhile it suggests wider ways for activating humans in preserving the environment. To achieve these goals, various texts, illustrations, graphs and activities (practices) have been used.One of the most efficient ways to study the context and degree of achievement of educational goals is the analysis of textbooks' contents. This analysis helps to practical reviews of concepts, principles, attitudes, beliefs, and all components presented in the form oftextbooks being compared and evaluated with curriculum purposes. The present study was done to analyze and evaluate the aims of textbook "human and the environment" and to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the texts, illustrations and activities of this lesson. And the first question was:Do the contents of textbook "human and environment" will actively engage the student and the reader with training and learning of environmental lessons?

The method of the Research:

The methodological approach of this research is critical and its purpose is applied. The statistical population are visual and written contents of the textbook "human and the environment" of the senior high school (2023). The study of all contents of the textbook is corresponded to the statistical population and the sampling was avoided. The used method is content analysis. The tool of the study is William Romey's evaluation categorization checklist. William Romey by using the quantitative approach in content analysis has considered the objective and systematic description of the content and goes through the following steps:1. Setting the goals 2. Sampling 3. Encoding 4. Classifying categories 5. Objective assessment of categories This process leads the researcher to the question "Do the textbook and the intended content actively engage the students with the training and learning'? By studying every lesson, paragraph or illustration, as the meaningful evidence and documents related to Romey' evaluation categories were seen, the related code in designed checklist was recorded and according to the frequencies, all contents of the book were analyzed. The content validity measurement of the tool was of a formal type and to measure the reliability of the tool, the concurrent reliability of multiple analysts were also used. Researchers as encoders encoded twenty percent of the content with time interval of 20 days twice and delivered to the analysts to measure the consensus between encoding. The consensus coefficient of analysts was determined 92 percent that indicates the reliability of the tool.

Active, inactive, neutral categories in texts, illustration, graphs, questions, and practices (exercises) of the textbook were considered as elements and units of analysis. In active categories, students are engaged in learning and teaching activities. But, in inactive categories, students aren’t literally involved in science activities. The engagement coefficient of each category of the contents of "human and environment" was achieved by William Romey Formula (by dividing the sum of active categories to inactive categories).The engagement coefficient of the student with the content is a number which shows the activity rate of the content. The number may ranges from zero to infinite. However, according to Wiliam Romey, a textbook is active when its engagement coefficient is between 0.4 and 1.5. If engagement coefficient is less than 0.4, it indicates that the textbook presents only academic knowledge and the learners are expected to memorize it. The engagement coefficient over 1.5 also represents the textbook that every sentence, illustration or questionmakes the student to be active and analyze the content. Such books don’t provide assumptions or academic knowledge for the students and have anticipated plenty of activities.The engagement coefficient of the text was 0.05 that was less than 0.4 and shows the frequency dominations of verbal sentences to conceptual sentences. This point also suggests that the book mainly focuses on academic knowledge and the learners are expected to memorize it.The engagement coefficient for the illustrations and graphs of the study was 0.14 that is less than 0.4 and shows the images were mostly descriptive and didn’t make the learners active.The frequency of active and inactive categories in questions and practices of the textbook "human and environment" was attained and inserted at table 5. The engagement coefficient of this index was 5.32 which is more than the range 0.5- 1.5. Such a coefficient indicates that the textbook makes the students to analyze and do some exercises and answer the questions. This requires the students to think about activities and do research.The calculation of above three coefficients shows 1.83 in the following formula.The engagement coefficient = (the sum of coefficients of text, illustrations and questions)

The main purpose of this study was presenting a real and objective example of determining mental engagement coefficient of textbooks by using William Romey Model that teachers should consider the amount of attention to active and inactive categories in teaching process.Undoubtedly, accumulation of facts and concepts of academic knowledge in the content of the text book turns it into memorization form that students aren’t interested in. The results of the research show the accumulation, especially in text and illustration of textbook "human and environment" of 11th grade in senior high school. Generally, inactive aspects of learning predominate in active aspects of learning in this book and active categories in the text and images of the book have less frequency.Therefore, the future editions of the book should take into consideration the issues raised and to achieve lesson objectives (that is education of a generation who is aware, responsible, active and hopeful for the future), and suggests education (training) and culture of environment preservation. Since the adverse effects of humans on the environment and life threat have been revealed more than before, undoubtedly responsible actions in environmental crises will be accomplished by educating an informed generation. The awareness- raising is more effective at schools than any other time and the text book "human and the environment" with appropriate titles has a greater role in this field.

Air pollution in third world countries has become a serious crisis for the citizens due to the increase in population and the activities of polluting units. In this regard, in addition to criminal measures, legal systems also use administrative and disciplinary measures to deal with this phenomenon. This article has reviewed and evaluated the evolution of administrative and disciplinary measures against air pollution in the framework of French law as a country that has accumulated legal experience on air pollution for many years. These experiences based on administrative law can be considered as a good solution for countries with air pollution problems, including Iran. The basic purpose of administrative and disciplinary regulations is to prevent, monitor and target or reduce air pollution. The most important of these measures include tax crimes, inspection, determining the permissible limit of pollutants, canceling licenses, and the like. In this article, by using analytical and descriptive methods, it has been tried to answer the basic question that according to the experience of French law, what administrative and disciplinary measures can be identified to deal with air pollution. The most important feature of the French legal regime in the field of dealing with air pollution is the preparation and implementation of plans to deal with air pollution by administrative authorities.

The requirement for correct planning regarding agricultural mechanization is sufficient recognition of the existing situation. In order to determine the existing situation and compare the mechanization status of each region with another region, there is a need for have been to fully defined and meaningful indicators and criteria. The consciousness of the current situation and the distance between each region obtaining the optimal level can be used to provide a suitable program and development of mechanization for finding and resolving the disturbances and inequalities. In this research, the indicators of rice mechanization in West cities of Guilan province were investigated and compared. From the data, the current state of mechanization of rice has been determined and the necessary solutions for their improvement have been provided.

Guilan province is one of the northern provinces of Iran, with an area of 14711 square kilometers which stands the second ranking (31% of total) in terms of area harvested. A study was conducted during the years 2020 and 2021 for determination of indicators that govern the mechanization development in the western regions of Guilan province. The studied areas were as Shaft, Fuman, Masal, Astara, Somesara, Talesh, Rezwanshahr and Bandar-e Anzali with an area under rice cultivation of 97103 hectares, about 40.8% of rice cultivation in Guilan province.A study was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to determine the indicators that determine the development of mechanization in the western areas of Guilan province. Collecting the required information and data was done by completing the questionnaire and by referring to the available statistical sources, field surveys and interviews with the users. The statistical population of this research was rice farmers in the western regions of the province. There were more than 75 thousand rice farmers working in these areas. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula for rice farmers in the western regions of 385 farmers. The questionnaire consists of two parts: personal and professional characteristics of rice farmers and mechanization. The sampling method was multi-stage, after selecting the villages, sample people were randomly selected from each village. In the field of personal and professional characteristics of rice farmers, the variables included gender, age, literacy level, history of rice cultivation, type of cultivated rice, area of cultivated land, amounts of fertilizers and pesticides used, average size of plots, type of land ownership, and number of household members. In the mechanization characteristics section, the variables include the type of operation, the specifications of the machine used in the operation, the type of ownership of the machine, the start and end time of the operation, the number of times, the start and end date of the operation, and the number of manpower required to perform the operation. to collect information about; The cultivated area of rice varieties in the cities, self-driving machines and agricultural machines active in rice cultivation in each city, technical specifications of the agricultural machines used, the calendar of rice cultivation activities and rice yield in each city, from the statistics of reliable centers such as the Provincial Agricultural Jihad Organization (Department of Mechanized Technology Agriculture, Management of Agriculture Affairs and Department of Statistics and Information Technology and Network Equipment), Management of Agricultural Jihad of the cities, Service Centers of Agricultural Jihad and Rice Research Institute of the country were collected and also the statistics of crops of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad were used.From the obtained information, the mechanization indices including degree of mechanization, mechanization level, mechanization capacity, machine power, machine productivity level, mechanization economic efficiency and machine farm efficiency were calculated.The results of this study showed that the degree of mechanization of tillage operations, planting with transplanter, spraying, weeding and harvesting (with rice reaper and combine) is 100, 75.06, 17.43, 6.86 and 81.60%, respectively. The highest level of mechanization related to Rezwanshahr city was obtained with 5.68 horsepower per hectare and the lowest for Shaft city with 1.75 horsepower per hectare. The lowest economic efficiency was calculated for Razvanshahr city with 0.51 and the highest for Shaft city with 1.51 tons per horsepower. The highest productivity coefficient related to the planting operation with a 6-row walk-behind planter and the lowest for the spraying operation with a motorized back sprayer are 76.70 and 4.10%, respectively. The average rice mechanization capacity in the western areas of Guilan province was 154.99 horsepower-hour per hectare. On average, in the western regions, per There was one tractor for 33 hectares, a tiller for every 5 hectares, a transplanter for every 27 hectares and a combine harvester for every 142 hectares.

The degree of mechanization for tillage and transplanting operations in the western regions of Guilan province demonstrated a good circumstance based on the sixth state plan of development. According to the expectations, by the end of the sixth plan, the degree of mechanization in harvesting operation in order to reach the expectations, there is a need to reinforce and import more machines for improving the level of mechanization. The degree of mechanization in plant protection operation for western regions had unfavorable situation. Therefore, measures should be taken for replacing appropriate machines. The level of rice mechanization was high in the western regions. from the above-mentioned reasons, the level of mechanization of rice in the western region can be attributed to the multiple usage of the driving machines for paddy fields and other crops, the low area under rice cultivation and the large number of tillers and tractors, the lack of companies providing mechanized services, and little time available to farmers to carry out land preparation, transplanting, protection, and harvesting in these regions. The findings also show that tractors and tillers, which are the most important sources of power supply, are not evenly distributed across the western regions. tractors and other self-propelled machines have not been distributed based on the area under cultivation and the economic, climatic, and cultural conditions of the farmers. The smallholder farmers tended to possess a self-propelled machinery while this caused either unused power in rural areas or used only for a short period of time. In some cases, tractors and tillers were used in unrelevant tasks such as transportation and handling. The highest productivity coefficient in the western regions were related to the transplanting by a 6-row walk-behind transplanting and the lowest for the spraying operation with a motorized back sprayer are 76.70 and 4.10%, respectively. The average rice mechanization capacity in the western areas of Guilan province was 154.99 horsepower-hour per hectare. Due to the low number of self-driving cars in these areas compared to the number of operators, the decision-making power of operators in performing operations at the right time is low.

Grid-connected inverters play a crucial role in transmitting power from distributed production systems and renewable sources to the grid. However, these inverters often generate current harmonics due to high-frequency switching and DC link ripple. To address these issues, various filters, including the LCL filter, are employed. Yet, in situations with variable network impedance and LCL filter resonance in weak networks, instability can occur. This paper focuses on improving the power quality of grid-connected Fuel Cell using LCL filters, primarily through a current sensor and virtual impedance shaping. The paper divides the output impedance of the Fuel Cell power optimization system into an active and passive part. It neutralizes the active component by introducing a series virtual impedance and counteracts its adverse effects with parallel virtual impedance. The design process for both series and parallel virtual impedance is elaborated, and the system's sensitivity is thoroughly analyzed. To validate the proposed approach, extensive simulations have been carried out using MATLAB software. The simulations demonstrate the robust and precise performance of the control system in effectively injecting the maximum power generated by the Fuel Cell into the grid. Additionally, they showcase the high-quality current being injected into the grid and the system's capacity to maintain stability, even in a weak network environment.

For a long time, the fire incident has been the main problem of urban management and sustainable urban development. In addition to human and social factors, the occurrence of fires is largely influenced by the urban physical environment. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The available information on fire incidents (during the five-year period of 2014-2018) was mapped and analyzed in terms of space and time using the spatial analysis available in GIS. Then, using spatial analysis of hot spots, the pattern of spatial distribution of fire incidents in Ardabil city was determined. Also, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique has been used to analyze high or low fire incidents in Ardabil city. According to the results of the research, the density of incidents is higher in the central parts and in spots from the outskirts of the city. About (40%) of the city's area are located in areas with a high and very high risk of vulnerability. The degree of vulnerability is high in the central part of the city and neighborhoods that have unfavorable socio-economic and environmental conditions.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the role of environmental education of citizens in urban waste management. According to Cochran's sampling method, 382 citizens over 15 years old of Damavand city were selected as a statistical sample. To measure the variables of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire and answer package were used. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, the content validity ratio (CVR) index and its reliability were also measured by Cronbach's alpha with the help of SPSS 23 software, and it was determined to be 0.84. Kolmogorov and Smirnov tests were used to determine the normality of the data. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multivariate regression. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of environmental education of citizens and waste management, and between the two variables of waste segregation knowledge and waste segregation behavior at the 95% confidence level, and 50% of waste management is explained by the demographic characteristics of citizens. And the scale of gender, age and education of citizens has a significant relationship on waste management. For gender difference, waste management changes were 3.38, for different ages, 1.72, and for education, 0.59 standard deviations were obtained. The average value of waste management in women is significantly higher than that of men, the average value of waste management in ages (36-45 years) is higher than other ages, and the average value of waste management of citizens with master's education is higher than other people with other educations. Education of different sections of the society including men and women in all age groups and with different levels of education can be of great help in improving urban waste management

Cyclones are widely used equipment in the industry for dust collection from fluid flows to reduce industrial pollution on the environment. In cyclones, the effect of the centrifugal force of the fluid and the difference in particle density compared to the fluid are used for particle and dust separation. The main criteria for evaluating the performance of a cyclone in dust separation are the pressure drop and the particle collection efficiency. In this study, the effect of the diameter of the cyclone cylinders, where the ratio of the upper to the lower cylinder diameter is 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2, on the particle collection efficiency and pressure drop was investigated. The simulation was performed with ANSYS Fluent 2023 software. Turbulent flow was considered. The inlet velocity and cyclone cylinder were 1 m/s and 20 cm respectively. The results showed that by increasing the diameter of the cyclone cylinders up to 4 times, the efficiency increases by more than twice, and the pressure drop is not changed significantly.

In the production of metallurgical silicon, one of the byproducts is silicon dust. It has been reported that each ton of melted silicon causes the emission of 900 kg of dust. The significant amount of dust produced has a negative effect on the health of the factory personnel and the environment and leads to the depreciation of the factory equipment. On the other hand, the consumption of fossil fuels has greatly increased due to the rapid growth of the world population and industrialization. During combustion, the nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the fuel cause the emission of NOx and SOx, and these emissions cause acid rain, fog and global warming. Removing sulfur and nitrogen compounds from fossil fuels is important because of their harmful effects on the environment and human health. The aim of the present research is to use the silicon dust coming out of the metallurgical silicon production plant as an adsorbent for the adsorptive removal of indole and quinoline from the n-heptane model fuel. Modeling of equilibrium surface adsorption data was done with the help of Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models. Also, the kinetics of adsorptive denitrogenation process was evaluated. From the results of adsorption, it was found that silicon dust removed 350 ppm of indole and quinoline in 120 min time, temperature of 20 ºC, with 0.1 g adsorbent per 10 mL of n- heptane fuel containing quinoline and indole, to the extent of 22.65, and 17.26 mg.g-1, respectively. The adsorption of nitrogen compounds in the fuel model showed the best fit with the Langmuir isotherm for quinoline and indole with the maximum adsorption capacity of 24.33 and 18.21 mg.g-1. Based on the experimental data, the pseudo-second order model showed the best fit for quinoline and indole with minimum square error of 0.9876 and 0.9999. From the isothermal and adsorption kinetic studies, it was found that the exhaust dust from metallurgical silicon production factories shows great potential in removing nitrogenous compounds.

Gas heaters of pressure reduction stations in the gas company are one of the important sources of air pollutants, which emits large amounts of polluting gases daily through the chimney of these heaters, due to the existence of more than 2000 heaters in CGS stations, today at the level Gas companies have implemented many projects to optimize and reduce environmental pollutants. In the direction of optimization, a project was carried out regarding the modification of the structure of the heaters in Zanjan gas company, and this research project led to a reduction in consumption and as a result, a reduction in the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases. The new heater installed in the pressure reduction station of shahr Khorram darre and comparing the results with the measured values of the traditional heaters in the station and their compliance with the existing standards has been done. Experimental studies show a decrease in the value by 32% and a decrease of 22.3%. The percentage of emission as well as a decrease of 28.9% in the amount of gas produced and a decrease in the amount of 16.7% and subsequently a decrease of 20.3%.

Environmental problems in the world are a manifestation of unsustainable and inconsistent development with the capacities of the earth. Climate change is among all the problems, due to the global impact on the scale of the earth and effects such as floods, storms, unusual rain showers, increasing intensity, duration and volume of droughts, heat waves, melting of polar ice, rising sea water levels and going under water, loss of coastal lands, increase in minimum and maximum temperature in most areas, increase in evaporation and transpiration and water requirement of crops and Baghi, more evaporation of surface water and reduction of available fresh water sources, reduction of precipitation, increase of erosion and dust storms have attracted the attention of countries more than before. Iran, as one of the countries influencing the increase of greenhouse gases, is trying to increase adaptation and reduce the risk of climate change risks in order to manage surface and underground water resources, agriculture and improve the level of food security, natural resources and biodiversity (biological resources) and health of the country. In this regard, it is necessary to establish the governance of climate change in the policies and executive measures of the country at different national, regional, provincial and local levels in such a way that adaptation to it is implemented as a part of the country's daily life and development environment and as a result of increasing the level of environmental resilience, social, economic and cultural, all classes will benefit from its results. Climate change is one of the important factors that will affect different parts of human life on the planet and will have harmful effects on environmental, economic, social and especially water resources. For a long time, the change in meteorological characteristics of different regions of the world has been proven for researchers. The reduction of precipitation, reduction of surface currents and changes in the production and performance of agricultural products can be felt in many regions of the world. Our country is also facing many issues in this regard. Climate change has a significant impact on water resources and environment, which in turn is reflected in agriculture, society and economy.The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the last few decades and the resulting increased temperature have led to significant changes in meteorological elements. Global warming, climate change and changes in temperature and precipitation parameters have now become one of the most important environmental challenges in the world. The reason for this is that these changes will cause droughts or severe, short and long term floods in the future. Therefore, one of the ways to reduce the effects of climate change is to evaluate its effects on rainfall and temperature in each region.

In order to simulate the climatic data, at first, the observational data of Arak synoptic station including minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and daily sunshine hours in the statistical period of 1980-2005 were obtained from the country's meteorological organization. Also, CanESM2 global model data under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios along with observational data related to National Center for Environmental Variables Prediction (NCEP) were downloaded from this center's website. In order to scale the output data of CanESM2 and HadGEM2-ES models, LARS-WG model was used. LARS-WG model is also one of the statistical exponential microscale models. This model is one of the most famous meteorological data generation models, which is used to generate daily data of maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and sunny hours in a station under current and future climate conditions (Alizadeh et al., 2013). In this research, the 6th version of this model was used to scale the output of the HadGEM2-ES model. In the LARS-WG model, after receiving the daily observation data (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunny hours), the statistical characteristics of the data were extracted. Then, in order to ensure the ability of the model, a series of artificial data was produced in the base period (1980-2005) and compared with the observational data. In order to calibrate and ensure the accuracy of LARS-WG model performance, simulated variables and real data were evaluated. The results show that the LARS-WG model has a good accuracy (R2=0.99) in simulating the minimum and maximum temperature. Also, the accuracy of the model in simulating precipitation (R2=0.98) is acceptable.

Based on the results of the model under the RCP8.5 scenario, the LARS-WG model shows a decrease in rainfall in all three periods, which is consistent with the assumption that the continuation of global warming will lead to a decrease in rainfall. Based on the results, LARS-WG model has predicted minimum temperature increase in all three scenarios and all three periods. Regarding the annual maximum temperature, the results of the LARS-WG model have increased in all three scenarios and all three periods compared to the base period. The minimum temperature and the maximum temperature simulated by the LARS-WG model increase under all three scenarios to reach the maximum value in the RCP8.5 scenario, which indicates the effect of the intensity of carbon dioxide emission concentration in the atmosphere as well as other It is a greenhouse gas. Also, the results showed that the most changes in the maximum temperature related to the RCP 8.5 scenario (from 23.12 in the first period to 26.51 degrees Celsius in the third period), the most changes in the minimum temperature related to the RCP 8.5 scenario (from 8.71 in the first period to 60/11 in the third period) and the most precipitation changes are related to the RCP 8.5 scenario. The period studied in this research was 2021-2040 (first period), 2041-2060 (second period) and 2061-2080 (third period). The modeling results show a decrease in rainfall in all three periods, which is consistent with the assumption that the continuation of global warming will lead to a decrease in rainfall. The minimum and maximum temperature changes showed that in most cases, the minimum and maximum temperature will increase in the future. The maximum temperature increase was more than the minimum temperature, so that the highest temperature increase occurs in the month of February by 1.89 degrees Celsius compared to the base period. Examining the changes in the amount of rainfall also showed that the lowest amount of rainfall in the coming period will be observed in the month of June in the amount of 07.07 mm. A decrease in rainfall on the one hand and an increase in temperature on the other hand can indicate that the increase in evaporation and transpiration and the decrease in snow cover can move the water balance towards land and reduce water reserves.

The contamination of soil due to petrochemical activities and leakage of hydrocarbon organic materials is not only an environmental issue but also a geotechnical problem. One suitable and economical solution for improving the geotechnical parameters of soils contaminated with these substances is soil stabilization through artificial cementation. In this experimental study, the influence of geopolymer cement based on g-granulated blast-furnace slag) GGBFS) at percentages of 0, 5, and 10, along with the alkaline activator sodium hydroxide at concentrations of 4, 6, and 8 molars, on the improvement of the kaolinite clay contaminated with glycerol organic substance at 3, 6, and 9 percentages has been investigated. The soil samples, including clean soil, contaminated soil, geopolymer-soil, and geopolymer-contaminated soil, were prepared and subjected to unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests after 7 days of curing. The initial results indicated that UCS of glycerol-contaminated kaolinite clay decreases compared to the clean kaolinite. The reduction increases with an increase in the contaminant content. After improvement, the UCS of uncontaminated kaolinite increases with an increase in the slag percentage for every alkaline solute concentration. In such a way that the geopolymer cement stabilized kaolinite containing 10% slag and 6 molar sodium hydroxide solution showed 441% increase in UCS compared to the uncontaminated kaolinite. In the glycerol-contaminated samples, the highest increase in past improvement UCS occurred using a geopolymer containing 10% slag activated with 6 molar sodium hydroxide. For kaolinite contaminated with 3%, 6%, and 9% glycerol, it approximately increased UCS about 489%, 446%, and 402% compared to the clean soil, respectively. The results of scanning electron macroscopy confirmed the obtained results of present study.

Pulp and paper industry is a big consumer of energy and water. Its industrial process produces significant amounts of organic effluent with a high chemical oxygen concentration (COD). According to the raw materials used in the process, there are two types of paper production industry: pure pulp and recycled paper. In this work, we focus on the effluent of the recycled paper industry. A large amount of organic waste produced from the recycled paper industry may be converted into biomethane and converted into renewable energy. Different methods for pulp and paper wastewater treatment, physicochemical treatment methods such as (sedimentation and flotation, coagulation and sedimentation, filtration, reverse osmosis, absorption, wet oxidation, ozonation and other advanced oxidation processes) and biological treatment methods such as Anaerobic digestion, aerobic treatment and fungal treatment). Among these techniques, we can mention anaerobic digestion, which is a sustainable process for wastewater treatment. In fact, it significantly reduces the input mass and COD concentration compared to the activated sludge process. This technique has more advantages than aerobic and physicochemical processes, including simplicity of design and less energy requirement. Note that in the case of aerobic treatment, the thick sludge produced in large quantities by wastewater treatment facilities of paper recycling plants is a serious disposal problem that requires an immediate solution, the degradation process is effective compared to conventional aerobic processes, and only 5 It produces up to 10% sludge. This results in significant savings in costs and measures associated with sludge disposal. In addition, UASB digester can be used in small and large scale. Many different types of anaerobic reactors such as high flow anaerobic filter, high flow coated anaerobic sludge (UASB) + partial recirculation, submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAnMBR) and modified anaerobic baffled reactor (MABR). The most commonly used for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment is the UASB digester, which is operationally stable and energy efficient. UASBreacto is an encouraging system where it is located at the bottom of granular sludge because it can provide relatively high COD removal efficiency and energy production in the form of methane. Due to the low yield of biogas, anaerobic processing of bio sludge has not yet been carried out in pulp mills.

2-1- Setting up and test method Figure 1. shows the experimental setup consisting of an inlet storage buffer tank installed before the UASB digester; The role of the buffer tank is to control and adjust the input physicochemical parameters before feeding to the reactor. A peristaltic pump maintains digester feeding at a flow rate of 0.5 to 4.5 liters per hour. The results of the digester design were 70 liters with a height of 1 meter and a diameter of 0.30 meters. The upper part of the UASB digester includes a gas-liquid-solid separator with a height of 0.30 m. This device allows the recovery of biogas. In order to maintain the mesophilic conditions of the process, a spiral exchanger is fixed inside the digester.Fig. 1. Schematic of a UASB digester, designed to treat wastewater from recycled pulp and paper industry. Fig. 1 Illustrates the designed UASB digester used in this work, influent tank (1), influent feed pump (2), UASB cylinder tank digester (3) with a total volume of 70 L, "solid-liquid-gas" separator (4), including thermostat heating water (5) for mesophilic conditions (37°C) C, effluent tank (6), Gazometer (7), graduated tube (8) for measuring the water volume displaced from the gasometer.The volume of biogas produced during the process is measured using a 16-liter water tank connected to the reactor (Boyle-Marriott tank). The volume of biogas displaces an equal measurable volume of water from the tank. The volume of biogas is expressed in normal conditions (0 °C and 760 mmHg) taking into account the effect of pressure and temperature on a standardized laboratory scale.2-3-1-granular sludge bed The reactor is inoculated with 25 liters of granular sludge. The granular sludge bed used in this experiment is recovered from a full-scale UASB digester. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the granular sludge bed used in this study. Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics of the granular sludge bed

The purpose of monitoring stability parameters is to control and ensure process performance. The main control parameters are: evolution of pH, alkalinity (Alk), volatile fatty acid (VFA), VFA/Alk ratio and chemical oxygen demand (COD).3-1- Stability parameters 3-1-1- Evolution of pH pH is an essential parameter used to control the stability of the anaerobic digestion process. The average value of input and output pH is calculated during the process. The pH fluctuation was in the neutral range, which confirms the correct operation of the process and the stability of the UASB digester. Indeed, several studies reported that most anaerobic bacteria, especially methanogens, increase biogas production in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. A previous study on RPMW treatment using a modified anaerobic baffled reactor (MABR), reported that the pH decreased slightly from 7.3 to 6.2 during the process.3-1-2- Evolution of volatile fatty acids Volatile fatty acid content is an essential parameter for monitoring the anaerobic digestion process. Accumulation of VFA causes displacement of bicarbonate to dissolved CO2, and CO2 partially passes into the gas phase. Their accumulation in the digester leads to organic overload and acidification of the digester content, which leads to process failure. Several studies show that organic overload in digesters is due to VFA accumulation, and often acetate accumulates first, the total VFA concentration increases slightly or steadily.

It is predicted that UASB digester granules are effective in converting organic matter from wastewater to biogas. The reactor seems to support high organic loads; Also, this technique is an excellent opportunity to exploit the economic benefits of the energy produced from this process, which can contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable systems.

In this research, to anticipate the effects of climate change on the precipitation of selected stations in East Azerbaijan province, including Ahar, Maragheh, Mianeh, Jolfa, Sarab, and Tabriz stations, which had 29-year common statistical data from 1985 to 2014, with The use of LARS-WG6 model were studied. In this research, the effectiveness of the LARW-WG model for generating and simulating daily data of temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours in the study area was investigated using the statistical parameters R2, MAE, and RMSE. The results showed that at the confidence level of 99%. There is no significant percentage difference between the real data and the data obtained from the model, and the model has the necessary efficiency to generate daily data, therefore, after ensuring the model's ability, using HadGEM2 atmospheric general circulation model under RCP 2.6 scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 in the next two periods from 2021 to 2040 were forecasted for the rainfall changes in the studied area. The results of forecasting the average annual rainfall changes of the studied stations of East Azerbaijan province in the statistical period of 2021-2040 showed that According to RCP 2.6, precipitation will increase in all the studied stations in the next 20 years, but according to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, we will see an increase in precipitation only in Jolfa station, and in the rest of the studied stations, precipitation will increase by will be significantly reduced.Climate change is one of the most important and complex concerns of the current and future centuries. The dangerous effects of climate change on human life will cover almost all aspects of life. Drought, rising sea levels, violent storms, reduction of freshwater resources, warming of the air, forest fires, and desertification are among these effects (Mohammadi et al., 1400). Climate change is one of the most important ecological problems of the 21st century. According to the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, these global changes are most likely caused by human factors. Various studies show that this phenomenon can have negative effects on various systems of water resources, agriculture, the environment, industry, and the economy. Forecasting the quantity and quality of climatic changes is one of the complex issues that have occupied the minds of climatologists. Now, with the help of obtaining new technologies and possessing multiple series of necessary data of climatic variables and with the help of knowledge to understand the relationships between these variables, basic steps have emerged in understanding and predicting climatic trends, in such a way that now Computer models all respond to climate forecasting issues and factors affecting climate change within their capabilities (Darvand et al., 1400). Currently, the most reliable and developed tool for investigating climate change and its impacts is the 3D Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (AOGCM). The AOGCM model is based on physical laws. These relationships are resolved in a three-dimensional network around the world. The presented models show climate parameters in the future (until 2099) for different emission periods. By using these methods with different climatic variables, the effects of climate change on the variability and adaptation of plants can be investigated.The research method in this study relies on the LARS WG model. After sorting, processing data, and preparing input files, finally, the model studied in this research was finally implemented for the basic course. In the next step, using the mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), and the root mean square error (RMSE) to evaluate the data generated from this model and the real data available in the basic period became After checking the results of the confidence stage and evaluating the capability of the LARS-WG model for simulating meteorological data by considering the low values of the error measurement indices and the high values of the calculated coefficient of determination, the new version of LARS WG6 was used in this research. The required data including minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours are collected from the synoptic station of East Azarbaijan province and given as input to the model. The data simulated by the CMIP5 atmospheric general circulation model is related to the period 2021-2040, which under the scenarios of RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 by the LARS-WG model compared to the base period 2014-1985 in the scale of the studied stations. In order to reduce the uncertainty of the average of the calculated profiles for the above model, it has been obtained. In the current research, it has given appropriate and favorable results regarding the study of the effects of climate change scenarios on the precipitation of East Azarbaijan province in the direction of microscale. CMIP5 models are used in LARS-WG6 software, which is one of the most famous and important models for generating random weather data. This model is used to generate the values of precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and sunshine hour in a station, regarding the basic climate conditions as well as the future. For this reason, the study has been done on various stations of the studied area. The daily temperature and precipitation data of 6 stations of East Azarbaijan Province, including Jolfa, Ahar, Sarab, Tabriz, Mianeh, and Maragheh stations, were used for exponential micro-scale as well as temperature and precipitation forecasting during recent years. Then, in the present research, to implement the model, first, taking the 29-year period from 1364 to 1393 (1985-2014) as the base period, the necessary data, including precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, and sunshine hours, were obtained from the National Meteorological Organization.The results of forecasting changes in the average annual precipitation of the studied stations of East Azerbaijan Province in the statistical period of 2021-2040 showed that according to RCP 2.6, the precipitation will increase in all the studied stations during the next 20 years, but according to RCP 4.5 and In RCP8.5, we will see an increase in rainfall only in Jolfa station, and in the rest of the studied stations, rainfall will decrease significantly.

Precipitation is one of the elements of climate that has great variability. These changes occur both in terms of time and space in many regions of Iran. Knowing the characteristics of this atmospheric element is very important for many construction plans, plans and agricultural activities. Any statistically significant change in this element can impose inevitable negative effects on natural resources, especially recoverable water reserves. Knowing the change process of climatic parameters is one of the things that has been the focus of atmospheric and hydrological science researchers in recent years. Most of the studies have been focused on investigating and analyzing the behavior of precipitation, and Mann-Kendall statistical methods have been widely used as the most common non-parametric method for analyzing the trend of precipitation time series. Since the trend finding in terms of the frequency of convective Precipitation has been less noticed by researchers, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the trend of the frequency of convective rainfall in the first half of the year in synoptic stations located in the northwest of Iran. In this research, the study area for the statistical analysis of convective precipitation includes Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, and West Azarbaijan provinces.

To carry out this research, the daily Precipitation data in the first half of the year (April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep), in synoptic stations located in the northwest of Iran (including Ardabil, Ahar, Urmia, Bonab, Bostan Abad, Tabriz, Pars Abad), Khoy, Sarab, Sardasht, Khalkhal, Marand, Mianeh, Mako, Mahabad, Meshkin Shahr and Maragheh were used during a 17-year period (2000-2016) and daily Precipitation of at least 5 mm was considered as convective Precipitation. Then, the annual frequency of convective precipitation of each station was counted and trending methods based on Mann-Kendall statistical method and Sen’s slope estimator nonparametric method were used to analyze its trend. The Mann-Kendall test does not require a normal frequency distribution or the linearity of the behavior of the data, and it works very strongly compared to the data that deviates from the linear behavior and is used to evaluate the trend. In this test, the null hypothesis (H0) and the opposite hypothesis (H1) are respectively equivalent to no trend and the presence of a trend in the time series of observational data. In Sen's method, the time series is divided into two groups, and the numbers of each time series are arranged in ascending order. Then these two series are plotted against each other on the coordinate axis. It is better to draw the first time series on the horizontal axis and the second series on the vertical axis. In the next step, the 1:1 line is drawn, if the points are above the line, there is an increasing trend, below the line, there is a decreasing trend, and on the line, the data will be without trend.

The changes of precipitation in Tabriz station have been decreasing since 2006 and because these two components outside the critical range (±1.96) have intersected each other in 2013, 2014, and 2015, this trend is not significant. This situation happened at Maragheh station in 2013 and 2014, and since 2015, a decreasing trend in rainy days has been seen, at Midane station, since 2015, there has been a change of direction in the abundance trend from a non-significant increase to 2015. In other stations of East Azarbaijan province, during the studied period, no specific mutation and trend in the frequency of convective precipitation can be seen, and in fact, these stations have no trend. In Sardasht station, the time of the beginning of decreasing and then increasing changes in the frequency of convective precipitation in the years 2000, 2002, and 2016, the two components Ui and Ui' are outside the critical range, which is not significant. A sudden change in the direction of this variable occurred in Mako station in 2001, which is incrementally insignificant. At Urmia station, several sudden changes in the frequency of convective precipitation can be seen during the studied period, which started from 2001 and continued until 2008. The trend of convective precipitation in 2003 was decreasing and after 2007 it was increasing insignificantly. In Mahabad station, the intersection of Ui and Ui components in 2001 reveals an increasing trend in the frequency of convective precipitation. In addition, in 2012, these lines intersected outside the critical range of ±1.96, which shows the increasing trend of the frequency of convective precipitation of a non-significant type. In Khoy station, between the years 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2007, a significant and sudden change began, which is insignificant. For the entire province of West Azerbaijan, a sharp and sudden change in the direction of an insignificant increase can be seen from 2003 to 2013. This sudden change has been revealed in the form of a decrease in 2013, which is not significant. In Parsabad and Meshkinshahr stations, the two components Ui and Ui' have not met each other inside and outside the critical range, and in the years 2008 and 2009, a significant decreasing trend started, which is insignificant, but in Ardabil station, these two components are within the range. In the years 2006 and 2010, they met each other, which indicates the beginning of a change of direction and a decreasing trend, albeit insignificant, in the frequency of convective precipitation at this station. This situation occurred in Khalkhal station in 2001 and 2008, which was accompanied by an increase in 2001 and an insignificant decrease in 2008. In general, the results of the analysis of the frequency of precipitation with the Mann-Kendall test showed that the variable trend, both increasing and decreasing, in the stations is not significant due to the location of the intersection point of Ui and Ui' outside the critical range (±1.96). In this way, the frequency of precipitation in the stations of East Azarbaijan province including Tabriz, Maragheh, Bonab, and Sarab shows a non-significant decreasing trend, and in Marand, Ahar, Bostan Abad, and the middle of a non-significant increasing trend, in the stations of West Azarbaijan province (including Urmia, Mako, Mahabad), Sardasht and Khoy) has had a non-significant increasing trend in the stations of Ardabil province (Parsabad, Ardabil, Meshkin Shahr, and Khalkhal). The results of trend analysis using the age slope estimator method show an increasing trend in Mako, Urmia, and Meshkinshahr stations. Also, the frequency of rainfall in Bostan Abad, Mahabad, Ardabil, and Parsabad stations has no trend and in other stations, it shows a decreasing trend without significance.

Mechanization is one of the main factors in the development of agriculture and is one of the examples of the application of technology in the agricultural sector, which makes it possible for the agricultural sector to reach the stage of industrial and commercial production. Agricultural mechanization, as a basic approach in the production of agricultural products, provides goals such as timely performance of agricultural operations, reduction of production costs, reduction of labor intensity, better management of agricultural inputs, quantitative and qualitative improvement of production and, in principle, the possibility of economic and mass production of products. There are inequalities in the development of agricultural mechanization, which is partly affected by natural factors, but human factors also play a significant role in its occurrence. Planning for the development of mechanization is one of the most important components in the development plan of the agricultural sector.The requirement for correct planning regarding agricultural mechanization depends on recognition of the existing situation. In order to determine the existing situation and comparing the mechanization status of each region to another, there is a need to have defined and meaningful indicators and criteria. The consciousness of the current situation and the distance between different regions as well as obtaining the optimal level can be used to provide a suitable program and development of mechanization for finding and resolving the disturbances and inequalities. In this research, the indicators of rice mechanization in central and southern regions of Guilan province were investigated and compared. According to the results, the current state of mechanization of rice has been determined and the necessary solutions for their improvement have been provided.

Guilan province is one of the northern provinces of Iran, with an area of 14711 square kilometers which stands the second ranking (31% of total) in terms of area harvested. A study was conducted during the years 2020 and 2021 for determination of indicators that govern the mechanization development in the central and southern regions of Guilan province. The studied areas were as rasht and khomam (in the central areas of guilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 62430 hectares and roudbar (in the southern areas of guilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 3375 hectares. The field method or field study was employed in terms of broad-based (holistic) and deep-based (depth-based) methods and its subset based on questionnaire for data collection in this research. Due to the lack of access to all villages of each city, one village was randomly selected and after checking their conditions, the relative homogeneity of the area was determined and the obtained information was generalized to other places. Collecting of data was done by completing the questionnaires through available statistical sources, field surveys and interviews with farmers. Data were collected from reliable authorities such as the Guilan agricultural jihad organization, agricultural jihad management of the cities, agricultural jihad centers, and the statistics of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. From the obtained data, the mechanization indices including degree of mechanization, mechanization level, mechanization capacity, machine power, machine productivity level, mechanization economic efficiency and machine farm efficiency were calculated.The results revealed that in the central and southern regions of Guilan, the degree of mechanization was 65.1 and 78.9 percent, the level of mechanization was 2.71 and 9.12, horsepower per hectare, the economic efficiency of mechanization was 0.89 and 0.83 tons per horsepower, the average capacity of mechanization was 431.73 and 853.20 horsepower in hour per hectare, respectively. Transplanting by a 4-row rice transplanter in both regions had the highest productivity coefficient. The lowest productivity coefficient assigned to the spraying operation by a motorized backpack sprayer (4.72%) in the central areas and the mouldboard plow in primary tillage by a tractor (1.79%) in the southern region. On average, in the central and southern regions, there was one tractor for every 35 and 5 hectares, a tiller for every 5 and 11 hectares, a transplanter for every 46 and 31 hectares, and a combine harvester for every 88 and 56 hectares, respectively. For every 100 farmers, there were 3 and 5 tractors, 24 and 2 tillers and 2 and 1 transplanters, respectively.

The degree of mechanization for tillage and transplanting operations in the central and southern regions of Guilan province demonstrated a good circumstance based on the sixth state plan of development. According to the expectations, by the end of the sixth plan, the degree of mechanization in harvesting operation was acceptable in the south of Guilan, but in the central, in order to reach the expectations, there is a need to reinforce and import more machines for improving the level of mechanization. The degree of mechanization in plant protection operation for both regions had unfavorable situation. Therefore, measures should be taken for replacing appropriate machines. The level of rice mechanization was higher in the south region than the central. from the above-mentioned reasons, the level of mechanization of rice in the southern region can be attributed to the multiple usage of the driving machines for paddy fields and other crops, the low area under rice cultivation and the large number of tillers and tractors, the lack of companies providing mechanized services, and little time available to farmers to carry out land preparation, transplanting, protection, and harvesting in these regions. The findings also show that tractors and tillers, which are the most important sources of power supply, are not evenly distributed across the central and southern regions. tractors and other self-propelled machines have not been distributed based on the area under cultivation and the economic, climatic, and cultural conditions of the farmers. The smallholder farmers tended to possess a self-propelled machinery while this caused either unused power in rural areas or used only for a short period of time. In some cases, tractors and tillers were used in unrelevant tasks such as transportation and handling. The highest productivity coefficient in the central and southern regions were related to the transplanting by a 4-row rice transplanter. But the lowest productivity coefficient was assigned to the spraying operation by a motorized backpack sprayer (4.72%) in the central areas and the mouldboard plow in primary tillage by a tractor (1.79%) in the southern region. The low productivity coefficient of these machines has represented their lower usage in paddy fields. The highest mechanization capacity in the studied regions was related to the primary tillage by a tractor mounted moldboard plow. The lowest consumed energy in the central and southern regions were related to weeding by a three-row power weeder and spraying by a motorized backpack sprayer which were 18.25 and 8.32 horsepower-hour per hectare. Due to the high cost of purchasing self-propelled machinery and the smallness of the land, the average ratio of self-propelled machinery to operator was not appropriate, which brought the operators a great deal of weakness in performing operations at the proper time.

The production of waste (garbage) is the gift of civilization to the world. The ever-increasing growth of the urban population and development, the change in the consumption pattern and the increase in social welfare have caused the production of a large amount of waste materials. Education and culture building with the aim of involving people in waste management and dealing with destructive environmental phenomena is very important. The research method was descriptive-survey. The collection of data is through the distribution of 175 questionnaires among the citizens and a mining visit of the stages of collection, transportation, accumulation, recycling and sanitary-engineering burial of urban waste in Ardakan. The results obtained from the data analysis show that the citizens' satisfaction with the municipality's performance is average. There is a significant relationship between age, gender, occupation, and education with citizens' awareness, education, and participation; As the age increases and the level of education increases, the level of awareness in the field of recycling and urban waste management has increased, and with the development of citizens' culture, the repetition and continuation of educational programs, face-to-face education and more use of mass media and social media. Virtually, effective measures can be taken to reduce the amount of urban waste production and its environmental effects.

Construction violations are one of the anomalies of cities, especially in developing countries. In line with the increase in effective demand in the construction industry, cities have faced huge challenges. The aim of the current research is the spatial analysis of construction violations based on the Article 100 Municipal Commission in Bostan Abad city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Construction violations registered in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality during a 5-year period (1396-1400) were analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in the ArcGIS software environment. Then, using the average nearest neighbor distance (ANN) model, the pattern of spatial distribution of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad during the 5-year period of study was determined. Also, the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique has been used to analyze high or low amounts of construction violations registered in the Article 100 Municipal Commission in Bostan Abad city. According to the results of the research, according to the frequency of construction violations registered in the Article 100 commission of Bostan Abad city during a period of 5 years (1396-1400), Farhangian, Waliasr, Molvi and Gurbanabad neighborhoods with 227, 190, 114 and 93 cases of construction violations registered in the Commission of Article 100 of Bostan Abad city, have allocated a major part of construction violations. The neighborhoods of Qarakore and Eskikandi have the lowest frequency of construction violations with 37 and 49 cases of construction violations recorded during the 5-year period under study. The pattern of spatial distribution of recorded building violations was also cluster type. It should be noted that most of the registered construction violations are related to construction violations without a construction permit and exceeding the construction permit, which have been registered in the form of residential and commercial uses.

The rangeland ecosystem is an important part of the earth and the largest part of the arid ecosystems. rangeland is of special importance in the supply of products (for example, grazing, medicinal plants, fuel, etc.) and services (such as soil protection, flood control, feeding of aquifers, wildlife shelter, carbon sequestration, protection of plant and animal species biodiversity, etc.) They have human societies. Despite the important role of natural ecosystems such as rangeland and their multiple functions, unfortunately, in many countries, especially in developing countries, these ecosystems are in bad conditions and are undergoing deterioration. The main cause of this situation can be seen in the lack of knowledge of the real position and vital functions of these ecosystems on the one hand, and unmeasured and unprincipled decisions in the process of unsustainable exploitation of them on the other hand. In this context, rangeland need to be monitored regularly for proper management and to prevent its destructive process. Vegetation is the most important component of a natural ecosystem, especially rangeland. Investigating the vegetation cover of rangeland and its richness is necessary to determine the next food chains, i.e. other organisms whose life depends on plants. One of the destructive physical pressures on rangeland is excessive livestock grazing. Animal grazing of any kind affects these ecosystems by changing the abundance of key and essential species that guarantee the sustainability and functioning of ecosystems. Livestock grazing can change the quantitative characteristics of plants, such as density, canopy cover, production of species richness, biodiversity, uniformity and percentage of vegetation cover. Investigating the effect of livestock grazing on the changes in vegetation cover in rangeland ecosystems as plant reserves is essential. Examining the list of plants of a region shows an aspect of the plant diversity of that region, which is called species richness. which shows how the ecosystem works. The stability and health of natural ecosystems depend on species richness and diversity. Species diversity and richness are ecologically very important, and with their increase, rangeland stability and diversity will increase, and the latter will lead to an increase in the value of rangeland fodder. In recent years, the accelerating rate of species extinction has opened a new horizon in the investigations and researches related to species richness and diversity. So, in most ecosystems, one of the basic goals of management is to achieve relative ecological stability by preserving species diversity. Due to the destruction of vegetation in some areas of the rangeland ecosystem in the neighboring areas of Golestan National Park, which in recent years has caused the elimination of some valuable species and the emergence of invasive species due to indiscriminate and out-of-season grazing, it is necessary to investigate the changes resulting from livestock grazing for management decisions. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to review the list of plants, compare the species richness and biological forms of plants in fully protected areas, semi-protected areas, and free grazing areas.

In this research, three areas with different levels of protection and management include; The area with full protection of Yakhtiklan of Golestan National Park against livestock grazing, the semi-protected area of Gorkhoud with seasonal grazing and the Espakhoo area with free grazing all year round were evaluated. For sampling, an area of 250 hectares was selected as a representative area. The plant species in each of the units were collected and identified by field survey. Identification of plant species and determination of plant characteristics including vegetative form, biological form of existing species were also done using relevant sources. The biological form of the plants was determined based on the Raunkiaer method. In each area was spotted four Replications and in each Replication using the Whittaker plots with dimension 20*50 that are scale sampling 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 m². Species richness (the total number of observed species) was recorded separately at all sampling spatial scales and analyzed using analysis of variance and regression methods.

In general, 88 plant species were identified in the three areas of Yakhtiklan (33 species), Gorkhoud (30 species), and Espakhoo (25 species), belonging to 21 families (Tables: 1, 2, and 3). The number of biological forms and their abundance percentage in the three management areas are shown in Table 6 and Figures 6, 7 and 8. In order to classify the biological form (biological form) and wintering mode of the plant species of the region based on Raunkiaer method, all the identified plant elements of the region were divided into 5 major groups: Therophyte, Chamaephyte, Hemicryptophyte, geophyte and Phanerophyte, among which These groups, Hemicryptophyte, are considered the largest plant group in the region with an average of 48 to 68 percent. From stand point of biological forms, the following relations were obtained: Hemicryptophytes> Chamaephytes>Phanerophytes> Therophytes >Geophytes.After performing the calculations and drawing the regression Equations, the results Showed that in the studied areas, in the Yakhtiklan area, due to lack of grazing and being in complete exclosure, forage production Compared to Climax reaches its maximum, which acceptsa little more large number of animal units, but The reason for not grazing livestock is the richness and plant development due to moderate grazing and the slope of the regression line is less than Ghorkhoud but more than Espakhoo. This is due to the fact that in: Espakhoo region, overgrazing has taken place, but in Ghorkhoud, due to proper, moderate and controlled grazing, the species richness has increased. It can be said that the greater intensity of the protection level in Golestan National Park compared to Ghorkhoud region has not led to an increase in species richness in different sampling scales. In general, the removal or addition of plant species can cause major changes in the structure and dynamics of the society, therefore, in order to preserve the ecosystem and its species elements, exploitation must be done in line with sustainable development. Also, in order to prevent the process of destruction and regression of rangeland, there is a need to provide appropriate and efficient management solutions in the fields of livestock grazing and rangeland revival and reformation programs.

Drought is one of the environmental hazards that refers to long - term water scarcity in an area, and it can occur in all weather conditions , whether humid or dry . This water scarcity can be caused by reduced natural precipitation, excessive evaporation, changes in rainfall patterns, or overuse of water resources. Drought can have serious and widespread impacts on the environment, agriculture, economy , and society . This phenomenon can lead to a decrease in agricultural production , water shortages , price increases , reduced quality of life, and disruption of the natural balance in the region. Drought gradually evolves into a natural disaster and dominates the environment . Drought is considered a complex risk that depends on the climatic and weather conditions of each region . Additionally, drought has a significant impact on reservoirs . During drought periods, precipitation decreases, resulting in reduced inflow of water into reservoirs . These droughts can cause a decrease in water levels in reservoirs and subsequently reduce the water storage capacity . This can directly affect drinking water supply , irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation from hydropower plants . In addition to the decrease in water volume in reservoirs, drought can also lead to a decrease in water quality . When water levels in reservoirs decrease, the water can become relatively more polluted, with increased salinity and contamination parameters . This can result in a decrease in water quality and create difficulties in using it for various purposes . In general, drought can lead to a decrease in water reserves in dams , a decrease in electricity production , and problems in providing drinking water and watering plants . This shows that the management of water resources and planning according to drought conditions is necessary to maintain and optimally exploit dam reservoirs .

In recent years, multiple droughts have occurred in various regions of the country , and the city of Marvdasht and the Doroodzan Dam have not been exempt from this issue . The Doroodzan reservoir dam is located 100 kilometers north of Shiraz on the Kar River . The construction of the dam began in 1966 and was completed in 1972 . The purpose of building this dam was to provide water for agriculture , drinking , and electricity supply to the region . The annual adjustable water capacity of this dam is 526 million cubic meters . The dam is of an earth-fill type with a clay core , with a crest length of 710 meters , a height of 60 meters from the foundation, and 55 meters from the riverbed . The body volume of the dam is 5.70 million cubic meters , the normal storage volume is 960 million cubic meters, and the useful volume is 860 million cubic meters .
In this study , the status of water level changes in the Doroodzan reservoir lake was examined using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). In this research, to investigate the changes in water resources in the Doroodzan reservoir lake as the main and important surface water source in the region, 80 images from Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite images were used, and then the water zone maps of the Doroodzan reservoir lake and its area were extracted during a 20-year statistical period. The satellite images were processed using Landsat 8, 7, and 5 . Three different methods are used to separate surface waters from other phenomena on the ground surface, including : 1) use of spectral band information, 2) supervised and unsupervised classification methods and 3) use of remote sensing indices for weather detection. The accuracy of the results obtained from the water indices , as well as the ease of implementation, has led to widespread use of this type of method . The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) , proposed and presented by McFeeters in 1996, is the first index that reveals water through remote sensing images . Since water has a high reflectance in the green band and low reflectance in the near-infrared band in satellite images .

According to the results, the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016 , with an area of 24.83 square kilometers , followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers . Additionally , to classify the water zones , the TM , ETM , and OLI sensors of Landsat 5 , 7 , and 8 satellite images were used during the 20-year statistical period . It was shown that the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 , with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016, with an area of 24.83 square kilometers, followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers .According to the results, the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016 , with an area of 24.83 square kilometers , followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers . Additionally , to classify the water zones , the TM , ETM , and OLI sensors of Landsat 5 , 7 , and 8 satellite images were used during the 20-year statistical period . It was shown that the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 , with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016, with an area of 24.83 square kilometers, followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers .

Drought stress as a non-biological stress in nature has several dimensions and affects plants at different levels. During prolonged drought stress, the amount of water in the plant cells decreases and causes thorogenesis, which eventually leads to plant death. The concentration of solutions in the cytosol and extracellular matrices increases due to drought stress in plants and cell development decreases as a result, which leads to growth inhibition and failure to reproduce. Subsequently, the plant withers with the accumulation of abscisic acid and compatible osmolytes such as proline. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and formation of scavenging compounds of radicals such as ascorbate and glutathione take place at this stage. Drought stress also affects stomatal closure, physiological traits, gas exchange, reduced transpiration, and reduced carbon assimilation (photosynthesis). Drought stress also affects stomatal closure, physiological traits, gas exchange, transpiration reduction, and carbon assimilation reduction (photosynthesis). Negative effects on mineral metabolism and nutrition (absorption and transport of nutrients) reduce leaf area and change the distribution of assimilates between organs.
Organic matter is essential for fertility and preservation of soil biological, chemical and physical properties. Recently, much attention has been paid to the possibility of using organic matter to improve plant growth. Humic substances (humic acid and folic acid) are among the organic substances that are used as growth regulators under suitable irrigation conditions and drought.
In recent years, the number of studies on melatonin in plants has increased significantly. The wide range of functions in different organisms indicates the potential of this substance in plant physiology. Its role as an anti-stress agent against stressors such as water, salinity, low temperature and high temperature, UV and toxic chemicals has been analyzed. The antioxidant role and growth promoter (among other melatonin functions in the plant) is very important. Melatonin is a polar molecule with diverse physiological and cellular functions. Melatonin has received a great deal of attention in recent years, as research has shown that melatonin is widely found in the leaves, roots, stems, fruits, and seeds of all plant species.
To date, numerous applications of fulvic acid and melatonin in agriculture, food industry and animal sciences have been proposed, but unfortunately few studies have been conducted on the simultaneous use of fulvic acid and melatonin in agriculture, which necessitates research in this area. Therefore, considering the economic importance and increasing demand for small fruits, especially strawberries, in this study, the effect of fulvic acid and melatonin on the biochemical properties of strawberries under water stress was investigated.

This experiment was performed in Bostanabad city (East Azerbaijan province) in Iran. Strawberry seedlings (Kamarosa cultivar) were obtained from a commercial strawberry growing greenhouse in Urmia in October and transferred to the greenhouse in cultivation trays. Laboratory studies were performed in the laboratories of the Department of Horticulture and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardabili University. This experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 factors in 4 replications. Factors include water stress at three levels of 100 (full irrigation (control), 25 and 50%, maintainable water drain), fulvic acid at three levels (control, 200 and 400 mg/l) and melatonin at three levels (control, 75 and 150 μM). After complete establishment and cooling of plants, melatonin and fulvic acid were applied to the treatments in three stages through foliar application. The first stage was performed after complete establishment of the plant (15 days after planting), the second stage was performed 10 days after the initial time of treatment and the third stage was performed 10 days after the second stage of foliar application. It should be noted that distilled water was used to treat the plants in the control group.
In order to apply water stress to the plants, at first the soil is completely dried (to decrease the effect of moisture on the weight of the soil in the pot), then the same amount of coarse sand was poured on the floor after weighing to create sufficient drainage in the pots. The pots were then placed on a scale (accurate to one tenth of a gram) and the soil mixture was poured into all of them. Then one of the pots was selected randomly and the soil inside it was completely submerged and covered with plastic and allowed the gravity water to come out. Because this part of the soil moisture is useless for the plant and must be drained. The pot was weighed and taken daily for a week (until the weight of the pot was fixed) after the soil moisture reached the field capacity. Then the soil inside the pot was emptied in a special container and the mass of the container along with the soil inside it was recorded and dried in an oven at 105 ° C for 24 hours. After removing from the oven, the soil with the container was weighed again and the difference between these two masses (before the oven and after the oven) showed the mass of water (Mw) of the soil in the pot in the last stage of the experiment. The mass of the container was deducted from the mass of the soil sample along with the container after the oven and the mass of dry soil (Ms) was calculated. Finally, the mass moisture content (θm) was obtained using the following equation.
Measurement and amount of Mw according to the relationship between humidity (mass moisture (θm)) at that stage, was obtained after obtaining moisture in the last stage of the experiment and adding the mass difference of the pots in each time period. (Given that the difference in the mass of the pots on each successive day indicates the amount of water evaporated and the amount of dry soil at each stage is constant). By obtaining the mass of the pot and the mass moisture, a linear relationship between them was drawn by Excel software. The moisture content of the pots was calculated by the regression relationship with the mass of the pots at the stress levels.

Analysis of variance of data showed that the effect of drought stress and its interactions with fulvic acid and melatonin treatment on yield, RWC, electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzymes activity were statistically significant. The interactions between treatments (drought stress, fulvic acid and melatonin) were statistically significant and only the triple effects of catalase were not statistically significant. The results showed that the drought satress (25 and 50%, maintainable water drain) without the application of fulvic acid and melatonin ecreased yield, RWC and increased electrolyte leakage. But application of fulvic acid and melatonin increased the yield and RWC under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the application of fulvic acid and melatonin reduced the oxidative damage (electrolyte leakage) in the plants through increased enzymatic activity under drought stress conditions. Generally, the highest and lowest yield was obtained in control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying with melatonin (150 µM) and 50%, maintainable water drain which were 693.54 and 504.78 g, respectively. The highest and lowest ascorbate peroxidase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying melatonin (75 µM) and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying melatonin (75 µM) and fulvic acid (400 mg/l) which were 2.929 and 1.426 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively. The highest and lowest peroxidase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying melatonin (75 µM) and fulvic acid (200 mg/l) and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying fulvic acid (400 mg/l) which were 2.411 and 0.58 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively. The highest and lowest superoxide dismutase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying melatonin (150 µM) and fulvic acid (400 mg/l) and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying fulvic acid (200 mg/l) which were 96.93 and 36.18 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively. The highest and lowest level electrolyt leakage leaves also were observed in 50%, maintainable water and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying melatonin (150 µM) and fulvic acid (200 mg/l) which were 96.93 and 36.18 respectively. The highest and lowest relative water content (RWC) were obtained control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying with melatonin (150 µM) and 50%, maintainable water drain which were 95.35 and 53.92%, respectively. The highest and lowest catalase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying fulvic acid (400 mg/l) and control plants (full irrigation) which were 0.7108 and 0.4946 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively.

Overall, the results of the present study suggest that the use of melatonin and fulvic acid may be an effective approach to improve the yield of strawberry plants under drought stress. Melatonin and fulvic acid helped to strengthen the antioxidant enzymes system of strawberry plants, which reduced the oxidative damage. Also, foliar application of melatonin and fulvic acid had a protective role on strawberry plants grown under drought stress and its optimal concentration will be useful in increasing drought tolerance in many crops.

River flows are one of the main and influential parameters in the water resources of a region, which has a close relationship with other climatic factors. The study of changes in river flow over a long period of time can determine the effects of possible changes in the climatic conditions of a region. According to this issue, in this research, after examining the statistics of all the stations covered in Mazandaran province in terms of statistical duration, the uniformity of the statistics of different years and the absence of years without statistics, as well as the appropriate distribution at the level of the province from Ramsar city in In the west of the province, the border of Behshahr city, in the east of the province, there are 7 river stations were selected, including the Rig Cheshme station in the Tajan Sari river, Shirgah and Kiakola in the Talar Quamshahr river, Baldeh, Panjab and Kareh Sang in the Haraz Amol river, and the Pole Zoghal in the Chalus river for studying studies of the trends of river flows. The discharge trends of the above-mentioned selected stations in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter and in the annual scales in the total of 7 stations in the west, center and east of the province with the length of the statistical periods considered for each station by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was also used to determine the magnitude of this trend. Without considering the exceptions, the results of this research indicate that the river trend of the station in the eastern and central parts of the province is decreasing in most seasons of the year or in some cases, it lacks a specific trend. In the western part of the province, from the study of the selected river flows, in a general conclusion it is clear that the seasonal and annual series under investigation, lack a specific trend, which shows during the study period ,the temporary stability of the water resource condition of area, but in the coming years, if there is no accurate planning for the optimal use of water, this relative stability can lead to the negative trend of the river and increase the vulnerability of river ecosystem will intensify due to Climatic changes in recent years as well as the pressure of the population around of river and increase for the need of water resources.

Water plays an important and key role in the stages of economic, social and cultural development of the country, the increase of agricultural production and food security, the expansion of urban and rural population centers and improvement of the quality of life require making necessary and coordinated investments in various dimensions of development and exploitation. It is one of the sources of water. Surface water, especially the base stream, is one of the essential water resources to meet the needs of agriculture, drinking and industry. In recent years, excessive pressure has been placed on surface water sources and indiscriminate withdrawals have taken place. Studying the trend of low and basic flow in most of the country's rivers shows that this trend is decreasing and sometimes it is significant.On the other hand, river flows as one of the important parameters in hydrology and water resources are closely related to climatic factors. Considering this issue, the study of changes in river flow over time can reveal the impact of changes or lack of changes in the climatic conditions of a region.The hydrological cycle of the watershed is influenced by climatic processes, topographic features, soil and vegetation, and human activities. Climate changes and global warming make the importance of studying and investigating these factors more obvious. One of the most important factors affecting regional climate changes is changes in hydrological processes and river flow in watersheds. The increase in intensity of floods and droughts in recent years has been noticed by managers and experts as one of the harmful results of climate change.

In this research, after examining the statistics of the total discharge of the stations covered by the province in terms of statistical duration, the uniformity of the statistics of different years and the absence of years without statistics, the appropriate distribution at the level of the province from the border of Ramsar city in the west of the province to the border of Behshahr city in the east of the province. 7 river stations including Rig Cheshme station on Tajan Sari River, Shirgah and Kiakola in Talar QuaemShahr River, Baladeh, Panjab and Karesang in Haraz Amol River and pole zoghal in Chalus River were selected to study the trends of river flows. To achieve the objectives of this research, the coverage of Mazandaran province is divided into three areas: west from Ramsar to Amol, center from Amol to Quaemshahr and east from Quaemshahr to Behshahr, and the trend of river flow changes in these three areas is evaluated at the selected stations and was investigated.According to the steps carried out in this research, the discharge trend of the river currents of the aforementioned selected stations in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter and in annual scales in the total of 7 stations in the west, center and east of the province with the length of the statistical periods was analyzed with the non-parametric Man-Kendall test. Also, the Sen test was used to determine the magnitude of this trend.

Based on the results of this research, it is clear that there is an upward trend in the Rig Cheshme station of Tajan river located in Sari city only in the summer season and in the rest of the year as well as this year. The annual scale of this station has a downward trend. The use of water for agriculture in the region, climate changes, the symptoms of which have become more obvious in recent years, the increase in population and the pressure on the ecosystem of this river can be the reasons for the fluctuations of this river. The river in the surveyed stations of the Talar river, which includes the Talar sub-station at a higher altitude and the Kiakola in Talar station at a lower altitude than this river, the investigation of the river flow trend indicates that the seasons either lack a specific trend or a downward trend and This conclusion also indicates that the process of changes in the water supply of this river, in a general summary, is moving towards a sharp decrease in water resources and an increase in droughts, which can lead to drought if there is no detailed planning for this sector.To be Due to the increase in the population of this river and more water consumption in agriculture, in this field, the optimal use of water resources, the non-waste of water in the form of evaporation and transpiration, according to the correct pattern of cultivation, the use of modern watershed management methods can be a pioneer.

Artemisia absinthium commonly known as wormwood, is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Asteraceae family and the Artemisia genus. It is a perennial shrubby plant. This grows from 60 to 120 cm in height with a woody, hardy rosette and high bearing stem.The aerial parts of A. absinthium possess an extended history of use in folk medicine. In previous studies, it has been reported that A. absinthium possesses many pharmacological properties, mainly antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antiplasmodial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. It is worth to note that the ethno pharmacological literature has supported the use of A. absinthium for muscle complications, antiseptic activity and relieving the signs of depression. Lychnis coronaria is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. The literature study determines that different components of Lychnis coronaria have been utilized as a traditional medicine for healing different illnesses similar disease of inflamed wounds and heal cuts, leprosy, diarrhea, liver and lungs and also as a therapy for Beriberi. Decoction of the roots has been utilized for liver and lung disorders, and for infraction of the mesentery and the lymph glands. The herb extract was found to possess anti-inflammatory traits. Hot aqueous extract from the aerial parts of the herb has been utilized for the therapy of hemorrhoids. It is a perennial growing to 80 cm tall by 45 cm wide, with grey felted leaves and single, bright magenta flowers produced in succession around July. Though short-lived, the herb readily self-seeds in desirable places. It is sometimes grown as a biennial. Lychnis coronaria is a rare native species in the east of the Golestan Park of Iran. This species is apperceived from Darkesh in the west of the north Khorasan province. Plants contributes precious ecosystem services to different terrestrial ecosystems, such as soil conservation, protection of genetic resources, water resource regulation, fodder provide, and carbon sequestration. Survey of the spatial pattern of an herb population is useful to define the population’s biological attributes, ecological priority and relations with environmental agents. So, the survey of the spatial distribution pattern of herb populations has always been a main focus for environmental investigate. Spatial pattern survey of plants could be an important tools for stability, biodiversity, designing proper management plans, and Reclamation and Rehabilitation operations of terrestrial ecosystems. The spatial distribution pattern of herb populations represents scale dependency, e.g. a species can indicate a clumped distribution at one spatial scale and may modify to a random or regular distribution at a various scale. The purpose of this present survey were to evaluate spatial distribution patterns of Artemisia absinthium and Lychnis coronaria medicinal species in northwest rangelands of Bojnord.

Goodali Salakh is a region located in the northwestern part of the city of Bojnord, which is a district of North Khorasan province. According to topographic maps (1:50000), this region covers an area of about 5300 hectares and has an elevation of 1200 to 1900 meters above sea level. Its geographical coordinates range from 57° 7' to 57° 15' east longitude and from 37° 32' to 37° 36' north latitude. To determine the annual precipitation, annual temperature, and climate type of the studied region, the gradients of precipitation and temperature of nearby stations at different elevations were used. The average annual precipitation in the region is 295 millimeters. Monthly precipitation in the area shows that the highest rainfall occurs in April with 55.6 millimeters and the lowest rainfall occurs in July with 6 millimeters. The annual average temperature in this region is 11.28°C. The average maximum temperature is 26.1 °C in July and minimum temperature is
-6.8 °C in January. According to the Emberger method, the climate of the region is considered as semi-cold and semi-arid. Based on the Embrothermic diagram, the dry period in the study area starts from late April and ends in early November, while the wet period lasts for about 205 days.
In the present research, Vegetation sampling was done by systematic-random method, so, 5 transects of 100 meters were selected in each working unit. To collect information from the habitat, the nearest species and nearest neighbor distance method was used. Finally, Evaluation was done by using distance indices of Eberhardt, Hines, Pielou, T-square, Hopkins, Holgate and Johnson and Zimmer and the findings were tested at 5% level.

Based on the results of this study, the Eberhardt, Johnson, Zimmer and Holgate indicators showed a clumped pattern of A. absinthium in the study sites. While the Hopkins and Pielou indices showed a regular pattern for this species in the study sites. The T-square index confirmed the spatial distribution pattern of random with a tendency toward clumped and Hines index was random. Also, based on the findings obtained from the Lychnis coronaria in habitat, the distance indices of Eberhardt, Pielou, Holgate, Johnson and Zimmer, T-square and Hines showed a clumped pattern. While the Hopkins index introduced the spatial pattern in a random with tendency to be clumped.

In conclusion, in this survey, the findings indicated that most of the investigated indicators accepted the clumped distribution pattern, so it can be said that the spatial distribution pattern of Artemisia absinthium and Lychnis coronaria is clumped in the study sites. Based on the results obtained from the study of other researchers, the clumped type is the most commonly observed plants spatial pattern in natural ecosystems. The major reasons that can lead to a clumped pattern in a population of plant species are the attributes of the plant, the relationship between them, and with the environmentally changes. There are three types of spatial distributions for herbs in nature, as follows, clumped distribution, random distribution and regular distribution. The spatial pattern of herb populations is a plenary reflectance of the phenotypic plasticity and life past strategies of herb populations under the efficacy of intraspecific and interspecific relationships. In general, the utilization of herb distribution patterns plays a main role in choosing the appropriate sampling technique, stability, biodiversity, designing proper plans, Reclamation and Rehabilitation, ecological interpretations and providing management approaches.

To plan in order to increase the efficiency, speed of action and reduce the cost of statistics, it is necessary to examine and use different sampling methods with variable area such as linear or transect. This study was chosen in order to investigate the effect of forest classification and compare the accuracy of estimators in the transect sampling method in Safaroud forests of Mazandaran with an area of 176 hectares. First, using the statistical method of 100% of all the trees in the field, then the linear method (Transect, the length of the sample line was 30 meters) was done in two stages. The first stage was in an area of 176 hectares without classification with a grid size of 100x100. meter was measured. The second stage of the forest area under investigation using the "Neyman" classification method into three categories in terms of volume inventory including less than 200 cubic meters, between 200-250 cubic meters and more than 250 cubic meters per hectare and according to the classification method A linear (transect) was made using the new grid dimensions for each stratum. In this study, the effect of segmentation on accuracy and time was investigated using the criterion (E%2×T). The results of this study in terms of the accuracy and cost index show that by segmenting the forest and implementing linear sampling, the estimated average of the investigated characteristics is 22.8% closer to the real average and the error rate is higher than the standard. Statistics have decreased. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the estimation of forest characteristics such as the number and volume per hectare is possible with the sampling method with linear variable area (Transect) for heterogeneous and dense forests in the north. However, due to various reasons such as the bushiness and density of trees and the interference of their crowns, the results of linear sampling, such as the sample line, which is based on the collision of the trunks or the image of the crowns of the trees, is associated with sampling error, and the average of the estimation results is with the actual amount of that distance has it.

The continuous need to improve statistical methods has led to the use of methods with minimum bias and minimum variance in forest statistics. to plan in order to increase the efficiency, speed of action and reduce the cost of statistics, it is necessary to examine and use different sampling methods with variable area such as linear or transect. This method is one of the specialized methods that ecologists can use to estimate the density or the total number of plants in a studied area. In the heterogeneous forest, to increase the accuracy of sampling, the forest can be classified in terms of stock. Classified estimation is a statistical technique that can reduce the variance of estimates without increasing the sample size.

This study was chosen in order to investigate the effect of forest classification and compare the accuracy of estimators in the transect sampling method in Safaroud forests of Mazandaran with an area of 176 hectares. The selected arenas were measured and recorded using the statistical method of 100% of all the trees in the areas (counting limit, diameter equal to chest more than seven and a half centimeters). In order to avoid mistakes and make it easier to perform 100% statistics, the studied area was divided into square pieces with dimensions of 50x50 meters and 704 plotes were placed in the field. Then the trees in each of these parts were measured separately. The linear transect method was carried out in two stages with a sample line length of 30 meters. The first stage was measured in an unclassified area of 176 hectares with a grid size of 100x100 meters. The second stage of the forest area under investigation using the method of "Neyman" classification into three categories in terms of volume inventory including less than 200 cubic meters, between 200-250 cubic meters and more than 250 cubic meters per hectare and based on The linear transect method was performed using the new grid dimensions for each stratum. In this study, the effect of segmentation on accuracy and time was investigated using the criterion (E%2×T). For this purpose, the time required to unload the sample plotes for the necessary measurements inside the sample plot and the time required to travel the distance between the adjacent sample plotes were also calculated and recorded using a stopwatch. In the present study, in addition to comparing the accuracy of statistical estimators, time studies were also conducted. In order to perform calculations related to time studies, the index value (E%2×T) was used. The effect of segmentation on accuracy and time was investigated using the criterion (E%2×T).

The results of the comparison of the statistical test between 100% statistical methods and Transect linear sampling without classification and with the implementation of classification showed that there is a significant difference at the level of 0.05%.With the implementation of stratification in the linear sampling method, the amount of statistical error has decreased and the estimated average of the examined characteristics has become closer to the real average. But the difference between the results and the actual amount is still significant. In other words, the reduction of statistical errors after classification for the characteristic of number per hectare by 3.37% and the reduction of 1.14% of statistical errors for the characteristic of cross-section width and 2.96% reduction of statistical errors for the characteristic of volume per hectare has not been able to improve the calculation results. put in the range of the real average. The results of this study in terms of the accuracy and cost index show that by segmenting the forest and implementing linear sampling, the estimated average of the investigated characteristics is 22.8% closer to the real average and the error rate is higher than the standard. Statistics have decreased. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the estimation of forest characteristics such as the number and volume per hectare is possible with the sampling method with linear variable area (Transect) for heterogeneous and dense forests in the north. However, due to various reasons such as the bushiness and density of trees and the interference of their crowns, the results of linear sampling, such as the sample line, which is based on the collision of the trunks or the image of the crowns of the trees, is associated with sampling error, and the average of the estimation results is with the actual amount of that distance. has it.

Undoubtedly, the issue of food and food security is one of the most fundamental and important challenges of today and the future of the world. The water crisis in the country increases the importance of paying attention to the issue of sustainability and evaluation of water resources, which determines the necessity of developing an accurate index to evaluate the water situation in the agricultural sector. Considering the consequences and harmful effects of drought and the conditions and potential of the country, especially in the south of Kerman province, it is necessary to devise mechanisms and planned works to deal with and control the drought crisis. In this regard, it seems that the first step to deal with drought and adjust its chaotic effects is to recognize and understand this fact and examine the role of precision agriculture education, and the next step is to identify the components and dimensions of precision agriculture education, strategies and It is the selection of solutions based on which one can take steps towards the sustainable development of water resources. In this regard, the south of Kerman is one of the areas that are always in the crosshairs of huge losses caused by drought and drought, and the studies carried out show that the life of this region depends on the life of the agricultural economy. With a short period of drought and drought due to the low average annual rainfall, the general economy of this region has undergone severe fluctuations and in recent years with the continuous occurrence of more than ten years of drought (in addition to the increase in temperature due to the phenomenon of global warming and the occurrence of unexpected events) The economic sector of this region has been severely damaged, and if fundamental measures are not taken to deal with or co-exist with this phenomenon, in a short time, the economic life of this country will be seriously shaken at the macro-regional level. Therefore, it is hoped that with the use of promotion strategies and accurate agricultural education in relation to the sustainability of water resources, steps will be taken in the direction of agricultural water management in order to preserve and sustain production and the dynamics of economic life at the regional and extra-regional levels.

The research method of this research is descriptive and since it deals with the collection of information related to demographic characteristics and the description of the existing situation, it is a survey type, and on the other hand, considering the objectives of the research, which deals with measuring the relationship between the variables of It is a type of correlation. In the classification of research according to the purpose of this research, it is placed in the category of applied research. This research is a cross-sectional study and was conducted in 2017-2018. This research was carried out in the southern area of Kerman (Jiroft, Kahnuj, Anbarabad, Manojan, Rudbar, Faryab and Qala-Ganj). This research in the field of agricultural extension research and education investigated the role of training in the application of precision agriculture and its components on the sustainable development of agriculture with emphasis on the sustainability of water resources in the south of Kerman. The statistical population of the present study was formed by farmers in the south of Kerman. In this research, according to the type of community under investigation and in order to ensure that all members have an equal chance of being selected, a simple random sampling method is used and information is collected through a questionnaire. In the definition of random sampling, we can say: random sampling is a probability sample in the sense that each member of the population has a probability higher than zero for selection. In simple random sampling, this probability is the same for all members of the population (statistical population). The sample size is determined by using the sample size formula presented by Karjesi and Morgan (1970) and considering the confidence level of 0.95 and the permissible error of 0.05. In this research, due to the unlimitedness of the statistical population, the table of Karjesi and Morgan (1970) was used to determine the sample size. Therefore, the sample size was 384 people. Two questionnaires were used to collect information: 1- Questionnaire on the application of precision agricultural education, taken from the study of Arash and Sabouri (2014), which includes 61 items and in the form of 5-choice Likert scale answers (in the range of very low to too much) is formed. The dimensions of the questionnaire are educational-promotional (1-9), managerial (10-26), economic (27-34), skillful (35-44), policy-making (45-52), social (53-57), cultural (58-61). To determine the form and content validity of the research tool, the questionnaire was given to a group of academic staff members of the agricultural extension and education department of Jiroft University, and the necessary modifications were made according to their suggestions. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87 was obtained in the research of Arash and Sabouri (2014), which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire. 2- Questionnaire developed by a researcher for sustainable development of agriculture with an emphasis on the sustainability of water resources, this questionnaire consists of 40 items that are designed as a 5-option Likert scale (completely agree to completely disagree). To determine the form and content validity of the research tool, this questionnaire was given to a group of academic staff members of the Agricultural Extension and Education Department of Jiroft University, and the necessary modifications were made according to their suggestions. In this research, by distributing 340 questionnaires and collecting 300 questionnaires, using the SPSS software, the reliability of the entire questionnaire was obtained at 0.870, which is very appropriate and an acceptable figure considering that it is more than 0.7.

Today, the approach of sustainable development has been proposed as the dominant paradigm in development discussions at the global level and has been welcomed by international forums as the main model since the 1970s. The sustainable development of agriculture with an emphasis on the sustainability of water resources is also in line with the ideas of sustainable development due to the inseparableness of these areas from the national body of countries and the importance of these areas both in terms of national development and because of population, production, employment, and close relationship. It was brought up with the environment and… Paying attention to the ever-increasing population growth, food security is one of the most important issues in Iran, which has shown more attention to the agricultural sector. On the other hand, in terms of limited water resources, it justifies the necessity of optimal use and increasing the efficiency of water consumption. With the current trend of water consumption in various sectors of agriculture, industry, drinking and environment, the physical shortage of water will become more evident in the coming years. In the meantime, various approaches and strategies have been proposed to realize the goals of this global model, one of which is teaching the application of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture is a technology that, within the framework of the principles of sustainable development, by collecting and storing spatial features and data processing, leads to the optimal use of production factors and inputs in order to increase productivity. The purpose of this research was to investigate the training of precision agriculture application on the sustainable development of agriculture with an emphasis on the sustainability of water resources in the south of Kerman. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of precision agriculture training (economic, managerial, skill, cultural, social, educational-promotional, policy-making). The results of the regression analysis showed that the variable of precision agriculture training predicts about 97% of the changes in the sustainable development of agriculture with an emphasis on the sustainability of water resources in southern Kerman. And the results of the regression analysis based on the variable dimensions of precision agriculture application education indicated that the dimensions of precision agriculture application education predict about 98% of the changes in sustainable agricultural development with emphasis on the sustainability of water resources in the south of Kerman. do Also, according to the value of beta, the management component of precision agriculture training with a beta of 0.512 has the largest contribution in predicting the sustainable development of agriculture with emphasis on the sustainability of water resources in southern Kerman. The results of this research, with the research findings of Falaki et al. (2008), Arfai and Sheikhi (2008), Alavi (2009), Bardbar et al. Hulter (2009), Batte & Diekmann (2010), Omidi Najafabadi et al (2011), Pandit & Student (2012) are consistent. Raising the level of researchers' knowledge through educational programs and activities in the field of precision agriculture can provide guidance for the feasibility of using this new science in the south of Kerman province.

Small changes in temperature and rainfall regime or changes in the frequency and limit of climatic events can reduce the composition and distribution of plant species as well as their production. For the effective protection and management of natural ecosystems, it is necessary to identify the climatic factors affecting the distribution of plants in the present and use them to predict the distribution of habitats in the future. Climate change has an effect on the biological characteristics of species and therefore it is considered as a major concern for the management and protection of biodiversity. One of the important effects of climate change is to create changes in the distribution range of species. The studies conducted in the field of the effect of climate change on the distribution of plant species and communities show that in the 2030s and 2080s decreases to a large amount of domain the spread of all plant species and communities. he results of research on the effect of climate change based on species prediction models show that in the coming decades, due to the increase in temperature, they will migrate to higher altitudes and their area will decrease.
Predictive habitat models determine the suitability of the habitat for the establishment of plant species and help natural resource managers to identify factors that threaten the population of species, determine important factors in conservation planning. Climate change scenarios on the geographical distribution of species and favorable habitats of plant species. he results of the modeling of the potential habitat of some plant species in the Alborz and Zagros mountains show that in 2030 and 2080, the area of some habitats will decrease and the level of expansion of the species will be extended to higher altitudes.
One of the important effects of climate change is to create changes in the distribution range of plants, so it is necessary to investigate the effect of climate change on the distribution of plant species. Therefore, determining the prediction of the habitat of plant species using modeling methods in this direction can help in the management and exploitation of ecosystems.
In this research, by preparing a forecast occurrence map of the current and future range of A. Aucheri species under two climate warning models (Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5 scenarios, the displacement of this species in geographical latitudes was investigated in Alborz pasture ecosystems in Mazandaran province.

The studied area is Mazandaran province, the province with an area of 2375500 hectares, occupies about 1.46% of the total area of the country. The lowest point of the province with a height of -28 meters above sea level is located in the coastal areas of the province and the highest point is Damavand peak with a height of 5610 meters above sea level in the Alborz mountain range in the south of the province. The average annual rainfall in the coastal strip of the province is equal to 977 mm. Artemisia Aucheri species is one of the representative plants of Alborz rangelad habitats and has a relatively wide spread and plays an important role in soil protection and water storage, and for this reason, it has been studied.Occurrence points (presence and non-presence) of A. Aucheri species were initially prepared using the updated map of plant types and the initial map of the distribution areas of A. Aucheri species. Then, by visiting different areas of the habitat of the species, the minimum and maximum height of distribution was determined. Also, by using the land use map, uses other than pasture use were removed from the polygons, and in the ArcGIS ver10.5 environment, the maps were modified and the current species presence map was finalized. Using 15 synoptic stations, a database, including precipitation, night temperature, daily temperature, and the average temperature was formed, and 19 climatic variables were calculated. Also, using a digital height model with an accuracy of 30 meters, three physiographic variables, including slope, direction, and height were prepared. Then, the presence and absence points of A.Aucheri were identified using updated maps of ecological zones and field visits.
Logistic regression was used to predict the habitat distribution of A. Aucheri species. In this way, the environmental variables in the logistic regression model are entered as predictor variables (independent) and the presence and absence of the species as response variables (dependent) and the vegetative behavior of the studied species in the current conditions is calculated and the relevant relationship is determined. This relationship was used to predict the habitat in 2050 using the 0-ESM2-MRI general circulation model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. This method was implemented in SPSS Ver24 software and its results were converted into a map using Arc GIS Ver10.5..

The current distribution map of A. Aucheri species shows that in the western, central and to some extent eastern parts of the province, this species is observed in 75-100 percent. The lowest species presence is in the 0-25 percent class. The produced map, in four classes, showed that in 64% of the entire province, the probability of this type of occurrence is 75-100%, which is equal to 1527354 hectares. In this connection, the value of Kappa coefficient was 0.85, which according to the classification of Kappa coefficients (Ilunga Nguy and Shebitz, 2019), the model has good and acceptable accuracy. The maps obtained from the prediction of the logistic regression model show that under the RCP 4.5 scenario, the presence of the species increases in high altitude areas (2500 to 3000 meters), which includes all areas in the central, western and eastern parts of the province. The percentage of presence in the 75-100% class was observed in 60.6% of the area of the province and the highest percentage is the 75-100% class. The percentage of the 0-25% class will decrease. The RCP 8.5 scenario shows that the presence of the species in the 75-100% class will decrease in the central, western and eastern parts of the province. There is a large decrease in 0-25% class and a very small increase in 50-75% class and a large increase in 25-50% class.

Due to the fact that today the settlements are growing more than the population living in it (Regami et al., 2017). Therefore, we can expect that by 2030, the area of settlements will reach 3 times the population living in it (Sun et al., 2018). Naturally, this increase in the size of settlements will lead to land use change, which will lead to the destruction of ecosystems, ecological and anthropological balance, environmental pollution, destruction of agricultural lands, infrastructure changes in the structure and ecological function of the land and…will be. Therefore, this expansion needs proper management.

The present study is of developmental-applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. In the present study, the Landsat satellite image with the specifications listed in Table (1) and Google Earth software, ENVI4.8, ArcGIS10.2 have been used. Thus, satellite images from 2011 to 2021 were referenced by removing 23 control points from the image surface with an RMS error equal to 0.41 pixels of the earth. In geometric correction, points were selected for ground control that had a good distribution on the image surface to have less error in estimating unknown coefficients in the equation used. In the present study, the method of reducing the numerical value of dark pixels in images has been used for radiometric correction. In this way, a constant value of the total value of the pixels in a given band is reduced so that radiometric corrections can be applied to each satellite image. In the next step, due to the location of Ardabil city and its surroundings in two rows (67-134 and 1367-34), the images were mosaic. Then, using field visits and GPS, educational samples were identified for each user (settlement, seal, agriculture, desert) in the study area. Given that the control points were taken in 1400 and the images used in this study are from 2011 to 2021, there was a possibility of changes in use between this time period. Based on this, the points were visually compared with the images used and some of them that were suspected of changing the user were removed. Some of the harvested points were used for training and others for classification validation. In the present study, the classification was prepared using the support vector machine algorithm. Evaluation criteria (producer accuracy, user accuracy, overall accuracy, kappa coefficient) were used to evaluate the accuracy of image classification. In the next step, a map of land use changes in the study area was prepared and the changed land uses in the study period were identified and introduced. Were analyzed. Figure (2) shows the flow chart of the research stages.

After performing the backup vector classification algorithm on the satellite images of 2011 and 2021, land use maps were prepared (Figures 4 and 5). In the next step, the accuracy of the classifications was examined based on educational samples taken from the area. After applying the training samples on the image surface, the classification error matrix, statistical characteristics of producer accuracy, user accuracy, overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were determined for each of the classes. The results are presented in Table (3). Then the area of each land use class was calculated and is presented in Figure (6). In the next step, a map of land use changes was prepared. Figure (7). After preparing the change map of each period, the area of each user category was calculated. The support vector machine method had high classification accuracy in satellite images due to its overall accuracy and high kappa coefficient.

In this study, first, satellite images (ETM-OLI) were used and the land use map of Ardabil and its surroundings was extracted by supervised classification (support vector machine). The results also show that satellite images have a unique ability to extract land uses. The results of the application of metrics used in this research show the efficiency of class area metrics, number of spots, spot density, margin density, largest spot index, total margin and percentage of appearance in land use change analysis. Based on the research findings, it can be said that the situation of Ardabil city in the current situation, due to improper use of resources and its destruction is irregular and indicates the development of destruction in this area. According to the land use change map obtained from the comparison of land use in 2011 and 2021, it can be seen that in the 11-year period, the use of the settlement has increased by 1242 hectares, while agricultural use has decreased by 859 hectares and dams by 26 hectares. Bayer has reduced 309 hectares. These changes in the present study were quantified by land use metrics. The results show that the values of metrics for each of these classes have changed over the study period. That is, the effects of destruction and conversion of land uses have also affected the shape and size of land uses. In the next step, the accuracy of the classifications was examined based on educational samples taken from the area. After applying the training samples on the image surface, the classification error matrix, statistical characteristics of producer accuracy, user accuracy, overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were determined for each of the classes. Landscape analysis in this study shows the negative effects of human activities on land landscape changes. Given that the large number of spots indicates fragmentation and instability in the appearance of the land; As a result, low NP indicates stability. In the present study, metric analysis of the number of spots indicates that residential, agricultural and barren land use are in an unstable state. Metric analysis of land landscape percentage indicates that in both time periods, the highest land landscape percentage is agricultural land, barren, residential and dam, respectively. Therefore, the analysis of land landscape in this study shows the impact of human activities on land landscape change.

The most important factor in timely tillage operations is the estimation of the number of working days. Probability of working days (PWD) is the ratio of workable days to days available during the working season for the desired operation. The PWD is used in some relationships in agricultural mechanization and is one of the effective factors in calculating the optimal size of the required machines, the farm capacity of the existing machines as well as the cost of timeliness. Therefore, for each day or each time period, the possibility of performing the operation is checked separately.
There are usually two methods for determining the probability of a working day which are statistics from real conditions and estimation of the feasibility of operations in the past years.
Sometimes the weather conditions indirectly prevent the operation. Soil moisture content is one of the most important factors for most agricultural operations but it cannot be directly extracted from meteorological data. Therefore, it should be initially estimated by practical methods and then the feasibility of the operation determined by comparing the moisture obtained with suitable moisture conditions. A soil water balance model is needed to determine soil moisture content. In these models, by considering the humidity in a day or a period of time and also by calculating the inputs and outputs of water to the soil profile, they determine the amount of humidity for the next time step.
To calculate the possibility of working day, daily soil moisture prediction models are often used which are based on long-term meteorological data and soil characteristics of the region. Estimating the number of working days is one of the effective factors in calculating the optimal size of required machines, the farm capacity of existing machines, as well as the cost of timeliness. The purpose of this study is to validate the proposed model to determine the probability of suitable working days for tillage operation.

Qazvin province, with an area of 15805 square kilometers, having 488 thousand hectares of agricultural land possesses more than three percent of Iran's total production. The total cultivated area of agricultural crops is roughly 259,088 hectares from which 56.57% is irrigated and the rest designated to rainfed.
Climatic conditions and soil moisture content are key factors in the production of agricultural products. Due to the difficulty and high costs of measuring meteorological parameters and soil moisture content in different conditions, models have been proposed for estimating them in the last few decades. Recent models require input data for implementation including meteorological variables (such as rainfall, air temperature and humidity, wind speed and radiation), soil physical properties, soil moisture content and plant residues. The difficulty of field measurement and their time-consuming nature has led to the expansion of the design and application of these models. To determine the probability of working days, a model is needed that can estimate the moisture regime of bare soil in different years and determine the possibility of working in a day by determining the soil moisture content in different layers and comparing it with the humidity limits. Then, by adding up the working days, the number and probability of working days would be determined. To determine the probability of suitable working days for tillage operations, a model was designed by the Delphi software. Also, this model could be used to estimate evaporation, run-off, soil moisture content in other regions providing that those variables were available.
After dividing the soil into several layers, this model estimates soil moisture content in different time steps. In this way, having the initial soil moisture content for whole soil profile and using meteorological data and soil properties, input (rain, deep infiltration) and output (evaporation, run-off), the moisture of each soil layer is computed and then added to the initial moisture. This cycle continues repeatedly and soil moisture content is determined in each time step and in each day. In this model, according to meteorological data and soil surface wetness, evaporation from the soil surface is calculated and it is subtracted from the wetness of the surface layers from which evaporation takes place. Moisture transfer between soil layers is estimated according to the total suction difference (sum of suction and gravity) between two layers and water conductivity in the soil (hydraulic conductivity). As a result, the input and output of each soil layer is specified in each stage, and according to the initial moisture of that layer at the beginning of the stage, the moisture at the end of the stage is determined and used as the initial moisture in the second stage of simulation. The wetness of each layer in each day is determined by averaging the time steps during the working hours of that day. By comparing soil moisture content with workability limits, the possibility of working on that day is determined. By adding up working days, the number and probability of working days is determined.

To check the validity of the model, it is necessary to compare its results with real measurements. For this purpose, the average standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, the average percentage of relative deviation, the regression of the sum of squares and the coefficient of determination were determined as the main indicators of model validation. The measured and estimated humidity are very close to each other in most places. The average value of the standard deviation in the cities of Buin Zahra and Abyek showed the underestimation of the model and in the city of Qazvin it showed the overestimation of the model. In general, the deviation from the observed values is very small. Since this value tends to zero, it indicates a good estimation of the model and very little deviation is observed in it.
Considering that the percentage of coefficient of variation in the studied cities is low, it shows the high accuracy of the model in estimating soil moisture content.
The efficiency value of the model, which shows the quality and how to fit the observed and estimated data, varies from -0.12 to -0.47. Due to the closeness of the model efficiency values to the number 1, there is a good fit between the measured and estimated moisture values which indicates the high accuracy of the model in estimating soil moisture content.
The results obtained from calculating the average percentage of relative deviation show the acceptable fit of the data obtained from the model and the model can be used to measure the amount of soil moisture content.
The regression value of the sum of squares squares (SSE) in the fitting process should be as low as possible, because it indicates the amount of random errors. The results obtained for the regression of the sum of squares squares show the high accuracy of the model. The coefficient of determination of the model in three cities ranges from 0.81 to 0.88, which indicates the probability of correlation between two categories of data in the future. About 81-88% of the variance is shared between the estimated value and the measured value. In the process of fitting the moisture curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the designed model, the variables are investigated separately. To ensure the validity of the output of the model, three available databases were used (Shapp et al., 2001; Rawls et al., 1982 and Marcel and Parrish, 1988). From the obtained results, the ratio of the calculated value to the observed one, it is realized that the percentage of remained moisture, the percentage of moisture in the saturated state, the inverse of the potential of air entering the soil, the experimental coefficient that determines the shape of the curve, the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil and the calculated experimental parameter (tortuosity coefficient) are close to the value of the databases, which indicates the accuracy of the model in predicting the parameters. The results show that the mean value of the bias deviation (MBE) in the maximum temperature, maximum relative humidity and wind speed was negative, which indicates the underestimation of the model. In other cases, it is positive which indicates overestimation of the model. Considering that these values are close to zero, it confirms a good estimate of the model and very small deviation is observed. The model efficiency (ME) value, which indicates the quality and how to fit the observed and estimated data, varies between -0.2 and 0.9. Due to the closeness of the model efficiency values to the number 1, there is a good fit between the measured and estimated moisture values. This result indicates the high accuracy of the model in estimating meteorological data. The regression value of the sum of squares squares (SSE) is between 0.26 and 1.83, which indicates the low amount of random errors. In addition, its lower level indicates the high accuracy of the model in predicting meteorological data. According to the results, this model can be used with high accuracy in determining the probability of working days of tillage operations.

The ongoing climate change will change all aspects of biological systems, from genetics to ecosystems (Scheffers et al. 2016, 724). By 2100, climate change will make extinct one sixth of animal and plant species and will change the abundance and distribution of many remaining species, which will result in new communities (Urban, 2015, 573). Based on this, it will be very important to investigate the annual and decade changes of average temperature and precipitation at the regional level. It is also important to understand how temperature changes and related indicators such as heat stress in different time scales in order to make informed decisions regarding economic development and climate action plans (CAP).
One of the main sources of data for the study of climate change are general circulation models (GCM), which are widely used to monitor and predict past and future climate change (Khan et al. 2020). GCMs have a remarkable ability to simulate temperature and precipitation. However, they also have limitations. Among these limitations are systematic errors in reproducing average temperature and precipitation, especially in areas with complex topography, such as Iran (IPCC, 2013). In this context, IPCC, as the most important reference for researches and forecasts related to climate change, has so far presented several generations of emission surveys and based on the results of different climate change modeling, six climate change assessment reports. has published. In the recent IPCC report, the latest climate change models are called CMIP6 series, which simulate the future climate under ssp emission scenarios (IPCC, 2021). The final version of the CMIP6 model design was confirmed by the two CMIP working groups and the WGCM coupled model work group in October 2014, and the complete results and various models are expected to be published before the end of 2022. The scenarios of the sixth report are a combination of socio-economic trajectories (ssp) (sustainable development sp1, development based on intermediate policies sp2, regional competition sp3, inequality sp4, and fossil fuel development sp5) and greenhouse gas concentration trajectory different levels of coercion) are produced; So that they provide the possibility of feedback analysis between changes and socio-economic factors such as global population growth, economic development and technological progress.

In this report, eight scenarios are presented in two rows. The first row includes the new scenarios SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, which are respectively the updated scenarios of the forcing levels RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the fifth report. The SSP1-2.6 scenario shows the lowest level of radiative emissions; SSP2-4.5 considers the average forcing level and SSP5-8.5 presents the upper limit of radiative forcing (Stock et al. 2020, Rogelj et al. 2018). In addition to these three scenarios, the non-decreasing forcing scenario (SSP3-7.0) with high emission of suspended particles and land use change has been added in this group. In the second row, two mitigation scenarios have been added to achieve a relatively low forcing output and one scenario considering limiting the average global temperature to below 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to forcing levels over industrialization and a scenario with a very high trajectory.
GCM models are the best tools for investigating the effects of climate change on weather parameters. These models are three-dimensional and are able to model and produce atmospheric and oceanic parameters for a long-term period on a global or continental scale, taking into account the approved IPCC scenarios (Chen et al., 2019). Considering the importance of uncertainty analysis, evaluation and selection of GCMs based on their performance in simulating climate variables is a method that can be used to select the best models and reduce uncertainties (Zamani et al. , 2020). The importance of water in Razavi Khorasan Province led the current research to reveal the trend of spatial and temporal changes of precipitation and temperature in the region in current conditions and also to evaluate the performance of CMIP6 models in reproducing annual and seasonal precipitation under the combined scenarios of common socio-economic paths (SSPS). ) to be concentrated in the future climate. Forecasting climate change plays an essential role in improving the understanding of the climate system and also identifying its social risks in the future. cmip6 activities focused on scenarios were formed in 2013 among climate communities. The Scientific Steering Committee of ScenarioMIP for this project was formed from the 17th meeting of the World Climate Research Working Group (WCRP) in October 2013 in Victoria, Canada. The main activity in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Cross Project (CMIP6) is the Scenario Cross Project (ScenarioMIP). that the prediction of these climate models is a combination of a new set of release and land use scenarios produced by IAMs models based on the common socio-economic trajectories (SSP) of the future (which includes elements such as population, economic growth, urbanization, age, education and…) and is related to RCPs greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. This new structure provides two important elements in the designed space of scenarios, first: it standardizes all the socio-economic assumptions in each scenario, and secondly, it allows for a more detailed examination of various trajectories that can be It achieves the future climate results. The climate forecast of the CMIP6 project is different from the CMIP5 projects due to the production of updated versions of climate models and the use of SSP-based scenarios based on the updated data in the process of publication. The scenarios of joint socio-economic trajectories (SSPs) are the new group of scenarios of non-climate emissions resulting from coupled models of the sixth phase of climate change (CMIP6) in line with the sixth assessment report of climate change (AR6). These scenarios are presented with the aim of providing forecasts in the common socio-economic path. These scenarios include possible alternative changes in social aspects such as demographic, economic, technological, social, governance and environmental factors based on integrated analyzes of climate impacts, vulnerability, policies related to adaptation and They describe adjustment.
To determine the accuracy of each CMIP6 model, the simulation results of rainfall and temperature of each basin in the historical period were compared with observational statistics. In this step, the Kling-Gupta statistical test (KGE) was used to determine the accuracy of each model (correlations). This measure, while being simple, includes the mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient of the series of observation and simulation data obtained from the model, and weighting based on this measure can be of great help in increasing the accuracy of the modeling results. And finally, for micro-scale, Oribi method based on various approaches such as probability distribution mapping, empirical cumulative distribution function mapping, quantile mapping and quadrature density distribution mapping is presented, which is used in many studies to evaluate networked and recorded rainfalls. to be This method works by correcting the mean, standard deviation and quantiles by equalizing the distribution functions of model outputs and observational data. In the bias method, it is assumed that the simulated and observed precipitation follow the same proposed distribution, which in turn may cause bias. Based on this, gamma distribution in the form of α and β scale is often used for the distribution of precipitation events.

The output of general atmospheric circulation models in terms of temporal and spatial resolution is about tens of kilometers on a daily and monthly scale, which are large scale compared to climate processes. In addition, GCM simulations in both temporal and spatial scales have uncertainty in the parameterization of processes, so the output of these models cannot be directly used in climate change studies. Therefore, exponential scaling and skew correction of GCM simulations are necessary to obtain information at a suitable scale. Therefore, the present study investigated and evaluated the accuracy of CMIP6 models, which were recently published by IPCC, for the simulation of temperature and precipitation in Razavi Khorasan Province. For this purpose, the output of GCM models during the period of 1988-2018 was extracted and their accuracy was based on the observational data of seven synoptim stations (Mashhad, Gonabad, Qochan, Sarkhes, Sabzevar, Tarbiat Heydarieh and Torbat Jam) using the index King-Kupta (KGE) was investigated. The results showed that the GESM2 model has the highest accuracy for temperature estimation and the HadGEM3-GC model for the precipitation variable, and also based on this person, it was determined that in CMIP6 models, temperature is more accurate than precipitation. The results of rainfall variable simulation by CMIP6 climate models under three scenarios SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 during the upcoming period (2020 to 2100) for Razavi Khorasan province showed that in all stations of this province We will witness an increase in rainfall from 0.40% to 6.8%, the most increase in rainfall will occur in the east of the province and the least increase in rainfall will be in the center of the province. The average temperature in all parts of the province under the CMIP6 scenarios will be from 0.29 degrees Celsius to 2.75 degrees Celsius, and the largest increase will be related to Mashhad and Sabzevar stations.