جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "honey bee" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

Awareness of the environment and better understanding of the climate of each region is very necessary for the future to analyze the current situation of beekeeping in order to advance the goals in this field. In addition to weather factors and climatic variables, the temperature factor plays an essential role in creating a balance between honeybees and the environment. It should be noted that one of the most common problems in the growth of honeybees is unusual changes in environmental conditions, such as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature in mountainous areas, which increases the importance of studying this matter. In this research, due to the high importance of temperature, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations have been used. The dates of occurrence of the first and last temperatures of zero degrees were investigated and used to identify the time of inactive temperatures, to calculate the deviation from the optimal temperature (22 degrees) in the minimum winter consumption of this beneficial insect. The results of station estimates were also zoned using GIS software. The results showed that according to the calendar obtained from the cold months of the year, the thermal conditions in the last four months of the year, based on the occurrence of low temperatures from December to March, are unsuitable for biological activities in the high areas of Sablan, and the colonies should migrate to an altitude of 1000 meters and be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By adapting the temperature thresholds of honeybees to the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping, and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and bring it to the lowest possible level. Migrated to be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By matching the temperature thresholds of honey bees with the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and reduce it to the minimum. as much as possible. Beekeeping has long been one of the important branches of agriculture due to its pollination and valuable products (Allen et al., 1998). The honey bee performs more than 90% of commercial pollination services because it is considered one of the most important pollinators worldwide (Morse and Calderon, 2000). It should be pointed out that Iran's honey bee colonies are a type of common honey bee that are highly dependent on weather conditions . Coordination of beekeeping activities with climatic factors and its temporal and spatial patterns is one of the important issues regarding growth and breeding . Colony health, production efficiency and productivity in beekeeping are all affected by environmental conditions, especially climate. (Haig, 2006). By matching the vital thresholds of this creature with the climatic conditions of different places, it is possible to take advantage of the maximum climatic potential of the regions in the field of bee breeding. The most important aspect of keeping and rearing honey bees is coordinating beekeeping activities with geographical and climatic conditions and its temporal and spatial changes . With the occurrence of frost, many animal activities are affected, and the honey bee, which is a cold-blooded insect, is affected by the surrounding temperature and reacts to this temperature. It should be kept in mind that the development of beekeeping has a close relationship with weather conditions and the time of moving colonies depends on this factor . In the annual climatic calendar of the growth of honey bee colonies, two active and inactive periods have been identified, and in the cold months of the year, the inactive periods start and special care is taken, however, there is a sharp decrease in the population and death of the colony. We are at the end of winter, which is one of the inhibiting factors for using bee pollination services and other products. The loss of the queen due to changes in environmental conditions such as: Temperature, high humidity and prolonged cold in mountainous areas and lack of food in hives are among the most common problems of bee breeding in very low temperatures).Winter deaths and reduction of bee colony population in cold regions, an important part of which is due to environmental and climatic conditions, increase the importance of studying this matter (Pettis et al., 2010). With the climate calendar in hand and the proper location of the apiaries in the cold months of the year by the beekeepers, we will see a significant reduction in losses, business improvement and more productivity. A lot of research has been done in the field of honey bee wintering all over the world, which shows the close relationship between the cold winter weather and the temperature of the investigated environment, and the result shows that the minimum consumption of honey in large colonies is in the temperature range of -10 and 10+ degrees Celsius in temperate regions. ). Researches show that in relation to minimum winter honey consumption of bee colonies, the temperature reaches 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. By examining the effects of climate changes on the population of colonies and their diseases, it was found that considering the climatic conditions plays an essential role in beekeeping management .The research conducted in relation to the effect of climate change on a micro scale and its impact on the migration conditions of colonies in high altitudes were investigated and an advanced monitoring system was proposed ). The effects of different times of the day, temperature, humidity and air pressure on the flight of various types of stingless bees were studied and the results showed that the flight activities of these types of bees are affected by atmospheric conditions and the elements of day length, heat, humidity and pressure.

Awareness of the environment and better understanding of the climate of each region is very necessary for the future to analyze the current situation of beekeeping in order to advance the goals in this field. In addition to weather factors and climatic variables, the temperature factor plays an essential role in creating a balance between honeybees and the environment. It should be noted that one of the most common problems in the growth of honeybees is unusual changes in environmental conditions, such as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature in mountainous areas, which increases the importance of studying this matter. In this research, due to the high importance of temperature, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations have been used. The dates of occurrence of the first and last temperatures of zero degrees were investigated and used to identify the time of inactive temperatures, to calculate the deviation from the optimal temperature (22 degrees) in the minimum winter consumption of this beneficial insect. The results of station estimates were also zoned using GIS software. The results showed that according to the calendar obtained from the cold months of the year, the thermal conditions in the last four months of the year, based on the occurrence of low temperatures from December to March, are unsuitable for biological activities in the high areas of Sablan, and the colonies should migrate to an altitude of 1000 meters and be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By adapting the temperature thresholds of honeybees to the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping, and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and bring it to the lowest possible level. Migrated to be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By matching the temperature thresholds of honey bees with the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and reduce it to the minimum. as much as possible. Beekeeping has long been one of the important branches of agriculture due to its pollination and valuable products (Allen et al., 1998). The honey bee performs more than 90% of commercial pollination services because it is considered one of the most important pollinators worldwide (Morse and Calderon, 2000). It should be pointed out that Iran's honey bee colonies are a type of common honey bee that are highly dependent on weather conditions . Coordination of beekeeping activities with climatic factors and its temporal and spatial patterns is one of the important issues regarding growth and breeding . Colony health, production efficiency and productivity in beekeeping are all affected by environmental conditions, especially climate. (Haig, 2006). By matching the vital thresholds of this creature with the climatic conditions of different places, it is possible to take advantage of the maximum climatic potential of the regions in the field of bee breeding. The most important aspect of keeping and rearing honey bees is coordinating beekeeping activities with geographical and climatic conditions and its temporal and spatial changes . With the occurrence of frost, many animal activities are affected, and the honey bee, which is a cold-blooded insect, is affected by the surrounding temperature and reacts to this temperature. It should be kept in mind that the development of beekeeping has a close relationship with weather conditions and the time of moving colonies depends on this factor . In the annual climatic calendar of the growth of honey bee colonies, two active and inactive periods have been identified, and in the cold months of the year, the inactive periods start and special care is taken, however, there is a sharp decrease in the population and death of the colony. We are at the end of winter, which is one of the inhibiting factors for using bee pollination services and other products. The loss of the queen due to changes in environmental conditions such as: Temperature, high humidity and prolonged cold in mountainous areas and lack of food in hives are among the most common problems of bee breeding in very low temperatures).Winter deaths and reduction of bee colony population in cold regions, an important part of which is due to environmental and climatic conditions, increase the importance of studying this matter (Pettis et al., 2010). With the climate calendar in hand and the proper location of the apiaries in the cold months of the year by the beekeepers, we will see a significant reduction in losses, business improvement and more productivity. A lot of research has been done in the field of honey bee wintering all over the world, which shows the close relationship between the cold winter weather and the temperature of the investigated environment, and the result shows that the minimum consumption of honey in large colonies is in the temperature range of -10 and 10+ degrees Celsius in temperate regions. ). Researches show that in relation to minimum winter honey consumption of bee colonies, the temperature reaches 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. By examining the effects of climate changes on the population of colonies and their diseases, it was found that considering the climatic conditions plays an essential role in beekeeping management .The research conducted in relation to the effect of climate change on a micro scale and its impact on the migration conditions of colonies in high altitudes were investigated and an advanced monitoring system was proposed ). The effects of different times of the day, temperature, humidity and air pressure on the flight of various types of stingless bees were studied and the results showed that the flight activities of these types of bees are affected by atmospheric conditions and the elements of day length, heat, humidity and pressure.

The honey bee is one of the most important and economic species of insects due to its important role in the pollination of agricultural and non-agricultural plants and the products it produces directly. The western honey bee Apis mellifera, which is now considered a cosmopolitan species due to its widespread distribution by humans, originated in Africa, Europe, and West Asia. In order to evaluate the diversity of this bee in parts of the northwest of the country, worker bees were collected from 6 study stations in West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces and evaluated using the geometric morphometric method. Changes in the size and shape of the forewing and hindwings were investigated using 16 homologous landmarks at the bifurcation of the wings. In terms of the size of the fore and hindwings, the Chahar Borj population of West Azerbaijan had the largest and the Malekan population of East Azerbaijan had the smallest fore and hindwings, and populations of all the study stations of East Azerbaijan had significant differences with West Azerbaijan. In terms of the shape of the forewing, all pairwise compared populations except for the population of Sahand mountain and Kordeh Deh village had significant differences, but in the hindwing, this difference was seen only in three pairwise comparisons. In addition, the regression analysis showed that, unlike the hindwing, changes in the wing size and wing shape in the forewing are dependent on each other, and allometry is also seen. This study showed that despite the proximity of the study stations to each other, diversity is observed in the bee populations.

It is necessary to know the potential abilities and the functioning of the environmental factors affecting beekeeping, such as the identification of plant species and the length of the flowering period of plants, considering the role and importance of weather elements. With this information in hand, a fundamental step can be taken in the optimal use of honey bee food resources and the establishment of colonies in the right place and time. In this research, due to the great importance of temperature in bee breeding, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations were used. These data were used to identify the optimal temperature thresholds for honey bees and were made into a zoned map with the geographic information system. By using the degree index of growth days and regression equations of flowering dates to determine the migration time of the colonies, the evaluation and the results showed that the temperature thresholds of 10 and 20 degrees Celsius from May to September are among the active temperatures and to take advantage of the thermal potential of the region and the thermal power in the direction Optimum, special reference should be made to the months of June and July, which have the right temperature and the time when the plants of the Sablan area begin to flower, the difference in altitude is also very important in terms of temperature, because it causes the colonies to move at different temperatures. The results show that the oregano plant has a higher growth and flowering area than other plants in the region, so that it covers a large area in all stations from the middle of June and is a good source of food for honeybees in the hot months of the year. Finally, it should be added that by using the obtained calendar for the warm half of the year, the status of establishing the colonies in the right place and time will increase the per capita production and more income for the beekeepers.

This study was done to evaluate the effects of piperine (phytogenic material in pepper) supplementation on antioxidant capacity, vitellogenin gene expression, the viability and body weight of honey bees at the time of emerging.

32 bee hives were divided to 4 treatment groups and 8 replications in a completely random design. The environment temperature of region was 38 degrees Celsius for at least 4 hours per day. The control group received syrup without piperine, and the treatment groups received syrup containing 2000, 4000 and 6000 μg of piperine per liter, respectively. The level of malondialdehyde and antioxidant capacity of the body, weight and body composition of bees after emerging, colony population and relative expression of vitellogenin gene were determined.

Supplementation of 2000 and 4000 μg piperine per liter of syrup caused an increase in body weight, a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde and increase in antioxidant capacity. The addition of piperine in different doses caused a significant increase in vitellogenin gene expression compared to the control group. The spawning level and colony population that received 6000 μg/liter piperine was lower than the group that received 2000 and 4000 μg/liter P<0.05).

Based on the results, supplementation of 2000 to 4000 μg/liter of piperine has a positive effect on increasing the antioxidant capacity, vitellogenin gene expression, body weight of new-emerged bees and colony population, and a higher dose causes a decrease in spawning rate and reduction of honey bee population.

To evaluate the average of sex alleles homozygosity percentage and its relationship with number of sex allele, honey production and adult population, 320 honey bee colonies from East Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces were selected and measured according to Ruttner and Page instructions. The results showed that the average of sex alleles homozygosity percentage and number of sex alleles were 12.86% and 8.42 in the studied population of honey bees. Also, sex alleles homozygosity and number were 12.8 % and 8.48 for East Azerbaijan province, and was 12.86% and 8.42 for Ardabil province, respectively. Variance analysis results showed that the province and apiary had not significant (P<0.05) effect on all studied traits, but county in provinces had negative and significant (P<0.05) effect on all studied traits except sex allele homozygosity. In the present study, the average honey production in East Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces were estimated to be 17.32 and 17.07 kg, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed negative and significant (P<0.05) between sex alleles homozygosity percentage with number of sex alleles (-0.94), honey production (-0.80) and colony adult population (-0.79). Based on regression analysis and estimated model parameters, with a 1% increase in sex alleles homozygous decreases 0.17 frame of the adult population and 0.49 grams of honey production of colonies during a period of beekeeping.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of L-methionine and L-lysine supplementation on population growth, honey bee (Apis mellifera Meda) Queen egg laying, brood rearing and honey production. This study started in 17 May to 1 July continued for 45 days in Ardabil province. For this experiment, 48 hives was chosen and colonies equalized for environment condition, population, honey and pollen store and same sister queens. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 12 replicates. The experimental treatments were: 1) control group (sugar syrup without amino acid supplementation) and treatments 2, 3 and 4 were fed with sugar syrup with Methionine, Lysine and Lysine and Methionine mix, respectively. The results showed that, in first and second periods, highest population was observed in Met/Lys treatment (P > 0.05). In fourth and mean of periods, the highest populations of colonies were belonging to the Met/Lys group (12.6 and 9.42 frame, respectively) and the lowest population (10.4 and 8.19 frame, respectively) was belonging to the control. In all of periods, Laying performance of queens was increased significantly by feeding Met/Lys compared to the control (P < 0. 05). For brood rearing and honey production, the best performance was obtained by colonies supplemented with Met/Lys treatment as well. In overall, our study confirms the positive effectiveness of feeding Met/Lys on population size, laying performance of queens and honey production.

The cell cultures, especially primary cultures, are widely used in the isolation and identification of viruses. Viruses are one of the most important causes of disease and can cause enormous economic damage. Also, they are used in basic research in cell physiology, genetics, and many other items. Primary cell cultures are also used in chromosomal research on karyotypes, morphology, and abnormal states of chromosomes. Primary cell culture preparation, such as bees that have not yet been derived from the cell line, is widely used in the isolation and identification of viruses. In the field of honey bee cell culture, the research in most countries is more limited than other insects but in recent years, good results have been achieved in this field. There are some good results about the larval and pupal stages of the honey bee primary culture in Iran. Since there are some reports about the influence of honey bee in viral investigation in Iran, this article introduces methods of bee cell culture preparation and the results obtained in Iran and other countries that can use to isolate viruses and study them when necessary.

The experiment was carried out under natural condition to assess potential impacts of thiamine nutrition on development of hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs), amount of royal jelly thiamine and jelly production in honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera M.). This trial was carried out at Honey Bee Department of Animal Science Research Institute of Iran. Twenty honey bee colonies, divided into 5 experimental groups, were used in the study. Control groups were fed sugar syrup (1:1). The experimental colonies were fed in the same manner but with syrup supplemented with different levels of thiamine (100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm). The experiment was conducted for 60 days. To investigate the development of HPGs, length and width of ten acini for each worker bee at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days were measured using a stereo-microscope. A single extraction process was employed and thiamine was determined by HPLC. The result showed that the acinal area of HPGs was different under feeding with difference diets. Colonies fed with high level thiamine had a larger acini surface (P<0.05). Thiamine content of royal jelly samples were analyzed by HPLC showed that the amount of royal Jelly thiamine in colonies fed 400 ppm B1 (2.7 mg/100 g) was more than any other colony (P<0.05). Thiamine content of royal jelly in the control group (0.67 mg/100 g) had the lowest amount (P<0.05). In general it can be said that the use of different levels of thiamine in spring season leads to improved performance in Iranian honeybee colonies.

Alpha-glucose oxidase, amylase and glucose oxidase, as part of digestive enzymes are the most important proteins in the milk glands of forager bees and expressed with three other proteins as the main protein for the production of royal jelly in worker bees. According to expression of proteins in different ages, effect on production of honey and royal jelly, the aim of this study was to investigate these changes. The proteins extracted from milk glands with four methods of tris, phosphate, tri-chloro acetic acid and phenol and stained with three methods included Cumasi Brilliant Blue R-250, Brilliant Blue G-250 and Silver nitrate. After determining the best method of extraction and staining, protein concentrations were be equal by Bradford method and their expressions were evaluated at five age period of birth, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The results showed that the highest protein expression involved in royal jelly of milk glands, corresponding to 10 days of age and the lowest protein expression was in 20 days. The highest expression level of proteins involved in honey production was in glucose oxidase, at 20 days and the lowest expression in amylase protein and glucose oxidase at the ages of birth, 5 and 10 days. Most of the major royal jelly protein expression was related to the ages of 5 and 10 days. The results show that there were large differences in the expression of these proteins in different ages that can affect the quality and quantity of honey and royal jelly.

Identification and analysis of the variation of honeybee populations is an outstanding subject in the bees breeding. The grouping of populations based on the morphological keys using cluster analysis by the minimum variance WARD method divided the colonies into four groups. The results showed morphological dissociation of Iranian race from the foreign ones. The imported race to this region including Italian and hybrid Starline were dissociated into four different groups but the Midnite race were not completely dissociated from the Starline. The study of two microsatellite loci showed a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 allels per locous. The analysis of population genetic parameters and phylogenetic relationships using cluster analysis method showed that the mean observed and expected heterozygosity was 0. 93 and 0. 53، respectively. The most similarity was observed between Italian and Starline races as 0. 98 and the less similarity was revealed between Midnite and Italian races as 0. 57. The results implies that the Italian race was completely separated from the Italian ones، Starline and Midnite hybrids.