جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "wheat" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

Drought is one of the most important non-living stresses in the production of agricultural products, which causes great damage to crops, especially wheat, every year. Drought resistance is a complex trait that is controlled by multiple genes and is a proof of the complexity of improving this important agricultural trait. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of drought stress on some biochemical traits and enzyme changes and the expression level of some genes involved in the response to drought stress in wheat cultivars at the research station in Korkuy city. The seeds of the studied wheat cultivars were cultivated under field conditions after disinfection. The experiment was conducted as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor of drought treatment included -0.3 times (agronomical capacity as a control treatment), -2 times and -4 times and the secondary factor included wheat cultivars Kalateh, Baharan and Gonbad. In order to evaluate the expression pattern of studied genes including P5CS, CAT, SOD, TaNAC2a, BADH, iQ5 device of Bio Rad Company was used. The results of quantitative real time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of SOD, P5CS, BADH, CAT and TaNAC genes changed significantly in response to drought stress. Also, the amount of chlorophyll a and b decreased significantly under drought stress and the amount of ascorbic peroxidase enzyme increased significantly. That drought stress led to an increase in the expression of genes involved in this stress, which included SOD, P5CS, BADH, CAT, and TaNAC2A. According to the analysis results of this study, it can be concluded that the kalateh cultivar had the highest antioxidant enzyme activity, which indicated the superiority of this cultivar over other cultivars.

This research aims to investigate the effect of potassium and zinc fertilizers management on the quantitative and qualitative traits of rainfed wheat with six fertilizer treatments including, T1 or control (Application of all chemical fertilizers based on soil testing except potassium and zinc), T2 (Application of all potassium fertilizers from potassium-sulfate, based on soil testing in autumn), T3 (Application of 33% potassium-sulfate in fall and 67% remaining from potassium-sulfate solution containing zinc chelate in spring), T4 (Application of all zinc fertilizer from zinc-sulfate source based on soil testing in autumn), T5 (Application of all potassium-sulfate and zinc-sulfate based on soil testing in autumn), T6 (Application of 33% of potassium-sulfate and zinc-sulfate in autumn and the remaining 67% from the source of potassium-sulfate solution containing zinc-chelate in spring) was done in 3 replications and in a randomized complete block design (RBCD), during 2021-2022. The results showed that the highest leaf area index (LAI) (45.25 square centimeters) and the highest grain protein content (14.65%), grain yield (4472 kg. ha-1), potassium concentration in the grain (4880 mg.kg-1) and zinc concentration in the grain (34.60 mg.kg-1 ) were the sixth treatments. The highest Proline (568 µg. g-1 FW) and Glycine Betaine contents (3.85 µg. g-1 FW) were the fourth and sixth treatments, respectively. Considering the results and the significant effect of the treatments on the performance indicators, it is recommended to use potassium sulfate and zinc sulfate simultaneously before planting as preside-dressing applications during spring rains in rainfed wheat.

Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental problems and have caused many concerns due to their carcinogenic properties, non-renewability and biological accumulation. Considering the expansion of lands contaminated with heavy metals and the inevitable cultivation of strategic grains such as wheat in these lands and the fact that according to research wheat accumulates more cadmium than other grains, therefore the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of plasma Atmospheric cold and cadmium were on the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, proline and the amount of protein and soluble sugars on two cultivars Karim and Gonbad. This experiment was carried out in a factorial form in a completely randomized design with four replications in the greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Factors included wheat cultivars (susceptible cultivar Gombad and resistant cultivar Karim), atmospheric cold plasma at three levels (control, 60 and 120 seconds) and treatment with cadmium metal at four levels (control, 50, 100 and 150 µM). The results showed that the amount of soluble sugar, protein, methionine amino acid concentration, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, and root length were affected by the cultivar × plasma × cadmium interaction. The results of the comparison of three-way effects showed that Gombad wheat cultivar had the highest amount of methionine amino acid in plasma 60 and cadmium 150 with an average of 0.22 (nanmol/g). In general, it can be concluded from the results that the stress caused by the increase of cadmium and plasma concentration on the physiological processes of wheat is different and both cultivars use different mechanisms to deal with cadmium stress. Kareem and Gonbad wheat cultivars spend all their energy in the synthesis of factors involved in the defense mechanism in order to adapt and bear more in order to deal with the development and accumulation of toxic concentrations of this heavy metal in stress conditions. The results of the evaluation of cultivars showed that with the increase in the concentration of cadmium chloride, the amount of catalase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased and the amount of soluble sugar, total protein, lysine and methionine increased. Also, in Gonbad variety, with the increase in the concentration of cadmium chloride, the amount of total protein, polyphenol oxidase enzyme, superoxide dismutase enzyme and ascorbate-peroxidase decreased, which shows the effects of cadmium toxicity and the production of oxygen free radicals. As a result, it follows oxidative damage and growth reduction, and the amount of soluble sugar of catalase enzyme, the amount of lysine and methionine increased. Also, Karim cultivar is more tolerant to cadmium stress than Gonbad cultivar. Therefore, this research showed that cadmium treatment at 150 micromolar in the presence of cold plasma was able to stimulate the defense mechanisms of the plant and make the plant bear the stress.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress and plant population on re-transfer of materials and yield and some yield components of wheat cultivars in Dorud and Boroujerd regions located in Lorestan province in the crop year 2019-20. The experiment was performed as a factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought stress treatment (in three levels of control, irrigation to flowering and irrigation to milk development) was plant density treatments (300, 400, 500 and 600 plants per square meter) and cultivar (Mihan and Baharan) were stand in sub plots. The results showed that drought stress, density and cultivar treatments had an effect on grain yield components and the interaction effect of stress * plant density on spike length and leaf area was significant. Also, the interaction effect of location * stress * cultivar on plant height, spike length and 1000-seed weight was significant. The highest plant height was obtained in irrigation treatment up to the milk development stage and Mihan cultivar cultivated in Boroujerd. The spike length in irrigation treatment up to flowering stage and at the level of 600 plants / m2 was higher than other experimental treatments. The highest number of spike per plant was in the control treatment. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained in Mihan cultivar at the level of complete irrigation treatment in Dorud region and the highest grain yield was obtained in full irrigation treatment.

Aquaporins exist in almost all living organisms and play a role in regulating various physiological phenomena. Aquaporins (AQP) are not only water channels but also multifunctional membrane proteins. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on the expressions of some aquaporin genes in wheat plants. The expression of several aquaporins, including PIP2-6, PIP2-1, PIP2-5, PIP1-3, NIP1-3, and NIP1-4 in response to the symbiosis of wheat roots with Glomus mosseae fungus was evaluated by real-time PCR method. Mycorrhizal symbiosis down-regulated the expression of PIP2-6 and PIP2-1 genes. In response to the mycorrhizal symbiosis, the expression of PIP2-5 and PIP1-3 genes also showed a similar down-regulation trend compared with the control. In contrary, mycorrhizal symbiosis up-regulated the expression of NIP1-3 and NIP1-4 genes in response to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Statistical analysis also showed that there is a significant correlation between the expressions of the genes evaluated. There was a significant positive correlation between NIP1-3 and NIP1-4 genes, while they displayed a significant negative correlation with other target genes. There was a significant positive correlation between PIP2-6, PIP2-1, PIP2-5, and PIP1-3 genes. These results indicate that the effect of mycorrhiza can vary depending on the type of mycorrhiza.

Today, climate issues threaten the security of the world, security which is considered necessary and vital in all fields and for all people. The phenomenon of climate change can affect the water requirement of crops by changing the amount of evaporation and transpiration of plants and the duration, intensity and time of rainfall. The studies related to climate change that have been conducted in Iran in recent years have focused more on climatic indicators and the effects of these changes on agricultural production have been given less attention. Therefore, assessing the effects of climate change on agriculture is an essential need. Due to the fact that Ardabil province is one of the poles of agriculture and animal husbandry and any change in the climate will endanger the lives of most of the residents of this region and will cause a change in the use of farms, pastures and the loss of agricultural production.kkkT Therefore, assessing the effects of climate

The study area is located on the slopes of Sabalan Mountain in Ardabil and East Azerbaijan provinces. Its geographical location is located at latitudes of 37 degrees and 44 minutes to 38 degrees 25 minutes and longitude 46 degrees and 22 minutes to 48 degrees 41 minutes. The minimum height of the area is 371 meters and its maximum is 4811 meters above sea level (Fig, 1). This study was conducted to influence climate change in wheat cultivation on slopes of Sabalan mountain. The important part of this research is based on statistics and information about meshkinshahr and sarab synoptic stations. In order to investigate the climate change conditions, a basic statistical period and a period as climate change should be determined. Therefore, statistical periods in this study from 1995 to 2015 and climate change period from 2016 to 2045 and 2046 were selected. Statistics about the studied stations were obtained from the Statistics and Information Bank of the National Meteorological Organization. The data taken from these statistics include: maximum and minimum temperature,daily rainfall and sunshine. to work with the LARS-WG model; First, the studied data should be sorted as Julius days. After collecting data in the Excel environment, it should be noted that there is no missing data, in case of missing, it must be encoded with -99. Aggregated data must be stored in a folder in nodpad with st extension.The address of folders stored in the N environment should be provided to the model from the option series, and the output data address should be given to the model. How to choose a scenario. First, in Excel environment, statistical data is placed in a column and in the next step, the generated data for each scenario is placed in the columns in front of each column of observational statistics, after preparing this step, the data is taken to the spss environment and correlation is taken between observational and production data. Production scenarios that are highly correlated with observational statistics are accepted as the studied scenario. CROPWAT software was used to estimate water requirement and effective precipitation. By entering minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and number of sunshine hours related to the plant, as well as the environment and region and its cultivation time, you can calculate the water requirement of the plant at different growth stages. Figure 2 shows the steps of data analysis in CROPWAT software.

In this study, first, the power of LARS-WG model for the basic statistical period of the years (1995-2015) was measured. The purpose of this assessment is whether the model has the ability to simulate for future periods. To do this, the tst file containing the results of comparing the statistical characteristics of the observed data with the simulated data was plotted as a diagram (Shapes, 2 and 3). The results showed that in Meshkinshahr station, the model has better efficiency for simulating maximum temperature and minimum temperature. The observed temperature and simulated temperature for 1995-2015 are similar and the diagrams are overlapping. Also, the deviation of production criteria is in the range of number one. This model is not effective in simulating the sunshine hour because it simulates the amount of sunshine hours in the first half of the year less than the actual size. In the case of rainfall, the model is better than April and May in other months. In Sarab station, the data were performed based on LARS-WG model by comparing the statistical period data and the produced data. To ensure the ability of computational data model, they were compared by model and observational data in the studied stations. Comparative results show the data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine in mirage synoptic stations for the base period. The capability of LARS-WG model in modeling minimum temperature, maximum temperature and radiation in these stations is completely in accordance with the observed data. The standard deviation rate is between 0.5 and 1. The results of this study show that in Meshkinshahr station, precipitation and temperature in the period 2016 to 2045 are -3.9 and +1.73, respectively, and these two variables in the period 2046 to 2065 are -6.67 and +1.80, respectively. In Sarab station, precipitation and temperature in the period 2016 to 2045 were +6.17 and -0.69, respectively, and in the statistical period of 2046 to 2065 were -12.91 and +0.37, respectively. As a result, rainfall in the coming periods is associated with a decrease in Sarab and Meshkinshahr stations, respectively. Temperatures are also rising at about 2 °C in Meshkinshahr station and the temperature increase is low in Sarab station. In comparison, Sarab plain has a wonderful state because by the period 2046 to 2065 the rainfall in this plain will decrease about 13% compared to the base period, in the same time period, wheat evapotranspiration will reach from 530 mm in the base period to 887 mm in the period 2046 to 2065. Wheat water requirement also increases from 422 mm in the base period to 810 mm, i.e. about 92%. Also, modeling shows that the average minimum temperature of this region decreases from -3 in the base period to -9.67 °C in January and from -4.3 to -8.23 in February. According to the modeling and with the decrease in rainfall in this region, wheat cultivation in this plain will face limitations in the future. However, the results of the models indicate that meshkinshahr plain is better in future periods than Sarab plain.

Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals due to their non-degradability is a major concern in agricultural soils that threatens food security. Cadmium and mercury are among the two dangerous and carcinogenic pollutants that, in natural ecosystems are increased by human activities and lead to a decrease in protein production, the deactivation of some enzymes, disruption of various reactions and cellular actions, and the stoppage of growth and development. Since the contamination of agricultural land with heavy metals, on the one hand, leads to a decrease in the quality of agricultural products and, on the other hand, is a serious threat to human health, it needs more attention. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of replanting wheat seeds resulting from the treatment of heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury on some morphophysiological parameters of two wheat cultivars. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. The first factor of wheat cultivars (Morvared and Falat) and the second factor of the experimental treatments include mercury chloride (with a concentration of 10 and 20 μM), cadmium chloride (0.5 mM), and the interaction effects of cadmium with mercury at two levels (10 μM of mercury with 0.5 mM cadmium, 20 μM mercury with 0.5 mM cadmium) were with the control seedlings. The findings showed that, except for the treatment with cadmium under the stress of the toxic metal mercury and the interaction effect of cadmium with mercury, the amount of soluble sugar and total protein, the activity of the catalase enzyme increased, but the activity of the antioxidant enzymes peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase decreased in the Morvared cultivar. The results indicate that the seeds obtained from the foliar treatment of cadmium, mercury and the interaction of these heavy metals and the re-cultivation of these seeds can affect their performance by changing the physiological characteristics. In general, under the stress of mercury chloride and cadmium chloride and their interaction, the Morvared cultivar showed a better reaction than the Falat cultivar. Therefore, based on the results of this greenhouse experiment, it seems necessary to continue research in field conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of micro-elements on some biochemical traits and wheat yield under water stress conditions, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in Varamin during the two crop years 2016–2017 and 2017–2018.  The main factors of irrigation regimes at three levels (I1: normal irrigation, I2: cut-off irrigation at the beginning of stem growth, and I3: cut-off irrigation at the beginning of stem growth and seed filling) and sub-factors including foliar spraying of micro-elements at eight levels (M1: control (without foliar spraying), M2: boron foliar application, M3: zinc, M4: iron, M5: zinc+boron, M6: iron+boron, M7: zinc+iron and M8: zinc+boron+iron) were considered. The irrigation was done twice in the autumn and four times in the spring under normal irrigation conditions. The foliar spraying of each of the micronutrients from the sources of iron sulfate, boron sulfate and zinc sulfate with a concentration of 5/1000 was carried out in two stages: stemming and spike emergence. The results showed the effect of irrigation regimes, foliar application of micro-elements and their interaction on the content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, the concentration of chlorophyllase enzyme, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid. Also, the simple effect of irrigation and foliar spraying was significant on total sugar concentration and grain yield. The results showed that the interruption of irrigation led to a decrease in total chlorophyll. Foliar spraying of zinc + boron + iron (M8) in all three levels of irrigation regimes led to a significant increase in total chlorophyll. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was obtained under normal irrigation conditions, along with zinc+boron+iron (I1M8) foliar spraying at a rate of 6.03 mg.g-1 of fresh leaves. Also, foliar spraying of zinc+boron+iron in irrigation treatments (I2) and (I3) (respectively, with averages of 5.2 and 4.55 mg.g-1 of fresh leaves) led to an increase in total chlorophyll compared to control. In general, the use of foliar applications of iron, zinc, and boron can improve the physiological characteristics of wheat under stressful conditions while increasing grain yield.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve the adaptation and stress tolerance by making changes in the gene expression pattern of the host plant. Therefore, investigating the expression profile of genes induced in the host plants mediated by mycorrhiza is necessary to further understand the molecular mechanisms of response to water stress. This research was conducted with the aim of studying the transcriptomics of wheat roots, in order to identify key genes and molecular mechanisms of mycorrhiza-mediated water deficit (WD) tolerance.

In the present study, the pattern of expression of Triticum aestivum L. roots (Chamran Cultivar) inoculated with AMF, Funneliformis mosseae was investigated. For this purpose, four different treatment combinations were performed: inoculated plants under water deficit condition (AMF+/WD), inoculated plants under normal irrigation (AMF+/Ctrl), non-inoculated plants under water deficit condition (AMF-/WD), non-inoculated plants under normal irrigation (AMF-/Ctrl). Total RNA was extracted from the roots of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants and cDNA libraries were built and sequenced with Illumina technology.

This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of drought stress and the type and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield, yield components and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat in 2016-1397 in two temperate regions of Lorestan province. The test factors include drought stress (at three control levels, irrigation until the stage of the appearance of inflorescences and irrigation until the milky-paste stage of the seeds) in the main plots, as well as the factors of the type of nitrogen fertilizer (including urea and ammonium nitrate fertilizers) and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. (at three normal levels based on soil test, 50% higher and 50% lower than normal) were factorially placed in sub-plots. The results showed that the highest plant height was in control and the occurrence of drought stress led to a decrease in plant height. The application of ammonium nitrate caused the internode length to be higher than the factor of urea application). The application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer more than the normal amount caused the highest weight of flag leaf to be obtained at the factor level without drought stress and ammonium nitrate fertilizer at the level of full irrigation factor resulted in the highest level of leaf area index occurrence of drought stress led to a decrease in leaf area index. The number of seeds per plant was also affected by the nitrogen fertilizer application factor and the highest amount was obtained with the use of ammonium nitrate. The seed weight and seed yield in the control factor was higher than the irrigation cut factor and the seed yield in the factor without drought stress was higher than the other two factors and also with the application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer higher than urea fertilizer. Drought stress led to a decrease in biological yield and its amount in the ammonium nitrate factor and in the level of the factor without drought stress by 14908 kg and also reduced the harvest index. The results of this study showed that in the Lorestan region, it is possible to achieve the maximum grain yield in the case of full irrigation of Baharan wheat by applying higher than normal amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Also, to improve seed yield, ammonium nitrate fertilizer can be used instead of urea.

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects the growth and development of plants. Adaptation of the plants to abiotic stresses causes changes in the expression of a large number of defense genes and their regulators, including transcription factors. MYB proteins are a large family of transcription factors that are of particular importance in regulating developmental processes and defense responses in plants. In this study, the expression level of eight MYB transcription factors from bread wheat in Tajen and Zagros cultivars was investigated in response to drought stress. RT-PCR analysis showed that almost all genes of the MYB family, including TC282418, TaMYB80, PTTa00740, TaMYB33, TaMYBR3, were expressed with 2.4, 3.2, 7.1, 6.1, and 6.6 respectively, had an increased expression compared to the control under severe stress in the Zagros genotype that was examined in this research. On the other hand, the Zagros variety, which is one of the drought stress-tolerant varieties, had a higher expression increase than the Tajen variety for all the studied genes.

In this study, the effects of application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles under water deficit irrigation stress in the pre-flowering and grain filling stages on wheat were investigated. For this purpose, this plant was sprayed with %0.02 titanium dioxide in tillering and heading stages and some traits such as plant height, leaf area index, number of fertile tillers, number of seeds, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, harvest index, relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll content, proline and malondialdehyde content and ascorbate peroxidase as well as superoxide dismutase activity were examined. The results showed the positive effects of the application of these nanoparticles on the vegetative and reproductive growth of wheat under normal conditions and stress, so that under drought stress increased the number of fertile tillers, increased the number of seeds  and 1000 seed weight was compared with the non-application of nanoparticles under stress conditions.Under normal conditions and low irrigation stress, application of these nanoparticles during tillering had more favorable effects on vegetative and functional characteristics of the plant compared to the clustering time and increased wheat harvest index in drought conditions. On the other hand, the application of titanium nanoparticles effectively reduced the adverse effects of drought stress in the pre-flowering and grain filling periods whereas increased proline activity. Recent events have increased the ability of wheat to withstand drought stress.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as one of the most important cultivated crops in the world and Iran, is constantly threatened by many diseases, including Fusarium contamination. Due to the unique characteristics of nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles show high antibacterial and antifungal properties. The purpose of this research was to comparatively investigate the antifungal effects of copper oxide nanoparticles and its bulk form on the suppression of Fusarium calmorum in wheat. For this purpose, a pot experiment was done with four levels (10, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) of nanoparticles and bulk form of copper oxide treatments in wheat (Roshan cultivar). The results showed that the maximum inhibition of root pathogenicity was observed in a high concentration of nanoparticles as compared to bulk form. The 250 and 500 mg L-1 concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles caused the highest stem and root length and the highest dry weight of the aerial part and root, respectively. Treatment with 10 and 250 mg L-1 nanoparticles also increased the content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll stability index, membrane stability coefficient, and relative leaf water content. While the content of chlorophyll b, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and proline increased with the increasing concentration of both nanoparticle and bulk forms. The results of this research showed that the low and medium concentrations of nanoparticles were more successful in inhibiting the aforementioned fungus than the bulk form.

Background & Starch is one of the important energy producing components in food rations. The type of starch present in grains is different in terms of digestibility, energy production and adhesion in the intestine. Since in the food rations used by poultry, different food sources are used in order to provide the required energy, therefore the energy provided can also be variable. In the present experiment, the effects of using grain seeds, soft wheat and durum wheat as sources of energy supply and its effect on the performance, characteristics of the digestive system and the composition of feces of broiler chickens were evaluated.
Materials & In order to investigate the effects of corn, soft wheat and durum wheat based diets with and without enzymes on performance, carcass traits, digestive system weight, protein and feces moisture of broiler chickens, out of 480 pieces of Ras-308 broiler chickens, in A 2*5 factorial experiment with 10 diets including (maize-based diet, 15 and 30% soft wheat, 15 and 30% durum wheat) and two enzyme levels (zero and 0.05% of diet) in the form of a completely randomized design with 10 Treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicken were used in each replicate.
   The results showed that the type of diet and enzyme had no significant effect on performance (P<0.05). 30% of durum wheat increased breast percentage (P<0.05). Feeding birds with diet containing enzyme increased the percentage of carcasses and decreased the percentage of stone (P<0.05). The use of enzyme in the rations decreased the protein excretion and the lowest amount of stool protein was obtained with the ration containing 30% soft wheat and enzyme. Stool moisture and digestive tract characteristics were not affected by the type of diet and enzyme used (P<0.05). The use of different diets did not have significant effects on performance, but the use of 30% durum wheat and enzyme can have positive effects on carcass traits.

Since about 20% of the world's arable land and 50% of productions in the world are subject to salinity stress, it affects all stages of plant life from germination to seed production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of some wheat cultivars. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was salinity stress at three levels (control, 100 and 150 mM sodium chloride) and the second factor was wheat cultivars (Mihan, Heydari, Saisons and Gascogen). Plants were exposed to stress from two to four leaf stage and normal water was used for control treatment. Sampling was performed 14 days after stress application from treatet and the control samples. The results showed that among the studied cultivars, salinity stress decreased the concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total protein, and increased prolin, eantioxidant enzyme (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) activities and fresh weight of stems and leaves in Saison cultivar. Also, salinity stress did not have significant effect on the amino acids lysine and methionine. The activity of antioxidant enzymes is a very important defense mechanism and increasing the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes during salinity stress can reduce or prevent oxidative stress. In general, salinity affected wheat cultivars differently, because cultivars deal with salinity stress toxicity using different mechanisms.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) quantifies and interprets environmental impacts across a wide range of products or processes used throughout the system. Despite the need to understand regional differences in the life cycle assessment of agricultural systems, the LCA method is poorly defined due to regional heterogeneity modeling in agricultural production and transportation. Therefore, there is an opportunity to help develop LCA protocols by adapting methods commensurate with crop production and supply chain changes. The annual balance in soil organic carbon is a function of three main processes: stabilization in plant biomass, plant, soil, rooting, and long-term storage in soil. According to Kozyakov, a comprehensive review of the carbon cycle, approximately half of the total carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere by the wheat plant is converted to biomass. This study aims to evaluate the impact of using wheat waste for biogas production on the environment and greenhouse gas emissions. This research's life cycle inventory includes the production of wheat waste and its use in biogas production. Many studies have been devoted to discovering the effects of these various variables, particularly in terms of global warming and nitrogen fertilizer leaching, and based on such comprehensive information, a Life Cycle Assessment has been proposed to assess the cumulative environmental impacts of agriculture. The challenge for these tools is to be relevant both on a global scale, ie for global impact categories such as climate change, and on a smaller scale, i.e. for regional impact categories such as water eutrophication. The International Organization for Standardization and the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry provided an overview of the LCA method. However, the main issues under discussion are life cycle assessment methods, aggregation methods for different impact groups, and the final calculation of a summary environmental indicator. Next, inventory analysis continues with impact assessment.

This case study examines regional changes in field straw production and crop transportation for wheat using life cycle assessments and compares the results with carbon cycle estimates. Wheat is used as an agricultural product because it is the third-largest crop in terms of volume and value and grows in almost many parts of Iran. Life cycle assessment is different from previous studies and emphasizes the use of fuel, fertilizer, yield, and transportation throughout the country in the emission of greenhouse gases in agricultural methods and tries to spatially and different types of production. Wheat is independent. This case study can be partially supported and pursued by research centers for life cycle assessment, which are interested in conducting environmental studies in wheat production. Many of the wheat's share is imported, influencing domestic food systems policy.The study area is Iran, with a share of about 2.2 percent of world wheat production, is ranked 14th among twenty wheat-producing countries. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), China ranks first in 2019 with 131 million tons of wheat production. India follows it with 99.7 million tons, Russia with 72.1 million tons, the United States with 51.3 million tons, and France with 38.5 million tons. It is noteworthy that among the countries in the region, Pakistan, with a production of 25.1 million tons (1.8 times more than Iran), in the seventh place in the world, and Turkey with a production of 20 million tons of wheat (1.5 times more than Iran) in the eleventh place in the world are located. Figure 2 shows the complete map of wheat production in Iran. According to statistics, the highest wheat production (rainfed and irrigated) is related to the cities of Shousha, Marvdasht, and Ahvaz, with an approximate share of 2.3% of the total 84% of wheat production. Bilesvar city in Ardabil province is ranked eighth in the country with a share of 1.5 percent of total wheat production.This study aims to determine the amount of biogas production from wheat waste. Due to climatic conditions, the study area can produce biogas from wheat waste (as carbon waste). The amount of wheat waste used in biogas production varies. For biogas production, the combined presence of nitrogen and carbon is necessary to regulate C / N, which is an essential parameter in biogas production. Various studies have been conducted in the field of biogas production. In a study conducted by Jafari et al. (2019), in the conventional biogas production method, the share of wheat waste in the total amount of substrate was considered to be about 45% of the total material. According to the findings, the highest impact is related to the Aquatic ecotoxicity index with 24.63. The lowest level is related to the Ozone layer depletion index with a value of 0.0000000264. Table 3 presents the damage caused by consuming one kilogram of wheat straw for biogas production on the final indicators. According to the final indicators, it can be concluded that the lowest impact on the final indicators for the consumption of wheat straw as a substrate for biogas production is related to the Human health index with an approximate value of 0.000000342. The highest impact is related to the index related to Resources with The value is approximately equal to 3.26.

In this study, the effects of fermentation of wheat waste for biogas production were investigated in a comparative format for environmental indicators. In general, it can be claimed that the lowest impact on the final indicators for the consumption of wheat straw as a substrate for biogas production is related to the Human health index with an approximate value of 0.000000342, and the highest effect is related to the Resources index with an approximately equal value. In general, the environmental effects of wheat consumption as a substrate for biogas production are higher than the impact of wheat straw and grain production on some intermediate indicators. Another scenario could be proposed to prevent methane from entering the atmosphere directly. This procedure is also accurate in the final indicators. The release of methane into the air increases the environmental impact because, according to various sources, the impact of methane on global warming is several times greater than the impact of carbon dioxide on global warming. Therefore, there is a need for a consumption scenario after biogas production to prevent methane from entering the atmosphere.