جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "انرژی تجدیدپذیر" در نشریات گروه "محیط زیست"

Financial development is a process through which the quantity, quality, and efficiency of financial intermediation services are improved. The more the financial system develops, the more financial resources are provided for the development of renewable energy technologies, and as a result, it can have positive environmental impacts by changing the energy supply mix and reducing pollutant emissions. Financial development can affect the level of CO2 emissions and environmental quality through its impact on economic growth, capital attraction, industrial activities, energy efficiency, technological innovation, investment costs in projects, increased use of renewable energy sources, financial provision, and allocation of credit for renewable energy projects.The importance of utilizing renewable energy sources and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on one hand, and the need for financial resources and large-scale investments for renewable energy projects on the other, highlights the role and significance of financial development in the level of environmental pollution through CO2 emissions. Therefore, considering the role and importance of financial development in the value of CO2 emissions as a criterion for environmental pollution and the significance of examining this relationship at the provincial level, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions in the provinces of Iran and at the end, will test the environmental Kuznets hypothesis.

This study uses the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method to investigate the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions in the provinces of Iran during the period of 2009-2021 and answers the question of whether financial development in the provinces of Iran is environmentally friendly (Green) or not. In order to investigate the difference in the relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide emissions at the level of the country's provinces, all provinces are divided into two categories of developed and less developed provinces based on the report of the Economic Statistics Research Group of Iran Statistics Center (2022).In this study, in order to investigate the impact of financial development and other independent variables on carbon dioxide emissions, a Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method is used to analyze the coefficients. For this purpose, the following model is considered:CO2it=αi+β1FDit+β2GDPit+β3EIit+β4URBit+ɛit                                                                      (1)Where:CO2it: Carbon dioxide emissions in each provinceFDit: Composite index of financial developmentGDPit: Real per capita gross domestic product of the provincesEIit:  Energy intensityURBit: Urbanization rateAlso, in the following, in order to test the Kuznets hypothesis in the studied provinces, model (1) is specified as model (2):CO2it=αi+β1FDit+β2FD2it+β3GDPit+β4EIit+β5URBit                                                            (2)Where:FD2it: The square of financial development. 

The results of the estimation of models indicate that in both groups of provinces in the country, financial development is positively significantly associated with carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, energy intensity, gross domestic product, and urbanization rate are also found to be positively and significantly related to carbon dioxide emissions. The results suggest that financial development may initially lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, but with further development, this effect is reversed, resulting in a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. This finding confirms the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory in the studied provinces during the period under investigation.

The estimation results indicate that financial development in the provinces of Iran will lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, further investigations confirm the validity of the Kuznets relationship in the provinces of Iran, meaning that in the initial stages of development, the impact of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions will be positive, but over time this relationship becomes negative, leading to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.

With population growth and the pattern changes of the societies towards consuming more energy and resources, the reduction of fossil fuel reserves, lack of access to freshwater resources, and increasing environmental pollutants caused people to feel the need of using new and cleaner methods of energy production. Therefore, the use of renewable energy systems is one way to solve some of these problems.

The present research is descriptive-analytical with an applied approach that its purpose is to use renewable energy in two design scenarios including solar collector, biofuels, and incineration plant in order to meet the partial need for the power and freshwater of the island. The simulation of the two proposed scenarios was performed by MATLAB, TRNSYS, and AspenTech engineering software. Techno-economical evaluations of the power and freshwater produced along with environmental impacts were also analyzed and reported.

According to the results, it was found that the second scenario consisting of incineration plant - biofuel produced more power and freshwater than the first scenario and can also facilitate the management of waste in the region, while the first design including a solar collector - biofuel despite its lower power production, supplied cleaner energy with much better financial results.

To summarize, both proposed scenarios have high potential to meet a major portion of the region's needs, and, based on strategic policies and sustainable development, each design can be selected according to the current priorities of the region.

Considering the importance of animal waste obtained from livestock industries as the enormous raw substances for energy production, the present study was conducted to assess the biogas production potential from livestock manure in dairy industries of Bushehr province, Iran. Temperature is a critical parameter for anaerobic digestion since it influences both system heat requirements and methane production. So, a furthere objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lowland and highland temperature regimes on the methane production from dairy digesters. Therefore, in this study, obtainable amount of biogas was determined by using data from industrial cattle farms in Bushehr. Then, the amount of the electricity that can be generated from biogas was performed. The findings of this study indicated that biogas potential of 1.97 million m3 year-1 could be produced from livestock manure in dairy industries of Bushehr which could provide an electricity generation of 3.55 million kWh year-1. Methane production under mesophilic temperature conditions could be several times higher than the methane production at psychrophilic and low temperatures. As a result, the highest methane yield was found at temperature of 33.9 °C. Under these condition, methane production potential was found as 2.4 million NL CH4 digester-1. Results showed that anaerobic treatment of manure has the beneficial outcomes of reducing environmental pollution through proper waste management, reduction of unpleasant odors and microbial pathogens with a sustainable production of energy source as biogas.

Due to the limitation of fossil energy resources and problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, it is essential to focus on renewable energy resources, because it can be used to achieve sustainable development goals. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate relations among renewable energy, CO2 emissions and sustainable development and compared to non-renewable energy in Iran. 

In this study, dynamic interrelationships in the sustainable development-energy- CO2 emissions nexus is examined by applying bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) in Iran over the period 1980-2013. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the indicator commonly used to measure economic growth and sustainable development, but this indicator is inefficient for evaluating development. One of the most prominent alternative indicators for sustainable development is the Index of Genuine Savings (GS). For this purpose, in this study GS is used as an indicator of sustainable development.

Results reveal that the impact of creating positive shock on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on sustainable development in Iran is positive. Also, positive shock on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption causes an increase in CO2 emission. Moreover, the impact of an increase in sustainable development is positive on renewable energy consumption and is negative on non-renewable energy consumption.

 Discussion and Conclusion

It is suggested that policy makers prioritize the promotion of energy supply diversification policies, especially renewable energy.

In this study, the effect of fossil and renewable energies on environmental quality were evaluated and compared in two statistical societies (i.e. OPEC and Asian countries without oil reserves) in 1995-2013. According to stationary properties of the variables, the panel cointegration approach was applied to the data. Also, based on the results of Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests, the short-run and long-run relationships were estimated by Error Correction Model (ECM) and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS), respectively. The results showed that the fossil energy consumption in OPEC countries plays a much higher role in increasing the spread of pollution than in the Asian countries without oil reserves. Conversely, renewable energy use in countries without oil reserves has a greater impact on reducing pollution and improving environment quality than in the OPEC. Also, the results showed that in both statistical societies, an N-shaped relationship exists between per capita gross domestic product and per capita emissions. With the difference that the emission of pollution in OPEC countries decreases with economic growth and in the interval of per capita income. But in countries without oil reserves, pollution emissions are steadily increasing with increasing per capita income and there is no reduction in pollution at any time.

Increasing air pollution and global warming due to the excessive use of fossil fuels attracted public attention to climate change. Accordingly, the expected increase in demand for other alternative energy sources especialy renewable energy is predictable. While some research on renewable energy shows that these kind of energy also have undesirable environmental effects. In this study solar energy systems, wind power and hydroelectric power systems wew investigated and their effects on air, soil, sound and effect on wildlife were studied. The results show that although these kind of energy are called clean energy, they have negative environmental effects. This research also suggests ways to prevent the effects of destructive renewable energy sources.

The erroneous move towards the modern lifestyles has led to uncontrolled population growth, urbanization, disorderly expansion of cities to natural habitats and ecosystems, destruction of traditional rural communities and farm lands, indiscriminate utilization and destruction of natural resources, growth of air pollution and environment in large cities. On the other hand, the problems of environmental pollutions and exhaustion of energy resources have long been considered as one of the main issues of societies and the utilization of clean and natural solar energy has been introduced as a substantial approach to resolve this issue. Today, one of the important aspects of sustainable development is environmental considerations of which the appropriate use of energy sources is a significant part. It is clear that offering energy consumption patterns and higher utilization of renewable resources can be useful in this regard. As defined, sustainable development of energy includes policies, selection and exploitation of technologies which supply the energy needed for all demands while they contain the minimum expenses in terms of price, environmental and social impacts. Today, the role of energy in world economy indicates the significance of the energy issue more than ever before. In this regard, development and expansion of theories and uses of energy leads to the attainment of new methods for adjusting the issues of energy and environment. The amount of solar energy intake at one point on the earth’s surface depends on various factors including: latitude, longitude, the sundial, humidity, evaporation, air temperature, angle of the sun, and other factors. The amount of solar radiation received by the top of the atmosphere is a function of latitude. After reaching the earth’s atmosphere, some of these solar radiations would be destroyed due to the atmospheric diffusion and absorption phenomena and this amount would increase when the sky is cloudy or when there are more particles in the air. Knowing the amount of solar radiation in each area has a great significance for many practical issues such as evaporation, transpiration, architectural design, agricultural crop growth models, etc. However, despite the importance of measuring these parameters, due to economical problems, the right tools and equipment for measuring radiation are not available in all regions, as is the case with other meteorological parameters such as temperature and rain and it has to be somehow estimated. Consequently, the need for the researchers’ inclination to utilizing radiation models has increased. This study is an endeavor to model and calculate the amount of solar energy intake in Isfahan Province by using the new research approaches based on the r.sun model. Isfahan province is located between latitudes 30° 43´ to 34° 27´ North and longitudes 49° 36´ to 55° 31´ East and covers an area of 107017 square kilometers, equivalent to 0.5% of the total Iran country territory by having 23 cities, 106 towns and 126 villages. Because of the number of major industrial workshop and industries and industrial estates, Esfahan is one of the most important industrial centers in Iran. All factors above have caused high consumption for electricity power in this province. This province is one of the arid and semi-arid regions of the country generally in term of climate. In this study, the GRASS geographic information system, or GIS was applied for modeling solar radiation, taking into consideration the diversity of different modeling algorithms. To this end, the r.sun rule as one of the location models of solar energy was used and analyzed. R.sun computes beam (direct), diffuse and ground reflected solar irradiation raster maps for given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. Solar parameters (e.g. time of sunrise and sunset, declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are stored in the resultant map's history files. Alternatively, the local time can be specified to compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated. This can be done either by calculating the shadowing effect directly from the digital elevation model or using rasters of the horizon height which is much faster. The solar geometry of the model is based on the works of Krcho, later improved by Jenco. The equations describing Sun – Earth position as well as an interaction of the solar radiation with atmosphere were originally based on the formulas suggested by Kitler and Mikler. This component was considerably updated by the results and suggestions of the working group co-ordinated by Scharmer and Greif (this algorithm might be replaced by SOLPOS algorithm-library included in GRASS within r.sunmask command). The model computes all three components of global radiation (beam, diffuse and reflected) for the clear sky conditions, i.e. not taking into consideration the spatial and temporal variation of clouds. The extent and spatial resolution of the modelled area, as well as integration over time, are limited only by the memory and data storage resources. The model is built to fulfil user needs in various fields of science (hydrology, climatology, ecology and environmental sciences, photovoltaic, engineering, etc.) for continental, regional up to the landscape scales. As an option the model considers a shadowing effect of the local topography. The r.sun program works in two modes. In the first mode it calculates for the set local time a solar incidence angle [degrees] and solar irradiance values [W.m-2]. In the second mode daily sums of solar radiation [Wh.m-2.day-1] are computed within a set day. By a scripting the two modes can be used separately or in a combination to provide estimates for any desired time interval. The model accounts for sky obstruction by local relief features. Several solar parameters are saved in the resultant map's history files, which may be viewed with the r.info command. Discussion and According to the outcomes, northern and north-eastern parts of the province and the southern parts as well, contain the most sundials; the north-eastern parts also have the least sundials. Maximum hour of receiving sunshine in the province is 3392 hours and the least is 2918 hours (Fig 1). The analyses obtained from modeling also confirm the high potential of the region in receiving solar energy. Isfahan province naturally possesses a great potential and good share in receiving solar energy since it is mainly situated in the angle between 46 and 67 degrees (Fig 2). The highest reflection irradiance of Isfahan province is assessed as 1194 and the lowest is 40 watts per square meter (Fig 3). Most of Isfahan’s zones have the average level and receive an amount between 600 and 1000 watts per square meter. The important point in this research is that highlands, i.e. mountain peaks have the most irradiance. Namely, 90 degree angles receive the irradiance higher than 1000 watts per square meter. Generally speaking, the region’s condition in terms of receiving solar energy can be assessed as adequate. Based on the results, the number of sunshine hours is with a gentle slope that represents the damping of the area sundial. The area is in a balanced state in term of mean radiation. Irradiance reflection map from the surface shows that observed fluctuations are variant due to topographic lines and area altitude; and the higher the altitude the more slope with a larger number. Moreover, radiance angle has constant changes that are directly associated with total solar irradiance changes. Generally, the area situation can be assessed as suitable for investments and the utilization of energy in terms of most solar energy parameters and its received energy. Solar energy is an essential parameter in various models related to energy in industries, landscaping, vegetation, evaporation and transpiration, snowmelt, and or remote sensing. Maps of solar radiation angles can be useful in correcting radiometric and topography of mountainous and hilly regions. Moreover, the outcomes of this study can be cited as one of the most significant criteria of the region’s potential to organize and plan the utilization of solar energy. All in all, the innate potential of the region has made Isfahan province capable of developing solar power plants and establishing solar panels in order to exploit solar energy. In addition, to improve the researches in this field, we propose further study on energy zoning and locating potential zones for establishing solar power plants in the province, such that we can see the sustainable development of energy in the region and utilization of clean and renewable solar energies.

Today، renewable energies are considering as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts in the world. On the other hand، utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been increasing rapidly in recent years especially in developed countries and employing this kind of energies for environmental protection has been successful. Despite the importance of renewable energies، unfortunately، this type of energy are not widely used in all countries. It is clear that renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas، in contrast to other energy sources، which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Based on the European Union model، in order to achieve sustainable development and environmental protection، the use of fossil energy sources to renewable energy sources such as wind energy، solar energy، global warming، alternative energy، biomass، etc.، are very essential. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current EU legal system to promote of the utilization of renewable resources that can be considered as one of the models studied in this context.

Introduction Energy and environmental issues are two common concerns of modern societies. Fossil fuels consumption is believed to be the primary factor contributing to severe environmental problems, such as global warming, climate change and acid rain, which are a serious threat to the world’s ecosystems. In order to stabilize the earth’s climate and prevent further global warming, the earth requires a 70% cut in present carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. In the executive summary of IEA (2006), it claims “Beyond 2020, the role of renewable energy in global energy supply is likely to become much more important”. Among these, biomass can be defined as all the biological materials produced and existing within an ecological system and as sources of renewable energy can be converted directly into energy or energy carrier materials. Regarding to biomass assessment, researchers estimated the sustainable energy potential of biomass resources in Thailand including: (i) agricultural residues, (ii) animal manure, (iii) fuel-wood saving potential through improvement of efficiency, (iv) possibility of fuel-wood saving through substitution by other fuels, (v) municipal solid wastes, and (vi) wastewater. The potential of each source was estimated for the reference year 1997 and for the years 2005 and 2010. The total energy potential of these sources in 1997, 2005 and 2010 were 525, 702 and 821 PJ, respectively. In Iran, Khorasan Razavi province is known as an important region of biomass production in the country including: crops, livestock and poultry. Hence, in this study the potential of biomass and its distribution were evaluated.

Perhaps one of the great causes of migrations of Aryan tribes, five thousand years ago, from the territory of northern Asia, Iran, India and Europe which caused great changes in human life and civilizations was to reach new pastures. Since human food supply is mainly from agriculture and animal husbandry, and water resources, land, livestock and pasture are limited, providing food products from these resources needs proper use and scientific attention to these resources and to maximize the utilization and maintenance of them. Natural resources have an important status in social and economic development of the world. Unfortunately, in many countries especially in developing countries, increasing population, rapid urbanization, lack of knowledge about importance of natural resources along with inappropriate planning resulted in rapid degradation of forests and rangelands.Rural energy is generally recognized as an important element of rural socio-economic development, not as an end in itself, but through the demand for the services made possible through energy inputs, such as potable water pumping, extension of the day by lighting and cooking. As a general trend, an increasing energy demand-both in quantity and quality is highly correlated with socio-economic development. Yet, the rural populations of many developing countries have been excluded from most of the benefits of economic development and the transition to better (quality) energy services. Renewable energy is considered to be a basis for sustainable energy supply systems. Population growth, key incidents and movements in the development of sustainable energy technology, different available forms of renewable energies and today's economic crisis have led to the introduction of renewable energy as a clean option that can have major rules in our common future. The main purpose of this study was assessing the role of solar energy in protecting pastures in dry region (Case Study of the South Khorasan Province), and the specific goals are:1-Assessing the tendency and satisfaction with solar energy2-Identifying the rural attributes in order to protect pasturage and extension using solar power3-Assessing the information of rural people about the importance of pasturage, solar energy and the Carbon Sequestration Project