جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خاورمیانه » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Climate change is one of the main and most important factors affecting ecosystem characteristics. The climate change caused by the increase of greenhouse gases is influenced by human activities and industrialization of countries, which leads to increased global warming and natural disasters such as floods and droughts, and the consequences of migration, hunger, poverty, etc., and Indirectly affecting the economy, society and agriculture. Climate change is an obstacle to poverty reduction and sustainable economic development. In this context, assessing how climate change is important in reducing poverty. This study evaluates the impact of climate change on selected poverty from Middle Eastern countries, including Iran in the period (2000-2015). Panel fixed effect model to estimate poverty (malnutrition and infant mortality rates) were selected. The findings of the study indicate the negative effect of variables such as percentage change in forest area, improving access to health, electricity, healthy water sources and food production index on poverty indicators and the positive effect of carbon dioxide emissions on the variables of malnutrition. According to the results, special managerial decisions should be made to improve access to safe water, especially in rural areas, electricity and sanitation, and, on the other hand, by protecting forest areas, attempts to reduce unnecessary exploitation and destruction of these resources. It is also necessary to take measures and policies to reduce poverty, taking into account the socio-economic conditions of countries and the climate.

In this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust. In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the field of long-term and transboundary pollution (such as the precautionary principle and similar principles) are studied, along with examples of internationally accepted commitments and memoranda, and considering the problems in the Eastern region. And the requirements of the commitments and memoranda of understanding approved in this region have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach. In the end, according to the environmental situation of the region, the author makes some suggestions in the field of quantities and shortcomings in the commitments and memorandums of the region. Certainly, formulating the principles of a regional convention to prevent and curb the dust phenomenon, using the successful experience of Southeast Asian countries, is not only functionally important, but also legally helpful for critical situations. Utilizing contractual obligations in drafting regional conventions to deal with the phenomenon of particulate matter will be more efficient and enforceable than conventional obligations. The need to adopt judicial, legal and executive measures at the regional level; Including the implementation of policies prohibiting the change of use of forest, wetland and river lands; And the draft executive plan for multilateral cooperation between the countries of the region to deal with dust is one of the proposed measures. Despite the efforts of international environmental organizations; The results of this study show that without a regional convention to control particulate matter and other environmental crises, it will not be possible to solve the problem.

The main purpose of this article is studying the short and long run impact of elderly population, urbanization, economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the Middle East. To this goal, a panel data of 12 Middle East countries over the period of 1990 to 2013 was used. In This study, according to stationary properties of the variables, the panel cointegration approach was applied. Also, based on the results of Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests, the short and long-run relationship was estimated by Error Correction Model (ECM) and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) respectively. The results imply that significant long run relationships exist among aged population, urbanization, per capita income and per capita energy consumption with environment pollution. Based on the panel cointegration model, empirical results showed that the relationships between elderly population and CO2 emissions per capita is U-shaped and statistically significant. Therefore, CO2 emission decrease at the initial stage of elderly population growth and then grows again with the increase of elderly population and the turning point is around 3 percent. Moreover, the results imply that a relative increase in urbanization, economic growth and energy consumption are positively affect CO2 emissions per capita.