جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فلاونوئید » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

Over the past few decades, human industrial activities have significantly reduced the blocking effect of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. As a consequence, there has been an increase in the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to the Earth's surface. This amplified exposure to UV rays poses a serious threat to living organisms, particularly plants. In our study, we investigated the impact of UV-A and UV-B radiation on some morpho-physiological traits as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. UV radiation treatments were applied at three levels: control (no UV radiation), UV-A radiation, and UV-B radiation. The UV radiation was administered using broadband lamps manufactured by Q-Lab in the USA. These 40-watt lamps were employed for a duration of four hours per day. Our findings reveal that exposure to UV-B radiation resulted in a decrease in leaf dry weight, plant height, and the levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll by 29.57%, 13.44%, 17.7%, 33.77%, and 22.51%, respectively, compared to the control. Conversely, UV-B radiation led to an increase in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as carotenoids, phenols, and total flavonoids. Additionally, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes, as well as the levels of proline and malondialdehyde, exhibited significant increases of 23.45%, 37.54%, 41.59%, 82.75%, 412.5%, 100%, 87.5%, and 359.32%, respectively, compared to the control. Regarding UV-A treatment, the levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll decreased. However, there was an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde, proline, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase. Overall, the rosemary plants exposed to UV-B radiation exhibited higher quality in terms of medicinal and biological properties due to the increased presence of UV-absorbing compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. However, it is worth noting that the yield of the plant decreased under UV-B treatment.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) belongs to the Theaceae family and is an evergreen shrub indigenous to China and India. The plant leaves contain different kinds of important flavonoids and, hence, indicate many biological activities. To study the effects of UV-B radiation on the flavonoid content of tea plants, a greenhouse experiment was performed in a completely randomized design. In this regard, first, tea seedlings were purchased from the Fashalem Research Institute and then kept in greenhouse conditions. Then the UV treatment at 5 levels was performed, and the plants were harvested to determine the total flavonoids content using spectrophotometry and certain flavonoid levels by the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method in all the treated groups. The results showed that flavonoids levels decreased at the beginning of UV treatment and then increased at 12 KJ/m2S of UV treatment. On the other hand, the relative chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II were reduced in the UV-treated tea plants at doses higher than 9 KJ/m2S. It was concluded that although cultivation of tea plants in habitats with high UV index tends to result in a considerable reduction in photosynthetic parameters and plant yield, it can cause an elevation in the flavonoids content and pharmacological potential of the tea plant.

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and anticancer effects of root and sprout samples from Multi-hued Bulk, Black, and Titicaca Quinoa varieties (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) on Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (AGS). These varieties were cultivated using a complete randomized block design with four replications in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran (research field of Yazd University). Root samples were harvested before seed filling from a soil depth of 30 cm. Once the seed germination and filling stages were complete, 100 g of seeds from each variety were randomly selected without hulling to produce sprouts. The highest saponin contents (mg/g dry weight) were observed in the Black root (24.4), followed by the Titicaca root (7.1). The lowest saponin content (0.6) was found in the Black sprout. The phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of the hydroethanolic (80:20) extract (obtained using the Soxhlet method), at 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/mL were evaluated for root and sprout samples of all three varieties. Based on the results, the Black and Titicaca sprout extract had significantly higher total phenolic (172.68 mgGAE/gDW) and flavonoid (128.17 mgQ/gDW) contents, as well as antioxidant capacity at 1000 mg/mL compared to the corresponding samples from the Multi-hued Bulk variety and the root samples of all three varieties. The lowest and highest DPPH IC50 value was observed in the Black sprout and Multi-hued Bulk root extracts (1.11 and 3.15 mg/mL, respictively). The average cell viability of AGS was observed in the Black sprout extract (33.46) and Titicaca (36.11) varieties at 1000 mg/mL, 72 hours after the treatment, respectively. Findings suggested that the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Quinoa sprouts, compared to hulled and unhulled seeds of the investigated varieties, could contribute to the development and accessibility of this medicinal plant for patients with cancer.

In recent years, much attention has been paid to medicinal plants. In addition the use of medicinal plants is increasing in modern medicine. Many active compounds found in medicinal plants are used as primary molecules to make drugs. Linum album is a medicinal plant of Linaceae family and one of endemic species in Iran, has podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and phenolic compounds. PTOX is a lignan compound which occurs in a few plant species and has pharmacological importance for its anticancer activities. Also, phenolic compounds and flavonoids are antioxidant agents.Manipulation of cell culture media by elicitors is one of the main strategies for inducing secondary metabolism and production of valuable metabolites. Preliminary experiments showed that the cell extract of fungal could increase lignans production. In this research, the filtered medium of Fusarium fungus (concentration of 1% by volume) was used as a stimulus in Linum album cell culture, then the amount of podophyllotoxin was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the amount of total phenol, flavonoid and flavonol were measured by spectrophotometer. The results showed that the amount of these compounds increased due to the use of stimulants. Over time, this stimulus induced the defense responses of cells and led to more production of total phenol, flavonol, flavonoids and podophyllotoxin.

The Hyrcanian forests, located along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, are a unique and ancient ecosystem. To preserve the genetic reserves of these forests, it is essential to examine the diversity of their medicinal plants , including the date-plum or wild persimmon (Diospyros lotus L.). The aim of this research was to evaluate the native date-plum fruit harvested from three regions of the Hyrcanian forests including Gorgan, Aliabad, and Behshahr in terms of morphological, physicochemical, and antioxidant traits. to do so, fruit samples were collected and evaluated in November 2021 during commercial-local harvest. The obtained results showed that the highest fruit weight, diameter, and volume were recorded in samples collected from Behshahr, while the lowest weight, length, diameter, and fruit volume were observed in fruits belonging to Gorgan. This research indicated that fruits collected from Behshahr were more elongated compared to those collected from Gorgan and Aliabad. The comparison of qualitative traits confirmed that the highest acidity and vitamin C content were observed in Behshahr and the highest pH and total soluble solids were recorded in the fruit samples of Gorgan. The maximum total phenol and flavonoid were related to Aliabad and Behshahr. Finally, the highest total anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity were observed in Gorgan. Furthermore, this study found that fruit weight had a significant positive correlation with acidity while it showed a significant negative correlation with pH and antioxidant capacity. Also, fruit acidity had a significant negative correlation with antioxidant capacity and total anthocyanin. In contrast, pH and total soluble solids showed a significant positive correlation with total anthocyanin. In general, a great diversity was observed among the medicinal fruit of the wild date-plum collected from the three investigated regions in Hyrcanian forests with regard to the morphological, physicochemical, and antioxidant activity.

Citrus sinensis cv Thomson Navel and Citrus limon cv Lisbon are known as relatively resistant and cold-sensitive garden products. Thus, in the present study attempts are made to investigate the vulnerability of Thomson oranges and Lisbon lemons to cold stress under controlled environmental conditions compared to treatment temperatures (4, -4 and -8 °C). This factorial experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design. The ANOVA results showed that the temperature/cultivar interaction can significantly affect some traits such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, total flavonoids, ion leakage, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, total chlorophyll and LT50 (P> 0.001). However, the catalase/chlorophyll b interaction was found to be significant at p= 5%. The highest levels of ion leakage (59.65%), lipid peroxidation reaction (0.77 µg g−1 FW MDA) in lemon and catalase and superoxide dismutase (33.43 µmol•g−1 FW and 160.3.3 μmol g −1FW min respectively) in orange was recorded at -8 °C. In contrast, the highest levels of ascorbate peroxidase (39.7 µg g−1 FW) was recorded in lemon and total flavonoids (32.48 mg g−1 FW of catechin) was recorded in oranges at 4 °C. in the present study, different reactions were also observed at different temperatures. Oranges showed higher resistance to cold compared to lemons. As for the measured traits, however, oranges were mostly ranked higher than lemons. Exposure of genotypes to cold stress led to an increase in malondialdehyde.

Natural antioxidant compounds can be a suitable substitute in pharmaceutical industries. Callus of (Cichorium intybus L) is a good source for antioxidant production. The research aim is to evaluate the amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of plant in vitro and natural conditions. For this purpose, after preparing healthy seedlings from chicory seeds in (1.2 MS) culture medium, stem, leaf and root explants were prepared and cultured for callus formation in liquid MS with different hormone treatments. Methanolic extracts were prepared from each Callus.The phenolic content and flavonoid were determined by Folin – Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods and antioxidant activity by measuring the reduction of radical capacity by DPPH. The HPLC method was used to determine the type of phenolic compounds in the extracts.The results showed the highest amount of total phenol is 2.613 mg/g of the Callus weight related to the leaf explant with Kin (0.5mg/L), the highest amount of flavonoid is 0.828 mg/g related to the stem explant with 2,4-D (0.5mg /L) and the highest amount of total antioxidant was 89.35% related to the stem explant with BAP (1mg/L).The highest amount of chlorogenic acid was 0.513 mg/g related to the leaf explant with BAP (0.75 mg/L) and the highest amount of caffeic acid was 0.009 mg/g related to the stem explant with Kin (1 mg/L).The Callus obtained from stem and leaf explants, having a good level of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, can be used as a source of natural antioxidants instead of synthetic antioxidants.

Onosma pachypoda Boiss. is a medicinal plant and belongs to Boraginaceae family. Enhancement of secondary metabolites using modern biotechnological methods such as tissue culture and hairy root induction by Agrobacterium rhizogenes can be important. In the present study, hairy root induction by A. rhizogenes strain A4 on the callus of O. pachypoda was examined via dry and immersion methods under different spectral LED lights. The effect of LED lights was also investigated on the concentration of flavonoid content in inoculated callus. The results showed that the highest percentage (50%) of hairy root induction was obtained by immersing the callus in the suspension of A. rhizogenes under dark conditions. The highest flavonoid content was observed in inoculated callus under blue LED light and dark conditions. Therefore, the immersion method is a suitable method for inoculation of callus to induce hairy roots in the plant. It seems that using of different spectral LED lights also affects flavonoid content in the callus of O. pachypoda.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid foliar application on the vegetative and physiological traits and the amount of essential oil of peppermint plant (Mentha piperita L.) under salinity stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design in three replications in a greenhouse located in the north of Iran. The treatments included Foliar spraying of salicylic acid (zero, 50 and 100 mg/l) and salinity stress (zero, 50, 100 and 150 mg/l of sodium chloride) were the salinity stress at the six-leaf stage twice a week in the form of irrigation and foliar spraying of salicylic acid. It was applied in three stages of the four-leaf stage at a time interval of 10 days. The results showed that all the evaluated traits were significant at the level of 1 and 5%, increasing the salinity steress reduced all the evaluated traits except proline and salicylic acid foliar application had a positive effect on improving these traits under stress conditions. Fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, plant height, total chlorophyll and essential oil percentage in salicylic acid treatment 100 mg/l and control salinity level and maximum root length in salicylic acid treatment 100 mg/l and the salinity level of 50 mg/l were obtained. Also, the highest content of phenol and flavonoids was observed in the treatment of salicylic acid 50 mg/l and the salinity level of 50 mg/l, and in the treatment of salicylic acid 100 mg/l and the salinity level of 150 mg/l the highest proline was observed. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, foliar application of salicylic acid at a concentration of 100 mg/l can be recommended to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress on peppermint.

Blackberries produce several types of phytochemicals beneficial to human health and wild blackberries are richer than cultivated ones. Climatic conditions have a great impact on plants in various ways. In this experiment, wild blackberries from two regions in the west and east of Golestan province (Bandar-e-Gaz and Minoodasht regions), in each region from two places (plain and foothills) and two different seasons of fruit ripening (late spring and late summer) were sampled and studied for morphological and phytochemical traits. The results showed that the region and place of growth and harvest season had a great impact on the morphological and phytochemical traits of wild blackberry fruit. Blackberries harvested from Bandar-e-Gaz had higher inflorescence length and width than blackberries of Minoodasht. There was a significant difference between spring and summer blackberries respecting the number of fruits per inflorescence and the number of drupelets per fruit. There was also a significant difference between spring and summer blackberries in all fruit traits, including fruit length, diameter, and weight. The fruits of Bandar-e-Gaz blackberries were more spherical (L/D 0.97) and had a higher fresh weight (1.23 g). The results also showed a significant difference between the blackberries of the two regions and between the two harvest seasons in total acidity, ascorbic acid, and pH. Spring fruits harvested in Minoodasht showed the highest amounts of acidity (5.52 mg/100mg) and total soluble solids (°Brix) and the lowest amount of pH (2.28). Blackberries harvested in Minoodasht region had more total anthocyanin (1.245 mg/100ml) but less total flavonoids (0.471 mg/100ml) and total phenols (0.36 mg/100ml) than blackberries harvested in Bandar-e-Gaz region. There was a significant difference between spring and summer fruits of both regions respecting the above-mentioned traits as well as antioxidant activity; spring fruits showed higher values ​​in most of them. It seems that the climatic conditions of the region are more suitable for the cultivation of spring blackberry cultivars and the fruits obtained from these cultivars and genotypes have higher nutritional and medicinal properties.

Considering the importance of medicinal compounds in medicinal plant species, the production of secondary medicinal metabolites through callus cultivation and subsequent elicitation is economical and time-saving. Levisticum officinale Koch. is one of the valuable indigenous rangeland plants of Iran, which has many medicinal and industrial properties. This study was carried out to optimize callus induction and the effects of different concentrations of GO-SiO2 on the amounts of different secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity under callus culture. For callus induction, the hypocotyl explants were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium containing different growth regulators. Analysis of variance showed that different plant growth regulators had a significant effect on The MS media supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.025 mg/L (NAA) + 0.5 Kin showed the best percentage of callus production (95%). In order to investigate the effect of the elicitor on the amount of secondary metabolites in the callus, different concentrations of GO-SiO2 (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L) were chosen as elicitors. The selected nanoparticle showed positiveand stimulatory effects on the amount of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in the callus. The highest content for total phenolics (47.26 mg GAE/g FW), total flavonoids (28.06 mg QE/g FW) and antioxidant activity FRAP (0.096 μ mol /g extract) was observed under 10 mg/L of GO-SiO2. The highest contents for total flavonols (8.18 mg QE /g FW), H2O2 (5.09 μmol/g FW) and total anthocyanin (0.07 μmol/g FW) were observed under 20 mg/L GO-SiO2 treatment. The highest level of carotenoid content (28.11 mg/g FW) and chlorophyll (23.58 mg/g FW) were observed under 5 mg/ L GO-SiO2. The results of this study can be used to optimize the production of secondary medicinal metabolites in this valuable medicinal plant. According to the results of this study, the application of graphene oxide nanopaGO-SiO2 (10 mg/L) could be used for the highest production of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as increasing the antioxidant activity through callus culture in this valuable plant of Iran.

Fodder plants have been considered due to their bioactive compounds that affect livestock nutrition and their therapeutic potential for humans. Nowadays, in fodder cropping systems, the proper time of harvesting is very important to obtain optimal performance. In order to investigate the effect of different harvesting times (one to eight weeks after initial harvesting)  on the content of some secondary metabolites (phenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and alkaloids) and metal elements (zinc, iron, magnesium and manganese) of alfalfa, a study was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the concentration of these metabolites and metal elements changed significantly at different harvest times. So that the amount of total phenols increased by 2.37, 2.29, and 2.24 times in the fifth, sixth, and seventh weeks, respectively, compared to the second week. Also, the amount of total flavonoids increased by 1.89 times in the sixth week compared to the second week. The amount of total isoflavonoids in the sixth week increased by 1.75 times compared to the first week. The amount of total alkaloids in the seventh and eighth weeks compared to the first week was 10.58 and 11.75 times, respectively. Also, the maximum amount of iron element was observed in the fifth and sixth weeks, and the maximum amount of magnesium and manganese elements were observed in the sixth week. The presence of the maximum amount of these phytoestrogens and metal elements in the middle and the end stages (fifth and sixth weeks, respectively) of alfalfa flowering can be an important factor in determining the quality of fodder and determining the yield of the product, and considering their medicinal properties for humans, these stages are the most suitable harvesting times.

Microgreens are immature vegetables harvested after the development of the first true leaves, and they may contain higher nutritional value than mature vegetables. In this research, the nutritional value and antioxidant compounds of 13 varieties of basil microgreens have been investigated. The results showed a significant difference between microgreens in terms of all studied traits. As compared to the others, Violetto and Genovese microgreens gained the highest chlorophyll a, but Holy Basil was found to have the highest total carotenoids. Likewise, the highest and lowest contents of total phenol were found in Napoletano and Green basil, respectively. Also, the rate of anthocyanin in the microgreens varied from 0.078 to 0.148 mg/g of fresh weight. Furthermore, the highest antioxidant capacity was obtained in Napoletano and the lowest in Genovese. Among the 13 studied microgreens, Midnight basil and Purple basil cultivars demonstrated the highest concentration of ascorbic acid. In order to determine the most important biological traits effective in differentiating genotypes, factor analysis was employed. The first three factors accounted for 80.95% of the total variance. In addition, cluster analysis grouped 13 genotypes into five main groups. In conclusion, the results indicate that the microgreens provided by basil cultivars are good sources of antioxidant compounds and various nutrients.

Aqti (Sambucus ebulus L.) is one of the valuable medicinal plants that has a wide distribution along the forests, roadsides and meadows of northern Iran. Different organs of the plant, including leaf, stem, root and fruit, were collected to investigate the effect of elevation on some biochemical compounds, including phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity and catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The sampling was carried out in late summer in Sari, Babool and Amol districts and at elevations of 0-100, 500-600 and 900-1000 meters above sea level with three replications in the form of a completely random design. The results indicated that elevation and the interaction of elevation and region had a significant effect on the amount of all secondary metabolites examined. With the increase in elevation, the amounts of CAT, GPX and APX enzymes have increased. Also, the antioxidant capacity has increased with the increase in elevation above sea level. Considering that these compounds are among the most important secondary compounds in medicinal plants, it can be concluded that the most effective compounds of the Aqti medicinal plant are found at high elevations. The highest correlation was determined between antioxidant capacity and flavonoid (r = 0.958); antioxidant capacity showed a significant correlation with all investigated traits (P≤0.01 and P≤0.05). In general, the results show that the medicinal plant Aqti is rich in antioxidant properties and can be used as a plant source of antioxidant compounds in the food and medicinal industries.

Ferula latisecta, Dorema kopetdaghense, and Dorema ammoniacum oleo-gum resins are among the most valuable Iranian herbal products and have great potential to be exported abroad. This study aims to phytochemically investigate the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of the mentioned oleo-gum resins. The hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of gums were prepared through a "sequential extraction" method. The antidiabetic effects of the extracts were evaluated on the basis of α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzyme inhibition methods. In addition, the antioxidant effects of the extracts were analyzed against DPPH free radicals. Besides, the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of the extracts were measured. The results showed that the hexane extract of D. ammoniacum gum had the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (92.99%). Also, the methanolic extract of this plant showed the highest inhibitory activity against α-amylase (50.84%). The hexane extract of D. ammoniacum gum has high antioxidant properties with an IC50 value of 40.85 μg/mL. Moreover, the hexane extract of D. ammoniacum gum has the highest amount of phenolic compounds with 530.52 mg of gallic acid/g of extract, among the others. According to the results, the gum of D. ammoniacum is rich of phenolic compounds and has high antioxidant and antidiabetic effects in comparison to common standards. So, this herbal product can be worthy of further investigation.

Ziziphus nummularia is a thorny shrub belonging to the Rhamnaceae family which has a variety of phytochemical compounds. This study was conducted with the aim of phytochemical and morphological evaluation of Z. nummularia populations in different heights of habitats in Khuzestan province.The leaves and fruits of Z. nummularia were collected from different heights of natural habitats of Khuzestan province, including altitude groups of 0-200, 200-400, 400-800 and 800-1000 meters above sea level in summer and autumn. The morphological characteristics were measured using accurate measuring tools and also phytochemical characteristics were measured using a Spectrophotometer.The results showed that different morphological and phytochemical traits including leaf length, thorn length, ripe fruit weight, ripe fruit diameter, number of thorns, and also content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were significantly different in various habitats of Khuzestan province. Based on the cluster analysis of morphological traits, the trees in habitats with a height of 200-400 m were different from other groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that leaf length and width, saponin and phenol content of leaf and fruit, and leaf tannin content were identified as the most important traits with the highest correlation factor for population identification. Altitude above sea level is an important factor that had a significant impact on various morphological and phytochemical traits of Z. nummularia, including the quality and quantity of leaves and fruits.

Selenium with antioxidant properties, has positive effects on growth and development of biological activities of many plants but its excessive levels in soil causes physiological problems. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium (bulk) and nanoselenium on some of physiological and biochemical of Vasha, in a completely randomized experiment. Selenium in form of sodium selenate was applied in nutrient solution at concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg L–1) and nanoselenium at concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg L–1). The results showed that application of both bulk and nano-Se treatments significantly increased plant growth parameters (i.e. length of roots and shoot, the root and shoot fresh and dry weights), as well as the content of photosynthetic pigment, total flavonoids, total phenol, anthocyanin and carbohydrate content by 2.5 mg L–1 and 10 mg L– 1 of selenium and nanoselenium respectively. Moreover, the abovementioned concentrations were associated with a significant increase in plant antioxidant activity. All treatments reduced malondialdehyde. The most increase in chlorophyll a was observed at a concentration of 10 mg L-1 nano-Se, which decreased with increasing selenium concentration compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the positive effect of selenium on the growth and increase of phenolic compounds depends on the type and concentration of selenium application.

Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth process and its causes oxidative stress in plants. A factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design, in order to investigate the effect of SNP on reducing the oxidative stress of Salicornia Persica, under salt stress, with three repetitions. In this research, the effect of two levels of SNP (0 and 0.2 mM), three levels of salinity (0, 200, 500 microgram/ml sodium chloride) and three stages of harvest (1, 7 and 14 days) were evaluated. The results showed that the dry weight of aerial parts decreased with increasing salinity. The exception was an increase in salinity of 200. The positive effect of SNP was observed in salinity of 200 and 500. The content of relative water decreased with increasing salinity concentration and SNP caused the content of relative water increased at three levels of salinity. The amount of anthocyanin decreased with increasing salinity and SNP caused an increase in the amount of anthocyanin. Malondialdehyde increased with increasing salinity, and the application of SNP caused its decrease. The amount of phenol decreased with increasing salinity and SNP did not have a significant effect on phenol. However, the amount of flavonoids increased at 200 salinity compared to control and it’s decreased at 500 salinity. Salinity stress caused an increase in the amount of sodium and the application of SNP caused it’s to decrease. The amount of potassium increased at 200 and 500 salinity. The treatment of SNP caused an increase in the amount of potassium at 0 and 500 salinity. In general, it can be concluded that the treatment of SNP can increase Salicornia Persica Salinity tolerance.

Cichorium intybus L. is a biennial plant that all parts of this plant (roots, leaves, seeds) are used medicinally. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the induction of calluses from chicory leaves and petioles and to investigate the effect of carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose) on the biochemical composition (flavonoid, Antioxidant activity, phenol, sugar, anthocyanin) of the produced Calli. For this purpose, BAP and KIN cytokinins at three levels (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and NAA auxin at three levels (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) in MS medium were used to induction callus. Also, the effect of different levels of sucrose and glucose was investigated on five levels (1, 2, 3, 4, 5%) with control treatment ½ MS medium. The highest percentage of callus formation and callus weight was observed in culture medium containing 1 mg / l of BAP and NAA. The results showed that the studied carbohydrates had a significant effect on the biochemical composition of chicory (P<0.01). The highest amount of phenol was observed in the treatment of 3% glucose (0.28 mg gallic acid / g fresh weight) and the highest amount of flavonoids was observed in the concentration of 4% glucose (0.29 mg quercetin / g fresh weight). Also, the highest amount of antioxidant and sugar activities were observed in glucose concentration of 1% (89.51%) and glucose 4% (86.97 µg), respectively. The highest amount of anthocyanin (7.1 µM per gram of fresh weight) was observed in 5% glucose treatment.

The presence of macroalgae, are important in aquatic habitats. Nowadays, this plants have been receiving increasing attention by many researchers as a promising natural rich sources of antioxidants. They have displayed numerous advantageous effects on biological activities, including antioxidants and cytotoxicity. In this regard, at the present study, the antioxidant properties of three species of native macroalgae to the northern coast of the Oman Sea (Sistan and Baluchestan province) were studied and compared. Sampling was carried out in autumn and winter of 2018 on the northern coast of the Oman Sea (Chabahar Gulf). The samples included one species of green (Ulva lactuca) and two brown (Sargassum illicifolium and Nizamuddinia zanardinii) algae. These species are predominantly found on the northern shores of the Oman Sea. After sampling, the algae were washed with sea water and tap water. The prepared samples were then dried and powdered with an electric mill. The extract was prepared in three steps. The first and second stages was carried out with distilled water and the third stage with methanol solvent. The total content of anthocyanin and flavonoid were measured by spectrophotometry method. Antioxidant properties were also measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power. Based on the results, a significant difference were observed in the studied indices between the studied species (p<0.05). Total anthocyanin contents in S. illicifolium, N. zanardinii and U. lactuca extracts was 8.31±1.14, 5.19±1.36 and 3.59±1.84 mg per 100 g dry weight, respectively (p<0.05). However, total flavonoid content between the studied extracts was 27.40±2.71, 21.12±1.14 and 0.39±0.12 mg per 100 g QE per 100 g dry weight and ferric reducing antioxidant power was 1.21±0.36, 0.67±0.10 and 0.60±0.12, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the total amount of anthocyanin and flavonoid contents as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power in S. illicifolium extract were significantly higher than U. lactuca and N. zanardinii extracts.