فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 61، زمستان 1402)

Infertility is a global health problem. One of the main causes of infertility in women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Different methods are used to treat such people. Using stem cells and its products can be a good alternative for its treatment. There are different models for inducing PCOS in animal models. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce ovarian dysfunction in PCOS mice. Tail injection of BM-MSC will improve the process of folliculogenesis. Intraovarian injection of BM-Hmsc and UC-MSC mesenchymal stem cells improves the process of folliculogenesis. AMSCs mesenchymal stem cell injection is associated with a positive result in fertility. MSC-EV stem cells improve fertility and increase folliculogenesis. One of the main causes of infertility in women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The use of cell therapy for various diseases including PCOS is considered. The use of MSC in the treatment of infertility is in its preclinical research stages. The safety and efficacy of MSCs in the treatment of infertility needs further investigation. In this study, we have compared the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells on polycystic ovary syndrome in various animal models.

Canola with the scientific name Brassica napus L., due to its high oil content in the seed, produces one third of all edible oils worldwide, which plays an important role in improving the nutritional needs of societies. Accelerated aging test is one of the most important tests used to evaluate the viability and physiological potential of seeds. Unsuitable environmental conditions as well as seed storage conditions can cause oxidative stress in seeds and other plant tissues. In this study, the improvement effect of pretreatment of vitamin C and Hydroquinone on canola seed under accelerated aging and the developmental and phytochemical characteristics of seedlings obtained from aged canola seed including morphological traits, germination indices and phytochemical changes were investigated. Pre-treatment of seeds with antioxidant compounds reduced the damage caused by decay, improved the quality of canola seeds and seedlings, and also changed the phytochemical composition of the seedlings. The reduction of seed germination and weak morphometric characteristics of seedlings obtained from old seeds indicate the relationship between the phytochemical changes of seeds and the aging process. Seedlings obtained from old seeds showed phytochemical changes in the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates and proteins. If the aging process of the seed does not lead to death of seed, the resulting seedlings will have a different destiny with high power to deal with oxidative stress. It seems that the seedlings receive the signal from the free radicals of seed aging and cause the growth of intelligent seedlings to deal with the stress.

Tea (Camellia sinensis(L.) O. Kuntze) is one of most important crop in north of Iran, Today’s, many of these plants are at risk of disappearing therefore having information about genetic of them can help in designing of breeding programs. In this study, 30 tea bushes by using 21 quantitative and qualitative traits related to the leaves and stems of the tea plant was analyzed for genetic diversity using on Gower distances coefficient and UPGMA algorithm. The results of data analysis showed that all the selected tea samples were morphologically similar to each other, although some of them showed small and slight differences in some characteristics, but overall they did not have significant differences. Based on the obtained data, the difference between the studied samples ranged from 0.048 to 0.499 with an average of 0.265. In order to determine the relationship of the examined genotypes and grouping them based on the morphological traits in cluster analysis at the distance coefficient of 0.29, the examined samples were grouped into four main groups. According to the way of grouping, it was observed that the distribution of the studied samples does not follow a specific pattern and does not match with the geographical distribution. According to the results of the present research, it is confirmed that morphological analyzes in tea can be used successfully to determine genetic diversity and relationship. The results of this study open a window to deal with the old problem of classification and identification of tea in Iran.

Treatment with nanoparticles has attracted the attention of many researchers. Due to their small size and easy absorption, nanoparticles can be a suitable option for treatment. In this study, a comparative study of the anticancer effect of silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide and iron oxide on leukemic cell line and white blood cells of HPB-ALL was done.Human white blood cells and leukemia cell line HPB-ALL were passaged. Iron oxide, zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles with different concentrations were added to the microplates containing the cells and the cells were treated with nanoparticles for 24 hours. PI was evaluated. The results obtained for leukemic cell line HPB-ALL and white blood cells were analyzed with the effect of three nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide and iron oxide at a significant level (P<0.05). All three nanoparticles showed cytotoxic effects in both cell lines. The cytotoxicity effects of nanoparticles were higher in leukemic cell line HPB-ALL than in white blood cells. Among these nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles had a significant cytotoxic effect in HPB-ALL leukemic cell line compared to the other two nanoparticles. Evaluation of IC50, DNA damage and apoptosis induction in HPB-All leukemic cell line by silver nanoparticles was significantly higher than other two nanoparticles. According to the above results and further investigations of the penetration mechanism of each of the nanoparticles, it can be said that silver nanoparticles have the potential for therapeutic applications.

Bromocriptine is used as an effective drug for patients with hyperplrolactinemia. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme of thyrocytes membrane. The enzyme has a gret role in formation of T4 and T3 by oxidizing tyrosine residues in thyroglobulines. In this study, samples were collected from two groups of women with hyperprolactinemia over a period of 10 months. The first group includes 25 normal clients and individuals which is known as euthyroid (with normal thyroid function and normal levels of thyroid gland hormones) in the age range of 30-37 years (samples 1 to 25) and the second group includes 25 other persons with the same condition in the age range of 38-45 years (samples 26 to 50). Both groups used only bromocriptine tablets as drug treatment with the dose of 5mg/day in a period of at least 6 months. The levels of anti TPO antibodies which is directly proportional to levels of the enzyme, measured both before and after the treatment with bromocriptine. In most cases bromocriptine treatment caused a decrease in levels of TPO enzyme antibodies. In current study, effectivenes of bromocriptine on TPO levels was confirmed by statistical assays.

Natural antioxidant compounds can be a suitable substitute in pharmaceutical industries. Callus of (Cichorium intybus L) is a good source for antioxidant production. The research aim is to evaluate the amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of plant in vitro and natural conditions. For this purpose, after preparing healthy seedlings from chicory seeds in (1.2 MS) culture medium, stem, leaf and root explants were prepared and cultured for callus formation in liquid MS with different hormone treatments. Methanolic extracts were prepared from each Callus.The phenolic content and flavonoid were determined by Folin – Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods and antioxidant activity by measuring the reduction of radical capacity by DPPH. The HPLC method was used to determine the type of phenolic compounds in the extracts.The results showed the highest amount of total phenol is 2.613 mg/g of the Callus weight related to the leaf explant with Kin (0.5mg/L), the highest amount of flavonoid is 0.828 mg/g related to the stem explant with 2,4-D (0.5mg /L) and the highest amount of total antioxidant was 89.35% related to the stem explant with BAP (1mg/L).The highest amount of chlorogenic acid was 0.513 mg/g related to the leaf explant with BAP (0.75 mg/L) and the highest amount of caffeic acid was 0.009 mg/g related to the stem explant with Kin (1 mg/L).The Callus obtained from stem and leaf explants, having a good level of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, can be used as a source of natural antioxidants instead of synthetic antioxidants.

The purpose of the recent study is to compare SI with three other methods for distinguishing genotypes, which are: DNA fragment polymorphism method resulting from random multiplication (RAPD), investigation of mixed-type alleles and analysis of RAPD isoenzymes and type-type alleles. A mixture of 73 isolates, belonging to 36 genotypes identified based on the analysis, were used. A limited number of isolates were investigated using isozyme polymorphism. RAPDs, mixed-type alleles and SI in all three cases of isolates differentiated through SI reactions included two subgroups with different RAPD phenotypes.In two cases, the groups differentiated through SI reactions shared a similar set of alleles of the mixing type. Isoenzyme analysis showed interspecies differences and insignificant differences between genotypes of the same species. These findings have led to consider the use of SI as a routine and valid method for epidemiological studies of Armillaria species.In the same group of isolates, profiles of the EcoR I fragment related to mitochondrial DNA were also investigated. This analysis regrouped the genotypes into 'mitochondrial types' that share common cytoplasm and are likely closely related through sexual reproduction.

Maclura pomifera (Moraceae), known as souda or American mulberry, is dioecious, about 5-8 meters long that its fruits have a very sticky sap. In different areas of Kerman city, no male tree was observed and all distributed plants were female. Interestingly, these female trees, produced seeds. It has been reported that some species Moraceae produce fruits and seeds without fertilization, a phenomenon called parthenogenesis. In this study, the structure of inflorescences and flowers were investigated. Further, some flowers were covered with wax paper bags to prevent pollination. The presence of pollen in pistil tissues was studied with a fluorescent microscopy. The dense and spherical female inflorescence has about 60-70 flowers with a single- whorled perianth similar to the sepals. The sepals were tetrameric and pink at young first and become fleshy and green during growth. The pistil and perianth (sepals) surrounding it together developed to a drupe like fruit. The pistil was unicarpellate and long style. The drupe-like fruits form each inflorescence formed accessory fruit, atypical fruit, with pomaceous view. No pollen grains were observed on pistil tissues (stigma, style and ovary) by aniline blue staining. The fruits of both closed (by wax paper bags) and open inflorescences produced about 8-18 seeds. The seeds was viable and during germination produced seedlings in perlite media without any chemical or physical treatment. Seed formation without pollination and fertilization in this species confirms the parthenogenesis phenomenon; this study is the first report about the occurrence of parthenogenesis in M. pomifera.

This research was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of soil contaminated with heavy elements in Arak region on three sunflower cultivars. The first factor includes: soil contaminated with heavy elements collected from Arak region and its comparison with the uncontaminated control collected from Tafarsh region, and the second factor includes cultivars including: Armaviroski, Alstar, and Ezoflor, common cultivars of sunflower cultivation in Arak region. The effect of contaminated soil on leaf area index traits and leaf area ratio was significant at the level of 1%, but it had no significant effect on other traits. The effect of the cultivar was also significant on the leaf area index at the level of 1%, but it was not significant on the other evaluated indices.. In the investigation of the content of chlorophyll a, the highest amount was assigned to the Alstar cultivar at the rate of 10.54 mg/g fresh weight of leaves, and the lowest amount was assigned to the variety Azoflor at the rate of 10.23 mg/g fresh weight of leaves, which did not have a significant difference. Examining the amount of carotenoid, Allstar, Armaviroski and Azoflor cultivars had 2.53, 2.07 and 1.98 mg per gram of leaf wet weight, respectively, which was significant at the five percent level. Among the cultivars, the most The seed yield was assigned to the Azoflor cultivar at the rate of 3822 kg/ha and the lowest yield was assigned to the Alstar variety at the rate of 2231 kg/ha.

Due to the increasing use of mobile devices in the world, there are many concerns about the possible effects of the waves emitted by them on the health of living organisms. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to investigate the possible biological effects of these waves. In this study, the effect of cell phone waves on germination of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) has been investigated. After placing the seeds in the petri dish, the mobile phone was placed on the surface of the petri dish and activated by calling another phone. The seeds were exposed to mobile phone waves 3 times a day for 15 minutes for 3 minutes. Another group of seeds were examined as controls without exposure to cell phone waves. The results showed that cell phone waves increased the germination percentage of seeds and increased the average length of roots and stems of chia seeds.

Diabetes Mellitus is an autoimmune and chronic disorder that has spread rapidly all over the world due to lifestyle and obesity. In this study, we are trying to find an effective step in controlling diabetes by designing an engineered tissue and grafting it to different sites in the animal model. Uterine endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (EnMSCs) were prepared using the enzymatic extraction method and PAN nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning method. EnMSCs were cultured on the scaffold and transplanted into diabetic rats treated with streptozotocin. The engineered tissue was transplanted in one group peritoneally in the abdominal cavity and the other group subcutaneously. Also, in another group of rats, EnMSCs were injected through the tail. After transplantation, blood glucose, insulin, and weight of rats were measured. The findings of the present study showed that the method and area of stem cell transplantation play an important role in the control of diabetes. In the groups receiving EnMSCs, glucose concentration, blood insulin level, and body weight were improved compared to the control group. Compared to other groups, glucose concentration decreased significantly and blood insulin level and body weight increased significantly in rats receiving a peritoneal transplant. In the subcutaneous transplant group and the injection group, there was no significant difference in the investigated criteria. According to the results of this study, transplantation of EnMSCs using PAN scaffold in the peritoneal site can be suggested for the treatment of diabetes, although more studies are needed in this field to provide a complete treatment.

Frequency of male infertility is 10-15% and there is not definite reason in 50% of infertility in men. This form of infertility is named idiopathic infertility and genetic factors are one of male infertility causes. Therefore, aim of this study was investigation on association between T886C polymorphism in TAS2R38 gene and C109869T polymorphism in SLC6A14 gene with Iranian idiopathic infertile male.

For this study. DNA was extracted from 200 blood samples consist of 100 men with idiopathic infertility (oligospermic and azoospermia) and 100 fertile men as control groups. Genotyping of two studied polymorphisms were performed by using of molecular methods, HRM-PCR Corbett, PCR-RFLP and Sequencing, then results were statistical analyzed.

For T886C polymorphism in TAS2R38 gene statistical analysis showed no significant difference between patient and control groups (P=0.9) and results shown was not association between this polymorphism and idiopathic male infertility in Iranian population. Frequency of C109869T polymorphism in SLC6A14 gene was different in infertile patients and control groups (P=0.04) and is indicated significant relationship with idiopathic male infertility in studied Iranian men population.

According to this research results, The C109869T polymorphism in SLC6A14 gene is actual in affected of idiopathic infertility in Iranian men population and could cause oligospermia and azoospermia and created infertility in Iranian male. For confirming these results is recommended study on more samples.

Basil is a medicinal plant as well as a vegetable, and its economic importance is due to its use in health and pharmaceutical industries. Also, moisture stress (water scarcity) is one of the environmental factors leading to a decrease in the yield of any plant. In this study, the effect of moisture stress on the morphological and physiological traits of basil medicinal plant was evaluated as a split plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference at the probability level of 1% for the moisture stress effect as well as the genotype effect. The moisture stress × genotype interaction effect was significant for all traits, which means that the genotypes have shown different reactions under moisture stress. The moisture stress caused a significant decrease in most traits while it increased leaf proline. The highest accumulation of proline with an average of 0.0041 mg per gram of fresh weight was related to the Red Rubins basil variety under no-stress conditions and then the Iranian green basil variety with an average of 0.0029 mg per gram of fresh weight under medium moisture stress conditions. The maximum amount of growth characteristics (leaf length, number of leaves, leaf yield and shoot weight) was related to Iranian purple basil cultivar under without moisture stress conditions. Also, the genotype of Iranian green basil can be further investigated in future breeding programs due to its greater tolerance to moisture stress conditions.