جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آسیب پذیری » در نشریات گروه « مهندسی آب »

Determining the vulnerability and risk of groundwater is necessary for groundwater management. Cleaning up polluted groundwater is a costly undertaking. Various factors degrade groundwater quality, including point sources and diffuse sources of pollution, often linked to human activities that allow pollutants to enter aquifers. Therefore, it is necessary to use suitable and affordable methods to prevent pollution of ground-water resources at the source. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the methods of determining the vulnerability of aquifers using the drastic model in 12 regions located in some parts of Iran. The evaluation of each region is presented based on different indicators which help the removing pollution executors of underground water systems in order to choose, reuse or present new methods. In addition, the challenges and research gaps of the existing plains were evaluated in the explanation of each method, which can be the subject of future research works.

Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of flash floods in recent years, making Iran one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to natural disasters. Flash floods have caused significant economic and social damage in urban areas, highlighting the need for effective measures to assess and compensate for losses. Flood insurance is an important tool to reduce economic pressure and tension between the people and the government by compensating for losses in a timely and appropriate manner. However, the issue of flood insurance is complex and requires a systemic approach to address economic and social concerns. This study evaluates the effect of flood insurance coverage on economic and social variables in the Emamzadeh Davood region using Vensim PLE software. The study investigates the changes in economic vulnerability, buildings covered by insurance, insurance company's income, and people's prosperity under four different scenarios. The role of insurance compensation and government subsidy in reducing economic vulnerability and social consequences was also analyzed. Results indicate that if the government provides a subsidy of 35% of the premium and insurance companies compensate 100% of the damage, all residents in the studied area will buy flood insurance for their homes by 2050. This study highlights the importance of flood insurance in reducing the economic and social impact of flash floods and provides insights into the effective implementation of flood insurance policies.

Since the water resources systems are most affected by the climate change phenomenon, the organizations which manage the social and ecological demands of water can greatly impact the adaptation to this phenomenon. The adaptive capacity of a water resources system is influenced by various factors and the improvement of each of these factors would lead to an increase in the adaptation capacity of the entire system against the climate change and accordingly less vulnerability against it. In this article, the barriers to the adaptation of the water resources system of the Qarrangu basin against climate change have been identified from the perspective of administrative institutions related to water resources management and the causal relationships between these institutions have been investigated. The study was carried out in the framework of qualitative research strategy and based on thematic analysis method and interviewing the key people in the organizations in charge of the water management in the watershed. Using purposeful sampling under the snowball method and conducting 20 interviews, the theoretical saturation was achieved. Aiming at more reliability 2 more interviews were also conducted but no extra information was acquired. The results show that adaptation barriers in the studied basin can be categorized in three main groups; barriers caused by the attributes of actors, by the characteristics of the water resources system structure, and by the environmental characteristics. Finally, using the system dynamic analysis approach, the causal relationships between the barriers have been identified and solutions have been proposed to overcome such.

Urban floods have been exacerbated by climate change, urbanization, and limited drainage of urban infrastructure. Over the past decades, they had many negative effects, including the vulnerability of key centers. The vulnerability of key urban centers through man-made hazards and natural disasters causes their inefficiency, intensifies public dissatisfaction and lack of service in accidents. In order to make key centers resilient, it is necessary to identify important centers and examine their vulnerability to various hazards and threats. Criteria and sub-criteria for grading and evaluation of assets were weighted by AHP technique in Expert Choice software and then the key centers of the city were identified. Intra-Urban and extra-Urban hydrology and modeling of rivers in Hamadan in different return periods were studied by using HEC-RAS software. Next, the results were transferred to GIS and flood risk zoning of Hamadan was determined. After entering the average sample comments in Expert Choice software, the weight of each index was determined separately, which shows that the quantitative level of utilization index has the highest weight and the economic value of the asset has the lowest weight. Finally, with the adaptation of key centers and flood risk zones in GIS, vulnerable centers were identified.

One of the dimensions of sustainable livelihood, especially in rural communities, is to pay attention to the agricultural economy and the amount of income from agricultural products. In the present study, to evaluate the effects of drought on agricultural and rural communities, the Rural Socio-Economic Drought Index has been introduced. The index uses income from cultivated areas, household costs, and the financial ability to deal with the consequences of drought to take into account the Socio-economic conditions of communities in the face of drought. Due to the importance of the Zayandehroud basin as one of the most stressful basins, Isfahan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces have been selected as the study area. The course of study includes 29 years from 1989-90 to 2016-17. The classification of the Rural Socio-Economic Drought Index was performed by the Jenks natural failure algorithm, and the result was zoning of the region into low to severe crisis based on flexibility and ability to cope with the effects of drought in terms of impact on household income. The results show that Falavarjan, Khomeini Shahr, Isfahan, and Najafabad regions have been in the most critical situation among the 9 regions of the Zayandehrood basin for 18, 15, 12, and 8 years, respectively. The maximum intensity of rural socio-economic drought in Khomeini Shahr and Falavarjan regions was 6.77 and 6.37 units, respectively. The results of the application of this index were in good agreement with the field findings and it is a suitable indicator for assessing socio-economic drought.

Sewage collection, transmission and treatment systems are among the basic infrastructures of any city that should be designed to have the least vulnerability during crises caused by intentional or unintentional disruptions. Therefore, observing the principles of passive defense and safety in the sewage sector to protect and reduce vulnerability with the aim of continuing the necessary services, protection of sewage facilities and equipment, meeting the needs of the people, protecting people's lives (preventing the spread of microbial and chemical contamination), continuing to manage, and managing the people (preventing discontent and creating chaos) and, consequently, stabilizing the country's top management are essential and inevitable.

This paper identifies the risks to the critical infrastructure of the municipal sewer system with a passive defense approach as the first step in assessing the sustainability of urban sewer systems and the overlooked points in the design and construction of collection, transmission and transmission network systems and provides wastewater treatment. The present research method is a descriptive survey and is a type of applied research and distinguishes between risk or actual risk (Danger) and threat or potential hazard (Hazard); it also examines the status of asset parameters, threat and vulnerability in design, and has developed urban sewage systems.

The results of the research indicate that the regulations and methods of designing urban sewage systems in Iran are not sufficient to protect and increase the sustainability and resilience of the aforementioned systems and therefore, the solutions of defense knowledge. Passive can be considered a good complement to existing methods of designing and constructing urban sewer systems.  The research results also show that these systems have been designed or built in the cities of our country, with the least attention to the principles of passive defense.

Based on the findings of this study and the nature of urban sewage systems, 48 types of threats and weaknesses and serious vulnerabilities of urban sewage systems were enumerated.

In recognition of the need for effective and efficient methods for protecting groundwater resources from future contamination, scientists and resource managers have sought to develop aquifer vulnerability assessment techniques for predicting which areas are more likely than others to become contaminated as a result of activities at or near the land surface. This research is focused on the evaluation of Tehran- Karj groundwater vulnerability to pollution. Among several assessment methods, DRASTIC has been selected for this study. A major portion of Tehran’s drinking water is supplied from groundwater. ArcGIS has been used to overlay and calculate different layers and obtain the vulnerability map. In addition, groundwater balance has been evaluated in order to calculate the net recharge parameter in DRASTIC index. About 50 percent of the aquifer has been classified as moderate and almost 20 percent has low pollution vulnerability. The Boolean algorithm is usually used in categorizing the index but it is proved that using the Boolean algorithm causes the discrepancy in classification. On the other hand, fuzzy algorithm can produce more accurate results. Therefore, in this research, both Boolean and Fuzzy algorithms were used and compared together. Fuzzy algorithm could recognize the areas with low and very low vulnerability potentials while the Boolean model was not able to do so, therefore, the fuzzy model showed better performance. According to the developed map, most of the areas in the moderate class and very high class had the minimum area in the region.