جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Tabriz » در نشریات گروه « فنی و مهندسی »

Numerous parameters affect the solid waste production rate, including weather-climate parameters and parameters related to people's economical-social and cultural conditions, format, and detail of the city population, lifestyle, etc. In studying the effects of the mentioned criteria on the waste production rate, classic methods cannot analyze the time-based changes in parameters and the dynamic changes in solid waste production rate. On the other hand, the lack of precise data, an overall plan on solid waste management increases the need for a dynamic method. Linear regression is not a decent method in this research because of the seldom linear relation between parameters. A method, including modern estimation methods and models, is needed to omit the mentioned errors. ANN and LSSVM are for modeling in this research. Considering the significant part of seasonal patterns, using a preprocessing method that can extract such patterns can improve modeling; therefore, using the WT-ANN method can help.

Considering its key effect on the welfare and health of society, water plays a crucial role in the growth of communities and is one of the most important natural resources. In recent years, the problem of scarcity of water resources has been exacerbated by the growing population worldwide and increased competition for access to water resources, which leads to increased costs of water use. Therefore, the use of this vital resource requires proper management. The present study was entitled Predicting and Modeling the Urban Water Consumption Pattern in Tabriz to Investigate and Analyze the Urban Water Consumption Pattern Using Geographic Information System (GIS).

The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a passive defense model in the development of sports facilities in Tabriz with a combined approach. This study is practical in terms of purpose, and the research method is the mixed consecutive exploratory type and the collection method is survey. The statistical population in the qualitative sector includes experts in various fields including passive defense, urban management, structures and architecture, as well as experts in the field of sports management. These individuals were purposefully selected for qualitative interviews on the subject of research (17 interviews with 17 people and continued to the point of theoretical saturation). The statistical population of the quantitative section includes the same group of qualitative scratches plus a few more members (as samples). Out of 162 research samples, 128 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative part, coding and in the quantitative part, structural equation method was used to analyze the data. In the qualitative part of the research, it was found that the categories were extracted in the form of 48 concept codes and 6 main categories. In the quantitative part, it was found that all 6 main categories of research (location, facilities, demographic, human, economic and demographic, respectively) have a good fit, so the research model has a sufficient fit.

Nowadays the proficient maintenance of water network infrastructure is vital in sustainable urban development and is among the obligations of urban management which should be considered by responsible organizations. Accordingly, in this paper, by using the performance benchmarking method, Tabriz water utility was compared in graph basis to seven US water utility infrastructures based on the main indicators including: 1. Water resources, 2. Personnel information, 3. Physical components, 4. Service quality, 5. Executive performance, 6. Customer Services, and 7. Financial performance. The results showed that in comparison, Tabriz water utility suffers from major problems in terms of uncontrolled use of water resources in Tabriz city, high quantity of water loss, absence of wastewater recycling, erosion in network and water reservoirs in some areas, increased water demand due to the construction of new townships, and lack of adequate funding for network development. Accordingly, funds and investments are required to prevent the consequences of the aforementioned issues based on the proposed methodology. This methodology is found to be a very effective tool for decision makers and experts and can be applied for other cities and regions..

Increasing production of wastes due to the population growth, industrial development and human tendency to consumerism are among of the most important issues which now have become one of the biggest global concerns (Vahab Zadeh, 2009; Sehker and Beukering, 1998). Urban development and rising of living standards especially in developing countries also has been very effective in this field (Glawe et al., 2005). Environmental threats arising from the neglect of proper disposal of waste cannot be overlooked (Lorber et al., 1998). Unfortunately, in our country, especially in the past few decades, incorrect policies and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources has brought many changes and vulnerability for the environment and if the scientific, technical and management instruments are not handled to deal with the crisis and the problems, future prospects will be very concerned (Taheri et al., 2014). One of the tools that have been welcomed for prediction and reducing the negative effects of important construction projects is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Monavari, 2004). EIA including highly efficient methods which by recognizing the environment and understanding its importance, be examined the effects of different activities a project on environmental components (Canter, 1996). One of the most common ways which used in the environmental impact assessment of often development projects is the matrix technique. Tabriz as the largest and most industrialized city in North West of IRAN is faced with a very inappropriate situation about waste management in its disposal site. In the present study will try to use of two different matrix (RIAM and Leopold) to carry out environmental impact assessment of the current municipal waste landfill in Tabriz and finally with regard to the results, the various options be recommended for the implementation.

Nowadays, air pollution is one of the most concerning environmental problems in major cities all over the world. Surface ozone (O3) as one of the most important pollutants in troposphere is one of the major components of smog and is formed through a series of photochemical reactions in the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). High oxidizing potential of ozone can lead to respiratory problems. Breathing ground-level ozone can trigger variety of health problems such as chest pain, throat and eye irritation, asthma attacks, bronchitis, emphysema and headaches. Also, high ozone concentrations deeply affect plants and cells, and impact worldwide crop and forest. In the last decade, a number of studies have been done in the case of O3 concentration in urban areas. These studies indicate that O3 concentration has increasing trend in major cities (Mohammadi et al., 2016; USEPA, 2013; Im et al., 2013).

Urban sprawl or uncontrolled dispersion of the built-in areas brings about different economic, social, and environmental problems in the cities which have high growth of population. Remote sensing and GIS are used for measuring and visualizing the urban sprawl pattern and obtaining information about their temporal and spatial changes. Shannon’s entropy has traditionally been used in the discussions on measuring uncertainties and urban development. One major shortcoming with Shannon and other entropy measures is the fact that the support of the random variables is not taken into account in calculating the amount of information. The present study has offered a location-based measure for measuring density in urban development based on the cumulative distribution function. Such a measure is called weighted cumulative entropy (WCE), which is an extension of Shannon and other measures of uncertainty. In the newly presented measure, the values of the support set and the distribution function are both important. Shannon’s entropy and WCE are used to study the rate of urban sprawl and to visualize sprawl dispersion of Tabriz in 1993 and 2013. The results of this study showed that WCE is a more suitable statistic than Shannon’s entropy for identifying and monitoring the dispersion or concentration of urban constructions. In fact, Shannon’s entropy has failed to show the difference between the areas while WCE has distinguished the dense urban areas from non-dense ones more clearly. Moreover, the map of urban sprawl pattern in Tabriz indicates asymmetric growth, and the most urban dispersion and growth has happened along the roads from Tabriz to Tehran, Maraghe and Marand cities, which demands urban management in order to achieve sustainable development.

One of the basic human needs which find extensive range of social and economic development, and today is one of the manifestations of civilization Hml Vnql It results in question. Hml Vnql and services in many parts of the adverse economic Kk·h plays an important role in production and employment. In addition to these broad economic effects compared with other industries, the growing importance of this sector decreased. Therefore, in this study to evaluate the impact of infrastructure development on the Tehran-Tabriz Hml Vnql a questionnaire from experts and specialists as well as regression techniques are discussed. The results indicate the fact that the region’s economy, particularly employment index Hml Vnql infrastructure has a positive effect. In other words, investment in this sector and increase the mobility of labor and capital in the amount of 57/0% of job creation in other parts of GME, which can be a positive and significant economic impact behind. So that with a single investment in the sector Hml Vnql respectively parts of the economy such as agriculture, industry and services to the 57/0, 33/0, 435/0 units in their structure and will increas.d can cause an increase other economic impacts and ultimately lead to regional economic development.

Long-term forecasting of maximum monthly precipitation (MMP) is very important for a variety purposes such as flood and runoff forecasting, irrigation scheduling and watershed management. In this study, the application of data mining technique (association rules) is offered to discover affiliation between MMP of Tabriz synoptic station and sea surface temperatures (SST) of the Black, Mediterranean and Red Seas considering the different lags. Data mining is a technology which helps extracting hidden predictive information from large data bases and thus it facilitates that decision makers to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. To examine the accuracy of the rules, support and confidence measures were calculated. The results show a relative correlation between the Mediterranean, Black and Red Sea SSTs and MMP of Tabriz synoptic station so that the confidence between the MMP values and the SST of seas is approximately 70 percent. Also the results indicate that the combination of the Mediterranean, Black and Red Sea SSTs to forecast the MMP of Tabriz synoptic station have a better performance.

There have been considerable studies in recent years about evaluating the long-term conditional probability of the next strong earthquake (Mw>7) occurring on specific faults or fault segments which have experienced strong shocks. Also in these researches different kinds of recurrence-time distributions have been utilized in order to estimate these probabilities. In the shortage of a long term historical strong earthquake catalog, likely paleoearthquake observations provide possibility that can be used for probabilistic forecasting. In this paper, in order to gain dates of known recent ruptures of the fault, Paleoseismological observations are used. Uncertainties in input data and model parameter values have often ignored in hazard assessment that consequently causes less accuracy in results. Furthermore paleoseismic observations almost miss enough events at a given site to determine directly a probability density function for earthquake recurrence. So in access to more accurate outcomes, here a common statistical method that takes account of uncertainties in data and model parameter values are applied to estimate the time-varying hazard of rupture of the considered fault segment. The North Tabriz Fault is a major seismogenic fault in Northwest Iran where is defined by a high level of seismicity. This main right-lateral strike-slip fault with an average strike of Northwest-Southeast (NW-SE) has experienced strong and destructive earthquakes that the most destructive one is the 1780 AD. (Ms 7.4), rupturing the northwestern segment of the fault. Accordingly, the conditional probability of further rupture of the northwestern segment of this major fault is a significant subject. The recurrence interval of such earthquakes occurring on this fault segment based on paleosiesmological researches is 821±176year [1]. In order to evaluate the conditional probability, the basic statistical method adopted here is that of Rhoades et al. [2], with alterations clarified and applied by Rhoades & Van Dissen [3] and, recently, used by Van Dissen et al. [4].The purpose of this approach is to estimate the conditional probability of rupture of the fault as a single value which takes account of both input data and parameter uncertainties. Here we consider two different recurrence-time distributions, exponential as a time-independent model and weibull as a time-dependent model. The Exponential recurrence- time distribution commonly assumed in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is the model just with one parameter called seismicity rate (λ). This model corresponds to a stationary Poisson process. The Weibull distribution is extensively assumed in failure time modelling for manufactured items. This time-dependent model which has been proposed as a model of fault rupture recurrence has two parameters called shape parameter (c) and scale paramer (β) [5]. Input data assuming in this methodology are based on assessments of the average single-event displacement and its uncertainties, the long-term slip rate and its uncertainties and the dates of known recent ruptures of the fault segment and its uncertainties [3]. Where the values of average single-event displacement and dates of recent ruptures of the fault are gotten from Paleoseismological investigations done by Hessami et al. [1] and preferred long-term slip rate is adopted from Rizza et al. [6]. In order to survey the sensitivity of the northwestern segment of the North Tabriz Fault conditional probability results to the reformed slip rate, conditional probabilities are estimated again with long-term slip rate value extracted from Hessami et al. [1]. As mentioned above, the methodology used here is the same as that described by Rhoades & Van Dissen [3]. In this approach parameter values as well as input data values are entered into analysis as probability distributions for considering data uncertainties. Lognormal distribution is assumed for the average single-event displacement and long-term slip rate, too [3-4]. In order to gauge the sensitivity of the considerable fault segment conditional probability outcomes to dates of rupture distribution than our uniform distribution, results are evaluated again with assumption of normal distribution for each date of rupture. Also, it requires determining prior distributions for the parameters of the recurrence time model. The prior distribution for the parameters of the exponential and weibull models are produced in the same way as those elaborated by Rhoades & Van Dissen [3]. The prior distribution of the mean recurrence times is specified from the considered probability distributions of the average single-event displacement and the average slip rate. The prior distribution of the coefficient of variation is taken to be uniform on (0, 1). Eventually, prior distribution for the parameters of the chosen models is obtained based on these two constructed prior distributions and relations given by Rhoades & Van Dissen [3]. By using prior distribution of parameters and equations presented [3], this procedure is carried out to compute time-varying hazard and conditional probability of rupture of the considered fault segment. By way of description [3], the above methods are performed to the northwestern segment of North Tabriz Fault, where strong events have been dated [1]. The mean hazard function under each of the models at any time between the year 2015 and 2330 , allowing for data and model parameter values uncertainties, has been figured. Over the 300 year, hazard rate under exponential model, although it is on decreasing tend, is almost static; whereas, the hazard rate under weibull is always increasing. The estimated conditional probabilities of rupture of northwestern segment of the North Tabriz Fault under the assumed models have been computed for time intervals 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 300 year. For the next 100 year the probability of rupture of the considered fault segment is15.88% and 10.28% under the exponential and Weibull models, respectively. Compared with the exponential model the conditional probability of rupture under the Weibull model is lower. As for results, the estimated conditional probability under these models is not similar. Although the exponential model is commonly used in hazard analysis but it is not suggested to be applied as a recurrence-time model to the faults or fault segments where large shocks occur [7]. So here, for the northwestern segment of North Tabriz Fault, the outcomes under time-dependent weibull model are preferred. Obtained results of the northwestern segment of North Tabriz Fault demonstrate that, assumption of the different types of prior distribution for dates of known ruptures has no significant effect on outcomes; however, these assessments are so sensitive to the values of the long-term slip rate and it’s uncertainties, causing in about 40% and 80% changes in values of probabilities for exponential and weibull recurrence-time distributions, respectively.

The present research aim’s to investigate of the relationship between the social acceptance of solar energy systems and their effective factors in Tabriz. The general view governing the research is quantitative and according to the purpose of research is type of applied and in terms of the amount of supervision and control is method of field and in terms of information collection is descriptive and causal، communication. And also، the methodology on the base of it’s nature is method of survey. For implementing this aim، 384 persons were chosen among the Tabriz citizen’s by using the single stage cluster random sampling. They were asked to response to the questionnaire of provided. The amount of influencing of effective factors in accepting of using solar system by people investigated through descriptive and inferential test. The results show that social acceptance of solar system of Tabriz citizen’s is affected by five factors such as: education، income، occupation، marital status and their knowledge.

Estimation of evaporation values is needed for efficient management of water resources at semi-arid regions. This paper presents application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and empirical models viz.: Energy balance، Aerodynamic، Penman for estimation of daily pan evaporation for Tabriz and Urmia cities. Furthermore, in order to determine the effect of each input parameter on the output variable in terms of magnitude and direction and also identify the best combinations of the model inputs, two sensitivity analysis methods i. e. the Partial Derivation method (PaD) and the Weights method have been applied on the ANNs results. The used hydrological variables include daily observations of air temperature, pan evaporation, solar radiation, air pressure, relative humidity, and wind speed. The results of the classic methods and ANN models are compared to daily observations of evaporation values. The comparison showed that there is better agreement between the ANN estimations and measurements of daily evaporation than other models. Sensitivity analysis results showed that air temperature, solar radiation and previous day evaporation have maximum effects on daily evaporation in both regions and the contributions of the other variables are insignificant.

Considering the health effects of exposure to heavy metals and also huge number of SCIs in Iran and alsoabsence of published data about heavy metals presence in solid wastes of Stone Cutting Industries (SCIs), at present study presence of heavy metals in the effluent and sludge of Tabriz SCIs was studied. For determination of heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu) presence in effluent and sludge of SCIs, samples of effluent containing suspended solids, was gathered from effluent of cutting stage of 5 factories and were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for determination of heavy metal concentration. In the effluent of all studied industries, heavy metals were observed but in concentration less than national discharge limits to the surface waters. All of sludge samples were containing of lead. In comparison with average concentration of the earth crust, observed amounts were 1.5 times and maximum 4.5 times. For copper maximum concentration was 4 times higher than earth crust average. In the case of chromium, the content was less than earth crust level in all samples. For cadmium, measured concentrations were extremely high in comparison with the earth crust (23times higher than earth crust average). Considering world standard of biosolids application to land, observed concentration of present study were lower than ceiling concentrations so presence of heavy metals in the sludge of SCIs could not be considered as an environmental and health challenge in short term.

Tabriz city is located in a tectonically active region and on sandy, silty sediments. Because of high level ground water in some part of the city, occurrence of liquefaction is probable during strong earthquake. Therefore assessment of mentioned phenomenon is necessary for construction of infrastructure. In this paper using standard penetration test (SPT) results, empirical relations and graphs suggested by NCEER the liquefaction potential of soils in the second line of Tabriz metro path, is assessed. At first by means of corrected SPT values, depth of groundwater and fine content of soil, the safety factor against liquefaction is calculated. Then using ArcGIS9.3 software the liquefaction potential maps of path alluviums in 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 meters is provided. Based on assessments, the safety factor against liquefaction in eastern and western part for most regions is greater than 1. But in central part of the path, there are regions that have safety factor of less than 1 and occurrence of liquefaction is probable.