جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « درصد روغن » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

This research was conducted in order to reduce or replace phosphate fertilizer with humic acid to investigate growth characteristics, grain yield and absorption of macro and micronutrients in safflower plants in order to reduce costs and increase the harvest. Cultivation of safflower of Goldasht variety with 9treatments were carried out a randomized complete block design. Morphological, vegetative growth and Yield traits and nutrients were measured in safflower leaves.The P50H100 treatment had the highest values in plant height, stem diameter, number of main branches, photosynthesis, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, capitol number, 100-grain weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield. After P50H100treatment, H200andP25H150 treatments had better results in these indicators. P50H100treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf nitrogen, P50H100and P50treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf phosphorus, H200, P25H150and P50H100treatments have the highest significant amount of leaf potassium, H200treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf calcium, P25H150treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf magnesium, H200 treatment has the highest significant amount of iron and zinc in leaves, The H200 and P25H150 treatments had the highest significant amount of leaf manganese and the P25H150 treatment had the highest significant amount of leaf copper.This research showed that the most significant performance can be achieved with P50H100 treatment. After this treatment, H200 and P25H150 treatments had significant results and were appropriate. P100 and P50 treatments as well as H100 and P25H50 treatments did not have significant results compared to the superior treatments.

The results showed that the interaction effects of pumice and the simultaneous foliar spraying with seaweed extract and Hoagland's solution caused a 97% increase in pod length and 112% in width, a 73% increase in plant dry weight, a 39% increase in seed number per plant and 55% increase in seed yield compared to the control plant. The plant height increased under 60 tons.ha-1 of pumice application alone and in combination with foliar spraying with both fertilizers. Foliar spraying with Hoagland's solution, along with simultaneous foliar spraying of both compounds (seaweed extract + Hoagland's solution) with pumice application enhanced the number of nodes, sub-branches, and the weight of 100 seeds of the plant. Pumice application (zero and 60 tons.ha-1) along with the spraying alone and simultaneous spraying of both fertilizers, increased the nitrogen content of the plants. Potassium content was increased when 60 tons.ha-1 of pumice + simultaneous foliar spraying of both compounds and algae extract spraying was applied. The effect of pumice application (60 tons.ha-1) influenced the pod number per plant, as well as the flavonoids and phenolics, calcium, magnesium, and manganese content of the plant. The co-application of seaweed extract + Hoagland's solution raised the protein (40%) and oil (21%) percentages of the seeds. There was a positive correlation between seed yield, elements content, oil percentage, root dry weight, and biological yield, and this shows that a balanced nutrition with nutrients is necessary to reach reliable yield components.

The research was carried out in order to investigate the yield, yield components and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the oil extracted from 19 double haploid lines of Camelina.A field experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with 20 treatments and three replications at the Serarud Rainfed Agricultural Research Institute of Kermanshah, Iran in 2021 growing season. The results demonstrated that the highest seed yield of camelina was obtained in DH100 line, which showed an increase of 43.5% compared to the control variety. Also, the lowest seed yield was related to DH105 line, which showed a decrease of 67.3% compared to the control variety. In addition, the highest oil percentage and oil yield were obtained in DH100 line, Chemical analysis of camelina oil showed that the major fatty acids constituents in this plant's oil include linolenic acid, linoleic acid , oleic acid and eicosenoic acid . The highest amount of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid was observed in DH100 line. In addition, the highest amount of eicosenoic acid belonged to the DH10 followed by DH100 line. It is worth mentioning that the amount of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and eicosenoic fatty acids increased by 10.9, 5.6, 6.4 and 8.7%, respectively, when compared with control variety.it can be concluded that the DH100 line is recommended as the best line for releasing new cultivars of this oil-seed crop in rainfed conditions due to the highest oil quantity and quality in comparison with control variety and other double haploid lines.

Excessive reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers to produce agricultural products today has led to major environmental problems. Therefore, in order to reduce the soil pollution and the cost of producing chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to use bio-fertilizers. This research was done to aim of determining the appropriate amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in combination with bio-fertilizers for soybean. The experiment was conducted as a factorial base of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor included the application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha triple superphosphate) and the second factor included the application of phosphorus bio-fertilizer (control, Behroshd bio-fertilizer, mycorrhiza and Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhiza) The increase of phosphorus chemical fertilizer from zero to 180 kg/ha increased chlorophyll index (17%), plant height (8.5%) percentage of absorbed light (1.6%), biological yield (24%) and yield components of soybean significantly. The use of biological fertilizers also caused a significant increase in the mentioned traits. The interaction effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers was significant on the leaf area index and soybean yield, so that at each level of chemical fertilizer use, the highest of these traits was related to the application of Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhizal. Increasing of phosphorus chemical fertilizer, reduce the bio-fertilizers application efficiency in soybeans yield improving. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable soybean production, the combination of biological fertilizers and lower amounts of chemical fertilizers should be used.

AbstractIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of zeolite and defficit irrigation on some physiological traits, oil and protein yield of lineeed crop, in a split plot experiment were conducted in based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications  in Shahrekord University in 2016. Defficit irrigation as the main factor in four levels, including 50 (control), 80, 130 and 180 mm of evaporation from the class A evaporation pan, and the use of zeolite as a secondary factor in three levels, including non-use (control) and the use of 5 and 10 tons/hectares were considered. The results of the experiment showed that the application of zeolite at a probability level of 1% had a significant effect on the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids of leaves, oil yield, nitrogen percentage, protein percentage and seed protein yield, allthogh, the oil percentage was not affected by this treatment. Also, different levels of irrigation were significant on all the mentioned traits at the level of 1%. The interaction of the simple effect of the treatments on protein percentage, nitrogen percentage, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll was significant at the 1% probability level and on oil yield and chlorophyll b at the 5% probability level, and showed non-significance on the oil percentage, protein yield and carotenoid . The highest amount of the above traits was obtained from the control treatment (normal irrigation) and the application of 10 tons zeolite /hectare, and the lowest amount of the traits was obtained from the treatment of 180 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan and no application of zeolite. The results showed that the application of zeolite has significantly improved the performance of the lineeed crop in non-stress conditions to moderate drought stress conditions.IntroductionOilseeds are big sources of energy and protein. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an oilseed crop with a history of several thousand years of cultivation, which seeds contain 30 to 50% edible oil. Linseed is a one-year herbaceous plant belonging to the Linaceae family, which is believed to have originated in the western Mediterranean (Omidbeighi, 2014). The protein content of linseed seeds is between 29-44%. It has been reported (Iran-Nejad, 2014). Water defficit is one of the significant and important stresses affecting the growth, development and functions crops. Water stress in plants may lead to physiological disorders such as reduction of photosynthetic pigments, reduction of assimilates. and reduce growth (Petropoulos et al., 2008). water stress reduces the absorption of nutrients through the roots due to the reduction of soil water and the reduction of the distribution of nutrients in the soil tissue; it also reduces the transfer of nutrients from the roots to When plants are under stress, their chlorophyll content decreases and as a result, photosynthetic activity also decreases in plants under stress.Materials and MethodsThe field experiment has been conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Shahrekord University on linseed crop in 2016. The main factor water stress included four levels of 50 (control), 80, 130, the lowest irrigation level and 180 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan, and the secondary factor of zeolite consumption in three levels, including control (without zeolite), 5 and 10 tons of zeolite per hectare. The traits of chlorophyll concentration (a, b and total), yield and yield components, thousand seed weight, oil percentage, seed oil yield, seed nitrogen percentage, protein percentage and seed protein yield were measured.Results and DiscussionThe experiment results showed that the application of zeolite on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, oil yield, nitrogen percentage, protein percentage and seed protein yield was significant at the probability level of 1% and it was not significant on oil percentage. Also, different irrigation levels were significant on all the mentioned traits at the level of 1%. The interaction effect of treatments on protein percentage, nitrogen percentage, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll was significant at one percent probability level, and on oil yield and chlorophyll b at five percent probability level. It was not significant on oil percentage, protein yield, and carotenoid. The results showed that deficit irrigation reduced all investigated traits. So that the maximum amount of the above traits were obtained from the control treatment (normal irrigation) and the application of 10 tons of zeolite per hectare, and the lowest amount of traits was obtained from of 180 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan and the absence of zeolite application. The results showed that the use of zeolite, has significantly increased the yield of linseed crop under non-stress conditions to moderate drought stress conditions, but under severe stress conditions, the limiting effects of drought stress have significantly reduced the studied traits.ConclusionThe results showed that the use of zeolite, due to its property of absorbing water, maintaining and increasing the availability of moisture, reduces the intensity of drought stress and moderates the destructive effects of drought stress on the content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein in plants. In this research, it was found that the use of 10 tons of zeolite per hectare had a favorable effect on reducing the damage caused by drought stress in linseed crops, and considering the abundance of zeolite in different parts of the country and its reasonable economic price, as well as, the problem of drought stress in Iran, the use of Zeolite can improve plant access to soil water and increase yield and quality of oil and protein of linseed under water deficit conditions.

Aram is a new oilseed rape cultivar, extracted from the R308 (earlness line) and RGS003 (high-yield cultivar) cross population through pedigree method in three years. To reach high-yielding and compatible lines and cultivars, preliminary and advanced investigations were carried out in Gorgan and Sari (2014-2015) and Zabol, Gorgan, Sari and Borazjan (2016-2017). The line SRL-93-12 (Aram cultivar) with a yield of 2955 kgha-1 and 2774 kgha-1 was the first in the above-mentioned tests, respectively, and the SRL-93-12 line was also recognized as the most stable genotype based on the lowest Lins and Binns superiority index and highest seed yield. Extension research project results on farmers' farms in Behbahan, Moghan, and Gorgan regions showed that the new line with 594 kgha-1 higher yield than the check cultivar was in the first rank. According to the results as well as desirable agronomic traits such as good tolerance to dormancy and uniformity in maturity, this line was released with the name Aram.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses and the most limiting factor in agricultural production worldwide, affecting the growth, development, and final yields of crops. Rapeseed is one of the most important sources of oilseeds in the world, and its seeds contain more than 40% of oil. Moreover, the meal obtained from oil extraction has more than 35% protein, hence it currently ranks third among oil crops in the world after soybean and oil palm, making it necessary to identify the genotypes that tolerate salinity stress. The development and improvement of rapeseed cultivars with salinity tolerance and acclimation offer promising prospects for improving sustainable production in this area. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the responses of rapeseed genotypes to salinity stress through analyses of agronomic and biochemical traits.

The genetic diversity between rapeseed lines in terms of agronomic, morphological, and physiological traits in saline soils was investigated in an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 17 autumn rapeseed genotypes with three replicates in the research farm of East-Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The measured traits were plant height, the number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, plant growth rate, 1000-seed weight (TSW), seed yield, oil content, and oil yield. The relationships between yield, yield components, and morphological traits were explored using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), comparison of averages, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and biplot to understand the relative importance of traits affecting the yield of the studied genotypes.

The studied genotypes were significantly different from each other in pod length, pod area, number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, plant growth rate, seed oil percentage, plant height, TSW, grain yield, and oil yield. However, there were no significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of harvest index and number of actual pods to potential pods. According to the mean comparisons, genotypes 5, 11, and 15 can be introduced as salinity-tolerant lines, and genotypes 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 can be considered salinity-sensitive lines. According to the other traits, genotype 11 produced a high pod length, number of fertile pods, oil percentage, and oil yield, genotype 5 had a high growth rate and oil percentage, and genotype 15 presented a high height and number of fertile pods. According to the cluster analysis, the second and third groups contained tolerant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. The genotypes in the second group had the highest percentage of positive deviation from the overall mean for grain yield, plant height, harvest index, seed oil percentage, pod length, pod area, and number of fertile pods. Based on the biplot analysis, Karaj 8 and 14 genotypes had a strong relationship with the number of  fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, and plant growth rate. Based on the obtained results, the plant height, TSW, seed yield, and oil content traits were closely correlated with Karaj 5, 7, 11, 10, and 15 genotypes. Based on the results of correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of seed yield was positive and significant for three traits, i.e., plant height, oil percentage, and number of fertile pods, and the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.879) was obtained for seed yield with seed oil percentage. Positive and significant correlations were measured for the number of seeds in pods with pod length (r = 0.699), pod area (r = 0.555), number of fertile pods (r = 0.678), and number of actual pods. Therefore, genotypes characterized by longer and more abundant pods play a crucial role in improving seed quantity, a key component of grain yield in saline environments. Consequently, the size and number of pods per plant serve as indicators of high-yield potential under such conditions. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the first and second components had the highest relative variances, accounting for 44.66% and 31.22% of the total variance, respectively. Together, these two components accounted for 75.88% of the total variance. Factor loadings showed that traits such as number of fertile pods, seed yield, oil yield, and seed oil content had the highest factor loadings in the first component. Similarly, the plant growth rate had the highest factor load in the second component among all the studied traits. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four groups, and its dendrogram showed that all the studied genotypes were divided into four separate groups based on all the measured traits. The first group comprised three Karaj 1, 13, and 16 genotypes, the fourth group (like the first group) contained three Karaj 5, 11, and 15 genotypes, and the third group had five genotypes, namely Karaj 3, 7, 8, 10, and 14. The remaining genotypes were assigned to the second group.

The results of the present study demonstrate acceptable genetic diversity among rapeseed genotypes in terms of the evaluated traits in saline lands. This shows the importance and the possibility of using these genetic resources to achieve promising and superior genotypes in breeding programs.

Many agricultural lands in Guilan province of Iran, especially paddy fields, remain uncultivated in the second half of the year due to various reasons including heavy rainfall, low soil permeability (stickiness of soil particles) and inefficiency of the existing drains. Mole drainage as a low-cost drainage method, proportion for rice cultivation conditions and easier to implement than pipe drainage, can be a suitable solution in the development of second cropping. Due to the oil content of 40% of the seed, the rapeseed plant is one of the valuable oil plants and has the ability to be cultivated as a second crop in paddy fields. Nitrogen plays a key role in the performance of plants and its deficiency causes limitations in plant production. Equipping paddy fields with mole drains along with the application of appropriate level of nitrogen fertilizer can increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed as a second crop and contribute to the food security of the country. Therefore, the development of the cultivated area of rapeseed in paddy fields after rice harvesting in Rasht region, the study of the combined effect of mole drainage and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components were the aims of this project.

In order to investigate the effects of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of rapeseed as a second crop in Rasht rice fields, a factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Guilan University was implemented in the crop year of 2022-2023. The factors included mole drainage at three levels (without drainage, without gravel and with gravel) as D0, D1 and D2 respectively, and nitrogen fertilizer as urea source at two levels (180 and 240 kg ha-1) as N1 and N2 respectively. Rapeseed plant (Brassica napus) of Delgan cultivar was selected as the second crop after rice harvest. To carry out the experiment, at first the desired land was blocked and divided into plots, then the underground drains of mole were created without gravel and with gravel with a special blade in the desired plots. To drain the drainage from the mole drains, the polyca pipe was installed at the end of each mole tunnel, then the other side of polyca pipe was connected to the sub-pipe collection and finally led to the main surface drain. This experiment was conducted in 18 plots and each one was 9 × 6 meters. The distance between plots was 1.5 m, between replications was two meters, and the distance between plants was 15 and between rows was 25 cm. To avoid the effectiveness of drainage treatments from undrained treatments, undrained plots were considered at the end of the field. Before cultivation, basic chemical fertilizers, 200 kgha-1 of potassium from potassium sulfate source and 200 kgha-1  of phosphorus from ammonium phosphate source were applied. Nitrogen fertilizer from urea source was applied at the level of 180 and 240 kgha-1  in equal amount at three stages. Just before the harvest stage, to determine the traits of the number of seed in the pods of sub-branches, the number of seed per pod, the weight of seed in sub-branches, the weight of seed in the main branch and the weight of seed per plant, ten plants were randomly selected and harvested manually from the crown area. Also, to determine the seed yield, one square meter was randomly selected from each plot, taking into account the borders, and the bushes were manually harvested from the crown area. After the moisture content of the seeds reached the desired level, the seeds were separated from the pods and weighed using a laboratory scale with an accuracy of one thousandth of a gram, and the seed yield was calculated in kgha-1. SOXTEC SYSTEM HT 1043 Extraction Unit set was used to determine oil percentage and Kjeldahl set was used to determine seed protein. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SAS software (version 9.4) and comparison of means was done using the minimum significant difference test at 5% probability level. Excel software was used to draw the graphs.

The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the interaction effects of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer on the traits of seed weight in the main branches, seed weight in the plant and seed yield was significant at 5% probability level, so that the highest seed weight in the main branch with 0.733 seeds in the mole drainage with gravel with a nitrogen fertilizer level of 180 kgha-1 (D2×N1) treatment was obtained and the highest seed weight in the plant with 1.443 g in the mole drainage without gravel with a nitrogen fertilizer level of 240 kgha-1 (D1×N2) treatment was obtained. Also, the highest seed yield was obtained under 3579.48 kgha-1 in the treatment of mole drainage without gravel using 240 kgha-1 of fertilizer (D1×N2) which is compared to the treatment of without drainage and drainage with gravel with the same level of fertilizer 13.63 and 2.31 percentage was higher, respectively. In addition, rapeseed plant is more important in terms of oil percentage, no significant difference was observed between drainage and nitrogen fertilizer treatments in terms of average oil percentage. Therefore, the mole drainage treatment without gravel with a fertilizer level of 240 kgha-1 (D1×N2) is the most suitable option for rapeseed cultivation as the second crop after rice harvesting.

The results of this study showed that mole drainage without gravel by improving soil ventilation conditions and preventing waterlogging of paddy fields along with the level of nitrogen fertilizer of 240 kgha-1 increased the yield of rapeseed compared to the condition of without drainage at the same level of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, rapeseed cultivation in vast paddy fields after rice harvesting can be recommended as a basic solution in order to increase the production of oilseeds and provide part of the country's oil consumption.

After being sprayed, nano-particles easily enter the leaves through the plant's stomatal system due to their small dimensions. Moreover, the significant increase in the molecular surface area of nano materials enhances their reactivity, consequently improving the plant's ability to utilize these compounds.

The present study was designed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the research farm of the Central Station of the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tehran Province. The study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application in the form of seven treatments on the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of the Goldasht safflower cultivar. The seven treatments included no spraying (control), spraying with normal and nano zinc, spraying with normal and nano iron, spraying with normal and nano manganese, and seed priming at three levels of non-priming (control), osmo-priming, and hydro-priming.

The results showed that osmo-priming, followed by spraying with nano zinc and then with nano iron, had the most significant effect on increasing all the investigated traits, including yield components, seed yield, and oil percentage in safflower. Additionally, hydro-priming with nano zinc spraying could increase the thousand-seed weight to the highest statistical level.

The study suggests that seed priming of safflower with foliar application of micronutrients, especially nano zinc, and iron, can be recommended as a promising method for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of safflower seed and oil in similar weather conditions.

Study of the promising plant Niger seed with the goal of oil production in Pakdasht

This research was carried out in the form of a split-split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the year 2021 in the Aburihan campus research farm located in Pakdasht. In this study, irrigation cycle in three levels (once every 7 days, once every 10 days and once every 13 days) as the main factor, planting date in two levels (5 June and 22 June) as a secondary factor and fertilizing with bio-fertilizers In four-level including control (without biofertilizer), Shift biofertilizer, Chris biofertilizer and the combination of Shift and Chris biofertilizers as sub-factors were considered.

The results showed that the plants cultivated on June 22 were superior to the plants cultivated on June 5 in all investigated traits (including yield components, seed yield, and biological yield) and all three tested irrigation levels. Also with increasing levels of drought stress, the seed yield has significantly decreased in both planting dates under investigation. However, the ratio of seed yield reduction under drought stress was significantly lower in plants cultivated on June 22nd compared to those cultivated on June 5th.

The cultivation of seed Niger plant with the application of Chris biofertilizer in the same weather conditions on June 22nd, is recommended as a promising plant that has an acceptable yield from an agricultural point of view and its product has a high oil content.

In order to investigate the effect of planting densities and different amounts of nitrogen on leaf greenness index and leaf area index, seed yield and oil yield, irrigation water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in sunflower, an experiment was conducted as a split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the research farm of Agriculture Institute in Semnan province in the spring of 2019. Plant density in four levels (4, 6, 8 and 10 plants per m2) as a main plot and the amount of nitrogen levels (0. 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg urea ha-1) as sub plot was considered. Leaf greenness index, plant height, 100-seed weight, seed nitrogen content and seed oil content were significantly affected by the simple effect of planting density, which decreased with increasing density of the above traits. Also, the nitrogen levels significantly affected the studied traits, so that with increasing the amount of nitrogen consumption, from control (0 kg urea ha-1) to 200 kg urea ha-1, the leaf greenness index increased by 15.3%. The highest amount of plant height, 100-seed weight and grain nitrogen were obtained in the treatment of 150 kg urea ha-1 and 14.13, 9.07 and 24.3% more than no application, respectively. Mean comparing the results of water use efficiency showed that at a density of four plants per m2 and an increase in nitrogen levels, along with increasing height and leaf area index, water use efficiency also increased, but higher levels of density led to smaller plant yield, less plant biomass and water efficiency were reduced. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in the density of 8 plants per m2 and no application of nitrogen fertilizer. Finally, maximum grain yield (4016 kg.ha-1) and oil yield (1827 kg.ha-1) were obtained by consuming 150 kg urea per ha-1 and density of 8 plants per m2.

Rapeseed is the second most important plant for oil production in the country due to having more than 40% of oil in the seed, resistance to some environmental stresses, and suitable combination of fatty acids. Water deficit in the stage of reproductive growth severely affects the rapeseed yield because the number of seeds and the weight of seeds decrease. Water shortage in the flowering stage also reduces the seed oil percentage and oil yield of rapeseed. In some areas of Khuzestan province, rapeseed is mainly cultivated as a beak crop. This issue causes the growth period of rapeseed to coincide with the growth of some other crops. In this situation, some irrigation turns are necessarily allocated to other plants (including wheat, which is in the pollination stage, and okra, which is in the germination stage), which causes rapeseed to face water shortage, even in the flowering stage. Therefore, it is necessary to apply appropriate management methods to reduce the effects of drought stress on rapeseed during the flowering stage. Among these methods is the use of vermicompost fertilizer and changing the planting date. The present study aimed to address the following inquiries: What impact does vermicompost fertilizer, planting date, and drought stress during the flowering stage have on rapeseed seed and oil production? Can the utilization of vermicompost fertilizer and adjustments to planting dates mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit stress on rapeseed yield?

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Shadegan Payam Noor University, Khuzestan, Iran in 2022-23 growing season. The experiment was carried out as a three-factor factorial 2x3x2 with three repetitions. The experimental factors included planting date (November 25 and December 25), vermicompost fertilizer (0.0, 10, and 20 ton ha-1), and irrigation (full irrigation and interruption of irrigation during the flowering stage). In each irrigation stage, the volume of irrigation water was measured and to calculate the efficiency of water consumption, the yield (seed and oil) was divided by the amount of evapotranspiration. At the maturity stage, the seed yield and its related traits included the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, harvest index, oil and protein percentage of seed were calculated.

Rapeseed had the highest seed yield (2667 kg ha-1) on the planting date of November 25 with full irrigation, while delay in planting (planting date of November 25) and interruption of irrigation during the flowering stage resulted in the lowest seed yield (1247 kg ha-1) which means a decrease of more than 50% in seed yield. However, if rapeseed is planted on December 25 and fully irrigated, it has a higher seed yield (about 15%) than planting on November 25, along with stopping irrigation during the flowering stage. A similar trend was observed in seed oil percentage and oil yield, so the highest and lowest percentage and yield of rapeseed oil were obtained on the planting date of November 25 with full irrigation and the planting date of December 25 and stopping irrigation at the flowering stage, respectively. The delay in planting and drought stress in the flowering stage reduced the percentage of rapeseed oil by 6% and the yield of oil by about 60%. On the planting date of November 25, rapeseed was superior to the planting date of December 25 in terms of the number of seeds, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, and water efficiency by 35, 25, 23, 18, and 38%, respectively.

Vermicompost fertilizer helped to improve rapeseed seed yield by providing important nutrients. Stopping irrigation during the flowering stage and delaying planting caused a decrease in seed yield and rapeseed oil production. Therefore, to obtain the maximum yield of seed and oil, it is recommended to plant on the 25th of November and full irrigation. It is better to modify the planting pattern in the region to prevent the flowering stages of rapeseed from encountering water shortage.

 One of the most important issues in improving the growth and increasing the yield of oil plants is proper nutrition and providing the nutrients needed by the plant during the growing season. Today, the use of biofertilizers in agriculture is considered as an effective way to reduce the consumption of chemical inputs to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants, using beneficial soil microorganisms. Among these organisms, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can be mentioned, which can increase the phosphorus uptake efficiency of plants. According to reports, humic acid is a stimulant of plant growth mainly by changing the root structure and growth dynamics, increases the root size, branching and its density.

A field experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2020 growing season. The employed soybean cultivar was Habit. This factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experiment factors were two levels of phosphorus fertilizer including application and non-application, biophosphate including inoculated and non-inoculated and foliar application of humic acid including 0, 2 and 4 g/l (during two stages of 15 and 30 days after emergence at the rate of 250 liters per hectare). In the present study, the interaction effect of humic acid and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer was evaluated on phosphorus agronomic efficiency, water use efficiency, yield, yield components and quality characteristics of soybean. In this study, after checking the residual normality of the data, SAS software (Ver. 9.1) was used to analyze the variance of the data. Also to compare the means, Duncan's multiple range test at the level of 5% probability was used.

    The results showed that with phosphorus fertilizer application, simultaneous use of biophosphate and humic acid increased plant height (19.2%), biological yield (28.8%) and number of pods per plant (20.4%) compared to the lack of biophosphate and humic acid conditions. For the treatment level of non-use of phosphorus fertilizer and use of biophosphate, foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid compared to 2 g/l increased the biological yield of soybean by 13.9%. 1000-grain weight of soybeans in phosphorus fertilizer application conditions did not show a significant difference between humic acid levels, but in non-phosphorus fertilizer conditions, foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid caused a significant increase in 1000-grain weight compared to non-humic acid treatment. It seems that the application of humic acid has strengthened the relationship of the plant with phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Also the number of grains per pod of soybean increased by 14.6% with the use of biophosphate and 16.8% with the foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid compared to the conditions of no-application of any of them. Applicatin of 4 g/l of humic acid and application of biophosphate increased grain yield by 27.3% and 26.4%, respectively. The highest percentage of seed oil (23.21) was obtained in the absence of phosphorus fertilizer and simultaneous application of 4 g/l of humic acid and biophosphate, while the highest percentage of grain protein (51.3) was obtained in the presence of phosphorus fertilizer, 4 g/l of humic acid and no biophosphate. In the absence of available phosphorus in the soil, the application of biophosphate takes precedence over foliar application of humic acid. This is evident as, without biophosphate application, there was no significant difference in the percentage of seed oil across various levels of humic acid. When biophosphate and humic acid were used in combination, compared to the sole use of biophosphate, the individual application of 4 g/l and 2 g/l of humic acid increased phosphorus agronomic efficiency by 21.1%, 35.7%, and 48.3%, respectively. The results indicate that the combined use of biophosphate and foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid, in comparison to their absence, improved the water use efficiency of soybean by 25% and 26%, respectively.

Therefore, simultaneous application of 4 g/l of humic acid and biophosphate can improve growth, yield and increase soybean phosphorus agronomic efficiency and water use efficiency. However, to achieve a higher percentage of seed oil, the use of 4 g/l of humic acid alone is recommended.

The south warm climate of Iran is one of the regions with the ability to grow spring oilseed rape cultivars. Cultivation of oilseed rape in this climate faces the problem of environmental stress such as terminal drought and heat stress. Therefore, in addition to yield, earliness is one of the important priorities to introducing spring oilseed rape cultivars in these areas. Asa (promising line SRL-93-4) is an early-maturing and relatively high-yielding cultivar that resulted from hybridization between R308 early-maturing spring line and Modena as a high-yielding winter cultivar. The segregated generations were conducted by pedigree method. Preliminary and adaptation trails showed that SRL-93-4 line was superior compared to check cultivars in the regions under study. In the adaptation trail, the SRL-93-4 line (with 2581 kgha-1 seed yield) showed a significant superiority over the control cultivar RGS003 (with 2155 kgha-1 seed yield). Also, it was found that the SRL-93-4 line was matured 11 days earlier than the check variety RGS003 on the average. The results of stability methods revealed that SRL-93-4 line was the high stable genotype. A field trial for Blackleg disease showed that the SRL-93-4 line had a relative tolerance to the Blackleg. Analysis of the fatty acids profile showed that SRL-93-4 seed oil had a level of erucic acid close to zero, and in terms of the composition of fatty acids, it was within the standard range, but with more oleic acid and less linolenic acid compared to the RGS003 variety. Also, the amount of glucosinolate of the meal was less than standard level. The results of the on-farm trails in Zahak and Zabol regions of the Sistan and Baluchestan province showed that SRL-93-4 line (with 2200 kgha-1 seed yield) had a non-significant difference seed yield with Dalgan check cultivar (with 2361 kgha-1 seed yield); But it was eight days earlier than the check variety. Therefore, due to the desirable characteristics such as early maturity, relative tolerance to Blackleg disease and good performance, the new promising line SRL-93-4 which released as Asa variety is recommended for cultivation in the south warm regions of the country.

In most arid and semi-arid areas, water limitations are one of the main reasons for the reduced plant growth and yield under irrigation and dry land (rainfed) conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the morphophysiological responses of rapeseed cultivars to supplementary irrigation and dryland conditions. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2017-2018 in the Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station. Irrigation treatments were at four levels (no irrigation=I0, supplementary irrigation at flowering stage=I1, supplementary irrigation at grain filling stage=I2, and supplementary irrigation at flowering stage+ grain filling=I3) in the main plot, and cultivars Hayola 401, R. J. S, and Shirali as factorial in the sub-plots. The results showed that supplementary irrigation increased plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, and oil percentage compared to rainfed conditions. With supplementary irrigation, the weight of 1000 grains increased by 32% compared to rainfed. Grain yield increased from 755 in rainfed conditions to 2350 kg.ha-1 with two supplementary irrigations. With two supplementary irrigations, the oil content increased by 11.8% compared to the rainfed conditions. In all irrigation treatments, grain yield and oil content of Hayola 401 were higher than R. J. S and Shirali cultivars. In general, supplementary irrigation improved morphophysiological traits, yield, and percentage of grain oil. In rainfed rapeseed cultivation, with supplemental irrigations at flowering and grain filling, water productivity increased from 0.21 to 0.53 kg m-3 grain yield from 755 to 2350 kg ha-1 and oil percentage from 35.4 to 36.9.

this research was carried out in order to recognition and evaluate the characteristics related to growth and yield as well as the adaptation of sunflower especially in relation to dehydration conditions.

This research carried as a split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replication and with two factor: irrigation as the main factor and cultivar as sub - factor were performed in the experimental farm of Safiabad Research Center.

Evaluation of means showed, severe irrigation low stress caused a decrease of 19.03, 26.97, 24.34 and 45.08 % respectively in stem height, stem diameter, head diameter and biological yield. Yield and grain yield components of sunflower cultivars also evalouation under the influence of low irrigation stress and the results show a decrease of 45.69, 49.94 and 50 %, respectively in number of grains/head, grain weight/head and grain yield. On the other hand, the percentage of grain oil decreased enough 26.67% under the influence of low irrigation. Oscar cultivar in control treatment with average grain yield of 5.34 t/ha and Shakira cultivar in severe irrigation low stress conditions with average grain yield 2.67 t/ha, respectively produced the highest and lowest grain yield/ha.

despite relative resistance sunflower dehydration stress, maximum grain yield is produced under normal irrigation conditions. Finally, Felix and Labad cultivars according to high grain yield and maintaining yield in conditions of low irrigation stress they are recommended as high yield and compatible cultivars in Dezful region and similar regions.

In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on the growth indices and leaf aging process in soybean, an experiment was conducted during the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology's Faculty of Agriculture. The experiment was carried out factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments include the initial seed quality at two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and the application of ellagic acid at four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 mg/L). The results showed that accelerated aging decreased the amount of chlorophyll, carotenoid, plant height, leaf and stem dry weight, oil percentage and seed yield compared to the control. The use of ellagic acid in the form of priming, foliar spraying and their combination in this study increased the percentage of oil by 0.23, 0.24 and 0.29%, respectively, compared to the control. Priming, foliar spraying and the combined application of priming and foliar spraying with ellagic acid improved the grain yield by 23.59, 23.23 and 55.48%, respectively. The use of ellagic acid as seed priming and foliar spraying better than other levels. Finally, it is recommended to use this material as a priming to increase the percentage of oil and yield of soybean.

In order to evaluate the grain yield and the quality characteristics of sunflower grain oil in response to deficit irrigation (DI), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors was carried out at experimental farm of Safiabad agricultural and natural resources research and education center in 2019–2020 growing seasons. The factors were DI as the main factor (including control, moderate DI, and severe DI- based on the discharge of 50, 70, and 90% of field capacity) and cultivar as sub-factor (including Oscar, Felix, Shakira, Savana, Labad, and Monaliza). The results showed that deficit irrigation caused a significant difference in grain yield, grain number per head, grain weight per head, oil quality characteristics compared to the control. Deficit irrigation caused a significant reduction in grain yield, grain number per head, and oil yield by 49.94, 49.94, and 26.67%, respectively, compared to control. In addition, deficit irrigation increased iodine index, peroxide value, phosphorus, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, and oil acidity; hence, impurity in oil and oil corruption was increased. In conclusion, Felix and Labad cultivars are recommend for cultivation in Dezful and similar regions due to having high grain yield and maintaining yield under deficit irrigation conditions.

The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), is an oilseed of relevant economic and social importance. From its seeds is extracted an oil of excellent properties, having wide use as industrial input and several applications. It is cultivated since the times of the ancient civilizations, the castor bean is a rustic plant, resistant to drought, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae, Drought stress, in addition to the negative effect on yield, causes or exacerbates other stresses, especially the stress of nutrient deficiencies for the plant. The purpose of this investigation was study effect of irrigation levels and Superabsorbents and biofertilizers on the agronomic properties of castor oil.

This experiment was conducted in West Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Orumieh- Iran at 2018-2021 crop season. Field experiment was carried out by a split plot design based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor included Four levels (70, 100, 130 and 160 mm of evaporation pan),in the main plot and Sub-factor includes application of biofertilizer combination in four levels (Azospirillium, Citrobacter, combination of application of Azospirillium in Citrobacter and control without fertilizer) and superabsorbent in two levels (superabsorbent consumption and non-superabsorbent consumption) as factorial were placed in sub-plots. In this study, plant height, main length cluster, capsules number per plant, seeds number per plant, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield harvest index, oil percent and oil yield were measured. Also Traits were analyzed by using SAS 9.2 software and means comparison was tested by least significant difference (LSD).

The results of analysis of variance showed the effect of irrigation, biofertilizer and superabsorbent treatments at the level of 1% probability on plant height, number of seeds per plant, main cluster length, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index Oil percentage, oil yield, castor oil were significant. Also, the interaction effect of biosorbent and superabsorbent on plant height, number of seeds per plant, main cluster length and oil yield at the level of 5% probability and on grain yield, harvest index at the level of 1% probability was significant. The results showed that irrigation treatment after 160 mm of evaporation pan reduced plant height, number of seeds per plant, length of main cluster, number of capsules per plant, 1000-kernal weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield in comparison with irrigation treatment after 70 mm by 7.62, 5.26, 12.19, 5.25, 5.86, 3.38, 9.50, 6.10, 2.38 and 11.83 percent, respectively. Among the biofertilizer treatments, seed inoculation with Citrobacter was able to increase the number of capsules, 1000-seed weight, biological yield and oil percentage compared to the control treatment by 5.5, 17.28, 2.74 and 8.50%, respectively. Among the interaction treatments, the highest plant height (165.21 cm), main cluster length (23.55 cm), grain yield (1137.61 kg ha-1), harvest index (20.72%) and oil yield (597.91 kg ha-1) was allocated to superabsorbent treatment and inoculation with Citrobacter.

In this study, by exacerbation of water stress, all agronomic traits were reduced. It can be concluded that water deficit stress reduces the amount of photo assimilate and transfer of these substances by disrupting the photosynthesis process, and thus grain yield and yield components as well as oil percentage and oil yield are affected, Therefore, in order to achieve maximum economic yield in castor, irrigation should be done with a regular plan and the plant should not face long periods of drought as much as possible. In this study, the use of biological fertilizers, especially citrobacter, both individually and in combination with supergene had a positive effect on increasing grain yield and grain yield components, oil content and oil yield. Therefore, the use of these materials to improve the economic performance of castor oil is recommended.

Climate change and global warming which are the consequences of rising temperatures, can affect agriculture in various ways. Heat stress is a serious threat to crop production in the world. Higher mean temperatures generally result in increased heat stress. This abiotic stress can adversely affect crop productivity and quality and weaken global food security. With current increased average temperatures, the occurrence of heat stress could become more intense. Terminal heat stress is the most widespread heat stress, limiting crop yields. Terminal heat stress during the reproductive stages will have a negative influence on grain yield and oil quality traits of oil seed crops. Sunflower is an annual oilseed crop with adaptation to dry land or irrigated cropping systems. It is suited to both spring and summer planting in most regions and it will be exposed to major climate change and potentially impacted by high mean temperatures. Therefore, climate change and heat stress is a major production constraint for sunflower worldwide and it may be severely damaged when exposed to stresses above its tolerance threshold.

In order to study of agronomic and physiological traits of sunflower cultivars under terminal heat stress, a field experiment was carried out during 2017-2018 growing season in Ahvaz conditions in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three sowing date including; 11th Nov, 11th Dec and 11th Jan, and sub plots consisted of five sunflower cultivars including; Qasem, Fantasia, Shams, Lakomka and Progress. Sowing date with desired temperature was considered as control, delayed and late sowing dates were considered as heat stress so that the flowering and grain filling periods of cultivars exposed to normal condition, moderate and severe terminal heat stress, respectively. Sunflower cultivars were evaluated under the optimum temperature (sown in the 11 November) and terminal heat stress condition (sown in 11 December and 11 January to expose the sunflower to higher temperatures than the optimum at the grain filling stage).

Terminal heat stress in delayed and late sowing date caused a decrease in biological yield, grain yield, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight, head weight, oil yield, chlorophyll index, relative water content, chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. There was a significant difference between cultivars in terms of all traits. Lakomka and Progress had the highest values of grain and oil yield under control conditions, respectively. Late sowing date was led to a significant reduction in grain yield of Qasem, Fantasia, Progress, Lakomka and Shams cultivars by 69, 38, 6, 31 and 14%, respectively, compared to control. It was equal to 2.2, 1.2, 0.2, 1.1 and 0.4% for each day of sowing delay, respectively.

Lakomka cultivar showed higher oil yield in all three sowing date compared to other cultivars. In delayed sowing date, Progress cultivar showed higher oil yield due to higher grain yield and oil percentage. Due to the reduction of grain and oil yield in delayed sowing date, the perspective of sunflower cultivation in Khuzestan is probably related to its potential adaptation to climate change.