جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ژرانیال" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

The experiment was carried out in the split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season. The main plots were consisted of irrigation interval at three level (3, 6 and 9 day) and subplots were consisted of foliar application of Bombardier at four levels (control, 2,4 and 6 ml/L). In the three and six day irrigation interval, the highest and the lowest dry matter yield was obtained in 6ml/L and control treatments respectively. Dry matter yield was decreased by incretion of irrigation interval days. The amount of essential oil decreased, by increasing of irrigation interval. It was identified 29 compounds in the essential oil extracts from plant. The most compounds of essential oil of dragonhead were consisted of linalool formate, geranyal and geranyl acetate. Three day irrigation interval and application of 4 ml/L produced the most of linalool formate. The amount of geranyal (10.92%) was increased by increasing of irrigation interval and the highest amount was observed with application of 6ml/L fertilizer in six days irrigation interval. The lowest amount of geranyl acetate (29.66%) was observed with no application of fertilizer in three days irrigation interval. By increasing of irrigation interval at level of 6 day, the geralnyl acetate compound was produced highest amount of geranyl acetate (71.99%).

Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H. B. k.) is a valuable medicinal plant because of the essential oils, such as neral and garanial, which are used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and sanitary industries. In different industries, using essential oil of medicinal plants depends on the chemical composition, which is influenced by environmental factors, harvest time and farming methods.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of urea fertilizer and several iron fertilizers on yield and quality of lemon verbena at Fathabad garden of Kerman in 2017. The plants were planted based on factorial experiment in format of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Different levels of urea fertilizer (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and different sources of iron fertilizers included non-use, iron sulfate, nano iron chelate and ortho-chelate iron, were considered in four levels. The measured traits included plant height, fresh and dry weight of leaf per plant, number of branch, chlorophyll content and essential oil quantity and quality. Essential oil extraction was carried out using water distillation method using Clevenger's apparatus and identification of essential oil compounds was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MAS). The data were subjected to variance analysis using SAS software and means comparison were done with LSD at 5% level.

The results showed that different levels of urea and various iron sources had significant effect on all traits. Treatment with 150 kg ha-1 urea had the highest effect on measured traits compared to control. Among the types of iron sources, ortho-chelate iron had highest effect on quantity and quality compared to other iron sources and control. Generally, 150 kg ha-1 urea in combination with ortho-chelate iron produced the highest quantitative and qualitative yield. The same trend was observed in chlorophyll (35 mg/ml) and oil content (1.3%). In this study, a significant positive correlation was observed between chlorophyll content of leaves with vegetative traits and essential oil, which confirmed the positive effect of chlorophyll content on measured traits. Evaluation of quality of the leaves, 20 chemical compositions were detected in essential oils that were more than 85 percent of the total components. The neral and geranial were the predominant compounds in essential oils and the lowest levels of these compounds were observed in control (33.8%) and the highest levels were observed in the combination of 150 kg ha-1 urea with nano iron chelate (44.9%). The essential oils are terpenoid compositions that their constructive units need to NADPH and ATP, thus the presence of nitrogen is essential for the formation of these compounds. Moreover, iron acts as a cofactor for NADPH and ATP activity in nitrogen metabolism. Therefore, the increase in nitrogen and iron absorption by the plant has increased the content of essential oil. Due to the fact that geranial and neral are the most important compounds used in the essential oil of lemon verbena in various industries, especially pharmaceutical industry. The results of this experiment can be used to increase the quantity and quality of lemon verbena.

The current study demonstrated that different levels of urea and various iron sources had a significant effects on all traits. Generally, 150 kg ha-1 urea in combination with ortho-chelate iron produced the highest quantitative and qualitative yield. A significant positive correlation was observed between chlorophyll content of leaves with vegetative traits and essential oil. Twenty chemical compositions were detected in essential oils that the neral and geranial were the most predominant compounds.

In this research the effect of spraying iron and zinc sulfate fertilizer on lemon balm (Melisa officinalis L.) essential oil component was studied at Khoramabad. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a complete randomized design with three replications. Two factors were iron sulfate fertilizer at 0, 2 and 5 ppm and zinc sulfate fertilizer at 0, 2 and 5 ppm. Essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation with Clevenger device. The essential oil fraction identified and measurement by GC/MS. The result obtained from this study led to  identification of 28 fractions on lemon balm volatile oil. In the essential oil of lemon balm Jeraniol (66.65%), Trans caryophilen (8.41%), Caryophylen oxide (4.99%), Verbenol
(2.17%), Citronellol (1.615), Alpha morelol (1.525), Germacrin D (1.38%) and Alpha cadinol (1.68%) were the major components. Results shows that under fertilizer treatment no significant observed (P ≤ 0.01) in terms of herbal dry yield. But the amount of essential oil differences between fertilizer treatments was significant (P ≤ 0.01). To increasing the essential oil amount, 5 ppm zinc sulfate treatment was best treatment. In this study according the results, the Jeranol component was observed 66.65 percent of whole volatile oil fraction of lemon balm, which is considerable high. But the Citronellol component allocated 1.6 percent of all lemon balm essential oil components. In this research to be seems that the fertilizer and climate condition caused the differences on amount of essential oil component in plant.

In order to study effects of organic and bio-fertilizers on dry matter yield and quantity and quality of essential oil of green basil, an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete block design. First factor contained three levels 0, 5 and 10 ton/ha vermicompost and second factor contained two cases inoculated seeds and non-inoculated seeds with Nitroxin biofertilizer. Results showed that the highest shoot dry yield were obtained with application of 5 t/ha vermicompost while the highest essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were in applying 10 ton/ha vermicompost. Nitroxin biofertilizer showed significant effects on shoot dry yield, geranial percentage and Caryophyllene oxide percentage in essential oil, as the highest geranial percentage and caryophyllene oxide percentage in treatment of application of Nitroxin (inoculated seeds) were obtained. Also, the intractions effect of factors on shoot dry yield, geranial, caryophyllene oxide and trans alpha bergamotene in essential oil were significant. Generally, the highest shoot and essential oil yields were obtained with application of vermicompost and the highest essential oil compositions with Nitroxin application.

In order to evaluate essential oil yield and composition of fifteen accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of department of horticultural science of Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz as a randomized complete block design with fifteen treatments (accessions) and three replications. Accessions were green (Yazd, Canada, Ramhormoz, Jahrom, Shiraz, Shahr rey, Dashtestan and Neyshabour), purple (Jahrom, Shiraz, Ramhormoz and Dashtestan), Golkhosheai, Thyrsiflora and Goldomaghrabi. Leaf yield, essential oil content, yield and components were evaluated. Results showed that there was a significant difference among accessions (P≤0.01) for measured traits. The maximum leaf yield was recorded in Golkhosheai and Goldomaghrabi accessions (613.6 and 550.33 gr.m2). The highest essential oil content was observed in Thyrsiflora (3.16%), Golkhosheai (2.93%) and Goldomaghrabi (2.07%) accessions and the highest essential oil yield was obtained in Golkhosheai, Thyrsiflora and Goldomaghrabi accessions (17.95, 14.72 and 11.42 gr.m2, respectively). According to essential oil analysis by GC-MS, approximately 32 compounds were identified in the essential oil of various basil accessions. Main essential oil compositions were linalool (0.12-68.43%), methyl chavicol (0-55.28%), geraniol (0-33.39%), geranial (0-42.09%), limonene (0-18.03%), methyl eugenol (0.38-4.85%), beta-caryophyllane (0-4.57%) and cubenol (0-6.22%). Essential oil of purple (Jahrom, Shiraz, Ramhormoz and Dashtestan) and Thyrsiflora accessions had the highest amount of methyl chavicol. Essential oil of Golkhosheai, Goldomaghrabi and Canada accessions was rich in linalool. Essential oil of green (Yazd, Canada, Ramhormoz, Jahrom, and Neyshabour) accessions had more geraniol and geranial than other accessions. Overall, the results of this study showed that each accession had a unique characteristic that can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries.

To study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at Agricultural research field of the Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2015. The treatments were 20 t/ha manure, 10 t/ha vermicompost, biofertilizer (Nitroxin Bio-superphosphat), 10 t/ha manure 5 t/ha vermicompost, 20 t/ha manure biofertilizer, 10 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer, 10 t/ha manure 5 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer (NPK: 80, 70 and 80 kg/ha). The present results have shown that the highest essential oil content, geraniol percent and linalool percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 10 t/ha vermicompost and the maximum geranial percent, neral percent and neryl acetate percent in essential oil in treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer were obtained. Also, the highest geranyl acetate percent in essential oil in treatment of chemical fertilizer application (control) were obtained. Conclusively, organic and bio-fertilizers application in a sustainable agriculture system be caused in improvement of quantity and quality of essential oil of dragonhead.

Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is an annual herbaceous aromatic plant and belongs to Lamiaceae family. It is native to south of Siberia and Himalayan hillsides. The essential oil content shows great variation due to plant origin. The main constituents of dragonhead essential oil have been reported as geranial, geranyl acetate, neral and geraniol. Using organic manures and biofertilizers such as vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria contain azotobacter and azospirillum has led to a decrease in the application of chemical fertilizers and has provided high quality agricultural products. Several studies have shown that organic and bio-fertilizers application such as vermicompost and Nitroxin can increase quantity and quality of essential oil of medicinal plants of dragonhead, anise and thyme (Darzi et al., 2013; Mafakheri et al., 2012; Mohammadpour Vashvaei et al., 2015). Therefore, the main objective of the present field experiment was to investigate the effects of vermicompst and Nitroxin biofertilizer on quantity and quality of essential oil of dragonhead.
An experiment was conducted as afactorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2013. The factors were Vermicompost in three levels (0, 5 and 10 t.ha-1) and Nitroxinbiofertilizer (inoculated seeds and non-inoculated). Inoculation was carried out by immersing the dragonhead seeds in the cells suspension of 108 CFU/ml for 15 min. The required quantities of vermicompost were applied and incorporated to the top 5 cm layer of soil in the experimental beds before planting of dragonhead seeds. Each experimental plot was 3 m long and 2.28 m wide with the spacing of 10 cm between the plants and 38 cm between the rows. There was a space of one meter between the plots and 2 meters between replications. In this study, quantitative and qualitative traits of dragonhead essential oil content, granial percent, granyl acetate percent, neral percent, graniol percent and neryl acetate percent in essential oil were evaluated. For determine the essential oil content (%), about 100 g dried herb of dragonhead (dried in shadow) as sample from the each plot were selected and then were subjected to hydro-distillation (Clevenger type apparatus) for 2 till 3 hours. For identifying the essential oil components, essential oil fraction was collected and subjected to GC and GC/MS (gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis. Analysis of variance by using SAS software and mean comparisons by Duncan’s multiple range test (at the 5% probability level) was done.
The present resultsshow that the highest essential oil content in applying 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and the maximum geranyl acetate in essential oil in applying 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost were obtained. Nitroxin biofertilizer showed significant effects on geranyl acetate in essential oil only, as the highest geranyl acetate were obtained by using the Nitroxin (inoculated seeds). Also, the intractions effect of factors on essential oil content, geranyl acetate, graniol and neryl acetate in essential oil were significant, as the highest essential oil content and neryl acetate percent at treatment of 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and without application of Nitroxin and the maximum geranyl acetate and the lowest geraniol in essential oil at treatment of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and application of Nitroxin were obtained. According to the results of this study, the maximum essential oil quantity at treatment of 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and without application of Nitroxin and the highest essential oil quality at treatment of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and application of Nitroxin were obtained.
Vermicompost application positively influenced on quantity and quality of essential oil dragonhead, as the highest essential oil content in treatment of application of 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and the highest essential oil quality in treatment of integrated application of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and Nitroxin were obtained. On the base of research results, organic and bio-fertilizers application such as vermicompost and Nitroxin in a sustainable agriculture system can be caused in improvement of qualitative characters of dragonhead.

In this study, the quantity and quality of essential oil (EO) of chamomile cv. ‘Bodegold’, Moldavian dragonhead cv. ‘SZK1’ and fennel cv. ‘Soroksari’ were evaluated in Shahrekord climate condition in Spring 2014, Shahrekord University. Chamomile’ flowers and dragonhead’ herb were harvested at full flowering stage. Fennel’ fruits were harvested at waxy and full-matured stages. The EO content of each sample was extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and then was characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry methods. The EO content of chamomile, Moldavian dragonhead, fennel (waxy) and fennel (mature) was 0.69%, 0.35%, 4.9% and 4.4%, respectively. The main constituents detected in the chamomile EO were α-bisabolol oxide A (43.57%), β-Farnesene (24.09%) and α-bisabolol oxide B (10.34%). Geranyl acetate (27.29%), geranial (24.64%), neral (20.93%) and geraniol (18.54%) were the most abundant components of the EO in dragonhead. The main component of EO in fennel in waxy and mature stages was trans-anethole, but its content in maturity was higher than that in the waxy stage. In conclusion, chamomile, Moldavian dragonhead and fennel showed promising characteristics in terms of EO content and composition in Shahrekord climate condition.

Drying is one of the oldest methods for preservation of agricultural products after harvest. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to Lamiaceae family which is used as a medicinal and spice species. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of Basil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and treatments were included two temperature levels (50 and 70 °C), six microwave powers (100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w), and two drying methods (sun and shade drying). The drying process was continued until the mass of the sample was reduced to a moisture content of about 0.10 on a dry basis or 10 % on a wet basis. Results indicated minimum and maximum drying times (4.1 minutes and 48 hours) were obtained at 900 w microwave powers and shade drying, respectively. Maximum and minimum essential oil content (1.3 and 0.3 %) were obtained by shade drying and in 450, 600 and 900 w, respectively. Microwave powers had negative effect on the main compositions of essential oil (geranial and methyl chavicol) but shade drying preserved them. According to the results, shade drying was identified as a suitable method for Basil, because essential oil content and composition were considerably maintained.

Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) is a medicinal plant, belonging to Verbenaceae family and essential oil has accumulated in its vegetative and reproductive parts. This study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of seed essential oil of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora). After preparing healthy cuttings and treatment of them for IBA, root cuttings were transferred to the greenhouse for culture and care. After flowering and fruit ripening, seeds were collected and the seed essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation method (30 grams of seed) and was dehydrated using dry sodium sulfate. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results showed oil output in operation was 31%. Twelve major compositions containing 80.12% of the total oil were identified. The main compounds of this essential oil were Geranial (34.1%), Neral (26.01%) and Limonene (7.04%). The amount of these compounds had increased so significant in comparison with these values in essential oil from vegetative parts.

Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is an annual plant that belongs to the (Labiate or Lamiaceae) family. The essential oil of dragonhead has natural antibacterial and antimicrobial substances and having wide usage in industries like pharmaceutical, dietary and many others. In this research, effects of different harvest times on content and composition of essential oil were studied in Research field at Khoy Agricultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan province. Dragonhead seeds from both landrace and modern cultivars were planted simultaneously. The aerial parts of plant were harvested in six stages. After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. According to the results, maximum and minimum essential oils percentage for both landrace and modern cultivars were respectively observed in full flowering (0.53) and yellow-maturity stage (0.07). In addition, there were some differences between oil compositions of these dragonhead accessions at different harvest times. The major oil components of dragonhead were the geranial, geraniol and geranyl acetate. The highest and the lowest sum total amount of geranial and geraniol were obtained at the early flowering (65.1%) and yellow-maturity (44.9%) for the landrace cultivar. The largest amount of geranyl acetate (50.7%) was gained for the modern cultivar at the early flowering stage while the least one (28.1%) was recorded for landrace cultivar plants 26 days after flowering when 10 to 30 percent of the flowers remained. The results showed that different harvest times had significant effects on essential oil content and composition.

Lemon thyme (Thymus× citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb) is a perennial sub shrub medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family. This plant is a hybrid between Thymus vulgaris and Thymus pulegioides. It has been used as a diaphoretic and for bronchitis. The oil has been found to possess antimicrobial and antifungal activity. This study aims to determine the best harvest time of Lemon Thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) for maximum herbal yield and quantity of essential oil. This research was done at the Botanical Garden of Zardband Company located in the northern Tehran، Iran. Aerial parts of 4-year-old plants were harvested from 10 centimeters of land at 4 stages including: before flowering، beginning of flowering، full flowering and fruit set in the beginning of June to the end of July and then were air dried in the shade. Harvest time had a significant effect on fresh and dry weight of aerial parts in 0. 1% probability level. According to the results maximum amount of fresh and dry weight of aerial parts of T× citriodorus plant were obtained from full flowering and fruit set stages. Based on the results harvest time had no significant effect on the essential oil of T× citriodorus. Although the highest essential oil content (2. 21%) was extracted at beginning of flowering stage but there was no significant difference among different phonological stages. In conclusion، more suitable time for harvesting of T×citriodorus to achieve the maximum yield of essential oil production is at fruit set stage.