جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گلدهی » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) from the family Euphorbiaceae is used as potted and cut flower and has great importance in floriculture industry. Appropriate application of nutrients and plant growth regulators has an important role in increasing the quantity and quality of crops. The successful application of various nanoplatforms in medicine under in vitro conditions has generated some interest in agro-nanotechnology. This technology holds the promise of controlled release of agrochemicals and site-specific targeted delivery to improve efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant growth. Nanoencapsulation shows the benefit of more efficient use and safer handling of pesticides with less exposure to the environment. Thus, nanofertilizers can be substituted for conventional fertilizers. The role of iron in the activity of some enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome oxidase has been demonstrated. Iron is present as a cofactor in the structure of many enzymes. The results of some studies showed that in the absence of micro-nutrients elements, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes decreased, which resulted in increased sensitivity of plants to environmental stresses. The use of nano-iron fertilizer is an appropriate solution to remove this problem. Some growth retardants such as cycocel, paclobutrazol, bayleton and daminozide reduced the plant growth. Growth reduction in some ornamental plants enhances their overall quality and marketing. Cycocel is one of the most important growth retardants which inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and activity in plant. Today, a range of artificially made growth-reducing compounds are used in the floriculture industry. The effect of plant growth retardants, depends on the time and method of application, concentration, species and varieties type, type of target organ and environmental and physiological conditions. Plant growth retardants reduce the division and elongation of stem cells. These compounds also reduce stem length and growth by having a negative effect on gibberellin structure. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of different levels of nano-iron fertilizer and different concentrations of cycocel on growth and development of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.).

 These experiments were carried out based on a randomized completely block design in three replications to evaluate the effect of various levels of nano iron chelated fertilizer and cycocel on growth parameters of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Cuttings with a height of 15 to 20 cm, each with 3 nodes, were prepared from the mother plant of poinsettia. Cuttings were placed in water within 24 hours for exudation of latex. Then, cuttings were planted in perlite for rooting. After rooting (60-65 days), cuttings were transferred into substrates including cocopeat, municipal compost and soil in ratio of 1:1:1. Poinsettia cuttings were grown in pots. Treatments include nano-iron fertilizer (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 4.5 g.l–1) and cycocel (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 3000 mg.l–1). Application of EDTA-based nano-iron chelate as foliar spray was performed on plants at the beginning of the experiment and 30 days later, as well as the use of cycocel 30 days after the start of the experiment as foliar spray. Stem height, internode length, node number, root length, root number, root volume, leaf number, leaf surface, leaf total chlorophyll content, iron content in leaf and the number and longevity of bracts were evaluated.

 Results showed that the lowest plant height and the highest leaf number, root length, root volume, the number and longevity of bracts were obtained in treatments of 1.8 g.l–1 nano-iron chelate without or with the concentration of 1000 mg.l–1 cycocel. In some traits such as root volume and chlorophyll content, the minimum amount was calculated in the maximum of nano-iron chelate and cycocel concentrations. Suitable root characters were severely reduced through the use of 3000 mg.l–1 cycocel. Overall, the most suitable treatment, especially for reduction of stem height and enhancing some vegetative traits (such as leaf number) and flowering (such as bract longevity) was 1.8 g.l–1 nano-iron chelate along with 1000 mg.l–1 cycocel. Research has demonstrated that cycocel application reduces plant height in various species, including ornamental plants, as confirmed by this study. Furthermore, this study reveals a novel effect of cycocel: it alters the weight of both aerial and underground plant parts, alongside influencing leaf iron and chlorophyll content. Notably, plant growth retardants like cycocel are known to increase cytokinin content, which in turn can lead to elevated leaf chlorophyll levels.

Violet is an annual ornamental plant that is widely used in urban green spaces. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of melatonin in reducing salinity stress in violet. The factors included melatonin at three levels (0, 50 and 100 μM) and salinity stress at four levels (0, 60, 30 and 90 mM). According to the obtained results, The highest plant height was observed in the treatment of 100 μM melatonin with an increase of 16.07% compared to the control without salt stress.The highest number of flowers was recorded in plants treated with 100 µM melatonin under 0, 30 and 60 mM salinity which showed a 50% increase in the number of flowers.The maximum root volume was in 100 μM melatonin under 30 mM salinity. The lowest percentage of relative plant water content was obtained at 90 mM salinity without the use of melatonin. Ionic leakage in salinity increased with increasing salt concentration. The highest sodium ion concentration of the plant was observed in the 60 mM salinity treatment without the use of melatonin, and the lowest sodium accumulation was observed in the no salinity treatment. The highest concentration of potassium element in salinity was recorded at 50 μM melatonin under 30 mM salinity. According to the obtained results, the use of melatonin is suggested to reduce damage to the violet plant under salt stress conditions.

Most of the garlic clones are non-bolting and sterile and propagate asexually; however, some of the clones are bolting, and there are some fertile clones among the bolting ones. A correct understanding of the MADS-BOX genes family expression pattern and structure, including AGL6, is a valuable project and will improve garlic breeding programs. So far there are no reports relating AGL6 identification as a flowering and fertility integrator gene in garlic. So the aim of this study is to investigate the relative expression of AGL6 in Iranian bolting, semi- and non-bolting garlic clones and to identify its structure and nucleotide sequence.

At first the relative expression of the AGL6 was investigated in the different organs of non-bolting, semi-bolting and bolting Iranian garlic clones using quantitative Real time- PCR. Then the isolation and cloning of the AGL6 partial sequences from the garlic floret was carried out using RT-PCR. The sequence of the recombinant plasmid was evaluated using BLAST, Vector NTI, ORF finder and MEGA6 software.

According to the obtained results, AGL6 was expressed in the meristem, inflorescence, tepal and carpel of green and purple flowers of the bolting garlic. But there was no sign of its expression in the stamen. AGL6 expression level in the meristem of bolting garlic was higher than the meristem of the semi-bolting and non-bolting garlic in all sampling stages, especially in the flowering induction stage. AGL6 was also expressed in the inflorescence of the semi-bolting and bolting garlic, but its expression in the inflorescence of the semi- bolting garlic was 4 times less than the inflorescence of the bolting garlic. Sequence analysis of the colonized fragment showed the coding region with a 728 bp length, which was registered in the NCBI database with the accession number of OK086759.1. This nucleotide sequence encodes a protein with 243 amino acids and has MADS-box and K-box domains. Results showed the high similarity of the sequence obtained in this research with other AGL6 gene homologues in other plant species, especially petaloid monocots such as onion, lily, narcissus and saffron in NCBI. Hence the resulting sequence was named AsAGL6.In this research, for the first time, the expression pattern of a key gene of the flowering and fertility pathway (AsAGL6) and its nucleotide structure were determined in garlic. The results of this research can be effectively used in the design of classical and molecular garlic breeding programs.

During the recent years, rice has again received a lot of attention from farmers in the north of the country by improving the self-reliance coefficient of the product and productivity. On the other hand, temperature drop at the time of flowering and grain filling, despite the quality improvement, leads to a sharp decrease in the yield of the rice in double cropping stage. Therefore, identification of suitable cultivars in terms of precociousness and tolerance to cold, which will result in acceptable grain yield, is one of the priorities of rice cultivation.

In this research, evaluation of cold tolerance for 24 rice genotypes including five EMS mutant lines, two gamma ray mutant varieties from the Tarom-mahalli cultivar, five foreign lines, three improved cultivars and nine landrace cultivars in the research farm of the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications under replanting conditions. At the end of the growing season, various traits such as the number of days to full heading stage, the number of days to maturity, the height of the plant, the number of panicles per plant, the length of the panicle, the number of seeds per panicle, the number of unfilled grains per panicle, the number of fertile grains per panicle, length of grain, 1000-grain weight, panicle harvest index, panicle fertility percentage, grain density and paddy yield were measured. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to categorize genotypes.

Out of 24 rice genotypes cultivated under cold conditions at the end of the season, only 14 genotypes reached the heading stage. The results of analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the genotypes in all studied traits. The mean comparison results showed that Zarak and Kohsar cultivars and L181, L183, L184 and L185 mutants were among the low-duration genotypes. The highest and lowest number of grains in the panicle was related to D100 and Binam genotypes with 147.47 and 50.67, respectively. The mean comparison results showed that the highest grain yield of L183 genotype was 339 g.m-2, which was 79% higher than the Binam (control cultivar). The dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis showed that all the studied genotypes were segregated into four separate groups that the second and fourth group had the highest amount of yield. The results of principal components analysis showed that the number of four components had an eigenvalue higher than one and they accounted for 86.36% of the total variance. In the first component, the number of days to full heading stage (0.73), the number of days to maturity (0.71), plant height (0.74), panicle length (0.79), the number of grains per panicle (0.70), 1000-grain weight (-0.68), panicle harvest index (-0.73), and panicle fertility (-0.76) had the highest factor loading.

By evaluating the agronomical characteristics and grain yield, the mutant line (L183) was selected and introduced as the best line both in terms of maturity period and agronomical characteristics.

Iran is a very rich country in fruit tree resources, and in terms of growing fruit trees in cold, subtropical, and tropical areas, Iran is one of the few places in the world that can cultivate most of the world's fruits. this study aims to investigate the flower and fruiting dynamics of some pome and stone fruit trees, including European pear (Espadona cultivar), two apple cultivars (Granny Smith and Starking), quince (Isfahan cultivar), two cultivars of nectarine (Shams and Moghan), sweet cherry (Takdaneh cultivar of Mashhad), peach (Alberta cultivar) and plum (California cultivar), in the Khorramdareh city of Zanjan province. The results obtained in the present study showed that all the studied species were able to grow and bear fruit in these areas, and can produce high-quality fruits (in terms of firmness, soluble solids, etc.). European Espadona pear cultivars were also able to produce high-quality fruits in this area of Khorramdareh city. The studied apple cultivars were also able to produce high-quality fruits in terms of morphological and physiological traits, Isfahan quince trees had better quality and yield in terms of fruit production than other stone fruits such as cherries, peaches, nectarines, and plums, However, the products of other stone fruit trees had good quality in terms of morphological and physiological traits. According to the data obtained from the flowering dynamics of different species, the present study evaluates the possibility of spring frosts.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen and irrigation interval on Broomrape (Orbanche aegyptiaca) damage reduction in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.), an experiment with two factors, nitrogen (urea in three levels 100,200 and 300 Kg/ha) and irrigation interval (with three levels 3,6 and 9 day) in three replications was performed in the greenhouse of Northern Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center. The results showed that the growing velocity was maximum in the treatment of 200 Kg N/ha. However, height and the number of cucumbers were lower. The effect of irrigation interval on the number of flowering days was significant, whereas nitrogen fertilizer did not have a significant influence on this parameter. Hence, irrigation level rising caused reduction in the number of flowering days. Maximum length and diameter of cucumber was observed in the treatment of highest nitrogen level and minimum irrigation interval or the treatment of lowest nitrogen level and medium irrigation interval. The maximum number of cucumbers and weight was obtained in maximum nitrogen and irrigation interval. In addition, rising irrigation interval caused the number of cucumber increase and decrease in cucumber weight. The maximum wet weight of shoot and root was observed in the highest nitrogen treatment. On the other hand, the maximum wet weight of shoot and root was derived from the highest nitrogen and medium irrigation treatment and the highest nitrogen and minimum irrigation interval treatment, respectively. The comparison of water percent in wet and dry weight of shoot showed that the highest value was observed in 300 and 100 Kg N/ha treatments respectively. Maximum shoot/root ratio was observed in the treatment of 100 Kg N/ha and a six-day irrigation interval.

Among Iran's industrial and export products, saffron has found an important place as the most valuable agricultural product in the world. One of the ways to increase yield in saffron is to provide sufficient number of mineral elements needed by the plant. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers including seaweed extract and ascorbic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron in a farm in Shahrood and Shahrood University of Technology laboratory in 2021.

The experiment was conducted based on the randomized complete block design in three replications. Spraying consisted of seven levels (control: spraying with distilled water), 2, 3 and 4 mg/L of brown seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum), 50, 100 and 150 mM ascorbic acid in the flowering stage. Seaweed extract was used under the Akadine, made in Canada, and ascorbic acid was produced by Merck, Germany. Spraying of the materials were done in three stages (20 february 2021, 5 and 19 march 2022) at 10 o'clock in the morning. During the growing season of the plant (from the fall of 2021 to the end of May 2022), no organic or chemical fertilizers were used either in the form of irrigation or in the form of soil. During this period, the use of herbicides was avoided. The number of four stages of irrigation was applied, similar to previous years. All the plots were irrigated at the same rate and in the form of flooding. Seaweed extract was used under the Akadine, made in Canada, and ascorbic acid was produced by Merck, Germany. Data analysis was done using SAS 9.1 software and the means were compared using LSD test.

The results showed that the number of saffron flowers increased with the application of seaweed extract and ascorbic acid compared to the control. The highest flower fresh weight was recorded in plants that were sprayed with 4 mg/L of seaweed extract. All levels of foliar spraying, except for the lowest level of each substance (2 mg/L of seaweed extract and 50 mM ascorbic acid) caused a significant increase in the dry weight of the stigma compared to the control. The highest stigma dry weight was recorded in plants that were sprayed with 100 mM ascorbic acid. Anthocyanin increased by 11.53, 28.84, and 23.07% in plants that received 2, 3, and 4 mg/L of seaweed extract as a foliar spray, respectively. Total phenol was significantly increased in plants that received 2, 3 and 4 mg/L of seaweed extract and 100 and 150 mM ascorbic acid. The highest amount of total phenol was equal to 6.34 mg/g dry weight, which was related to the plants that were sprayed with 3 mg/l of seaweed extract. The use of seaweed extract at all three levels of 2, 3 and 4 mg/L caused a significant increase in anthocyanin by 11.53, 28.84 and 23.07%, respectively, compared to the control. Among the measured effective substances of saffron, only safranal increased under the influence of seaweed extract. Although the use of ascorbic acid increased the amount of anthocyanin, this increase was not statistically significant.

The results of this research showed that the application of seaweed extract and ascorbic acid in the form of foliar spraying increased traits such as the number of flowers, fresh weight of flowers, anthocyanin and finally the dry weight of saffron stigma. In general, it can be said that the qualitative characteristics of saffron can be improved by using seaweed extract and ascorbic acid. Finally, within the scope of the research, it is suggested to use 4 mg/L of seaweed extract and 100 mM ascorbic acid to increase yield in saffron.

IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has become very important as a valuable strategic product with high energy level. The importance of investigating environmental stresses and their role in predicting and evaluating the growth and crops yield is essential. A wide range of plant response to stress is extended to morphological, physiological and biochemical responses. Considering the rapid advancement in computer model development, plant growth models have emerged as a valuable tool to predict changes in production yield. These growth simulation models effectively incorporate the intricate influences of various factors, such as climate, soil characteristics, and management practices on crop yield. By doing so, they offer a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to traditional field research methods. Material and MethodsThis research was conducted in the research farm of Varamin province, which has a silty loam soil texture. The latitude and longitude of the region are 35º 32ʹ N and 51º 64ʹ E, respectively. Its height above sea level is 21 meters. According to Demarten classification, Varamin has a temperate humid climate. The long-term mean temperature of Varamin is 11.18 ° C and the total long-term rainfall is 780 mm. In this study, in order to simulate irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan growth under drought stress, an experimental based on completely randomized blocks (CRBD) including: non-stress as control (NS), water stress at booting stage (WSB), water stress at flowering stage (WSF), water stress at milking stage (WSM) and water stress at doughing stage (WSD) with three replications during growth season 2019-2020 was carried out in Varamin, Iran. Crop growth simulation was done using SSM-wheat model. This model simulates growth and yield on a daily basis as a function of weather conditions, soil characteristics and crop management (cultivar, planting date, plant density, irrigation regime). Results and DiscussionBased on the results, the simulation of the phenological stages of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under water stress condition using SSM-wheat model showed that there was no difference between observed and simulated values. Summary, the values of day to termination of seed growth (TSG) were observed under non- stress, stress in the booting stage, flowering, milking and doughing of the grains, 222, 219, 219, 221, 221 days, respectively andsimulation values with 224, 221, 220, 221, respectively. However, with their simulation values, there were slight differences with 224, 221, 220, 221, respectively. Acceptable values of RMSE (11.7 g.m-2) and CV (3.5) indexes showed the high ability of the SSM model in simulating the grain yield of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under water stress conditions. Grain yield values were observed in non-stress conditions of 5783, water stress in booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages in 5423, 5160, 5006 and 5100 kg. h-1, respectively. While the simulated values were 5630, 5220, 4920, 4680 and 4880 kg. h-1, respectively. Based on the findings, observed and simulated values of leaf area index (LAI) were observed under water stress condition in the booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages (4.3 and 4.47), (4.33) and 4.46), (4.4 and 4.57) and (4.4 and 4.58) cm-2, respectively. Evaluation of the 1000-grain weight of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan under the water stress showed that the SSM model was highly accurate. RMSE (4.6 g.m-2) and CV (1.8) values indicate the ability of the SSM model to simulate the 1000-grain weight of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan. Also, the simulated values of the harvest index were 34.7 % in non-stress conditions, which decreased by 6 % compared to the observed value. Harvest index values were observed under water stress conditions in the in the booting, flowering, milking and doughing of the grain stages in 30.2, 29.3, 29.9 and 29.5 %, respectively. Compared to its observed values, it was reduced by 3, 3.5, 5, and 5.5 %, respectively. ConclusionBased on the findings, the slight difference between the observed and simulated values demonstrates the SSM model's capability to accurately capture water stress impacts on the phenological stages, grain yield, and yield components of irrigated wheat cv. Mehregan during critical growth stages, including booting, flowering, milking, and doughing. The results indicate that the SSM model is effective in simulating wheat growth under water stress conditions, showcasing its potential as a valuable tool for modeling irrigated wheat growth. The model's ability to account for water stress and its effects on various growth parameters makes it a reliable and efficient tool for predicting crop performance in water-limited environments.

The common method of traditional saffron production is its production under open-field conditions. Recently, due to climate change outcomes attention has been paid to its production under controlled conditions (hydroponic and aeroponics). In the last two decades, decrease in precipitation, increase in temperature during flower initiation phase and consequently the abortion of some initiated flowers, delay in supplying the proper temperature for flower emergence in autumn, poor soils quality which renders difficulty the flower emergence; have led to the decline in the flowering capacity of saffron in several countries under natural conditions, progressively. Accordingly, its hydroponic production could represent a possible solution for reducing the above-mentioned problems, due to the lack of soil, the proper temperature levels, and providing appropriate water availability in this production system (Behdani & Fallahi, 2015; Aghhavani-Shajari et al., 2021). In addition, under open-field condition, the flowering period of saffron lasts for about three weeks, and during this period of time, high labor is required. To solve this problem, it is possible to extend the corms pseudo-dormancy stage and the flowering phase by using the hydroponic systems, with a controlled environment. In saffron hydroponic planting systems, the amount of water consumption is reduced considerably which is important in dry regions. In addition, flower harvesting in hydroponic system is faster, cheaper, and cleaner, because environmental factors such as wind, dust, and frost, have no effect on flowers (Behdani & Fallahi, 2015; Aghhavani-Shajari et al., 2021; Fallahi et al., 2021a). However, it is necessary to compare the two systems of open-field and hydroponics in terms of the amount of flowering and the quality of the produced stigma.   To compare the effect of saffron corm planting systems (including 1- under controlled environment (hydroponic) and, 2- open-field environment), on flowering indices and stigma color parameters (Hunter lab color scale), an experiment was conducted in the research field and horticultural physiology laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, during 2019, with four replications. In open-field treatment, the corms were planted in soil at a depth of 10 cm and density of 100 corms per m2, while in the hydroponic system corms were planted in trays (30×40 cm, 100 corms per tray) and were transferred to incubator (temperature: 15 oC, relative humidity: 75%, 8 hours light, 16 hours darkness). In this experiment, the traits of flower number, flowering rate, flower yield, mean flower weight, flower length, style length, stigma length, dry yield of stigma and petal, anther yield, and Hunter's color indices including brightness (L), redness (a) and yellowness (b) of saffron stigma were measured. The two planting systems were compared using t-student test, by SAS, 9.2.  The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant different between two experimental treatments, in terms of the most studied traits. Based on the mean comparison results, there was no difference between production systems for the number and yield of flowers. However, the maximum flowering rate (5.82 flowers day-1) and the mean flower weight (0.34 g) were obtained in the hydroponics system. Also, planting corms under controlled conditions resulted in the maximum length of flower, style and stigma (7.38, 4.40 and 2.49 cm, respectively). In addition, the highest dry yield of saffron stigma was obtained in the controlled environment, so that this treatment was superior by almost 14% compared to the open-field environment. This finding is similar to those reported previously by Maggio et al., (2006), Aghhavani-Shajar et al., (2021) and Khan et al., (2022). The comparison of the color parameters between the two studied treatments showed that the maximum brightness (L) and redness (a) of the stigma (57.52 and 15.41, respectively) were observed in the hydroponic system. In a similar study, it was reported that stigmas obtained from soil less production system had higher L and crocin values, while safranal content was significantly lower in comparison to traditional production system (open-field), which means that stigma produced under open-field was some darker in appearance but had a higher aroma (Aghhavani-shajari et al., 2021).  In general, corm planting in a controlled environment increased stigma yield and improved partially stigma colorimetric parameters.

The plant have a close relationship with the climatic conditions and their surrounding environment to go through the stages of growth and development. Therefore, the knowledge and understanding of the effect of atmospheric parameters on plant yield and production efficiency is very important.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications with five experimental treatments including: no water deficit (control) (NWD), water deficit at the booting stage (WDB), flowering (WDF), milking (WDM), and doughing (WDD), in Varamin, Iran. Simulating the future climate, using the HadGEM general circulation model under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios in the three periods of 2025, 2055 and 2085, by the AgMIP model using long-term climate data related to the base period (1980-2009) was done. SSM-Wheat model was used to simulate wheat growth.

Based on the findings, the changes of maximum and minimum temperature compared to the baseline in the periods of 2025, 2055 and 2085 showed that the maximum and minimum temperature under RCP8.5 scenario increased more than RCP4.5. So that under the RCP8.5 scenarios, the maximum temperature increased by 2.1, 4.3, and 6.9 (ºC), respectively. and the minimum temperature increased by 1.5, 3.2, and 5.6 (ºC) respectively. The amount of precipitation in the periods of 2025 and 2055 under the RCP8.5 scenario increased by 4.9 and 5.9%, respectively. While the amount of precipitation in the period of 2085 under RCP8.5 scenario showed a decrease of 12.6%. The results showed that both in the no water deficit and the water deficit at the flowering stage in the periods of 2025, 2055 and 2085 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the FASW by passing through The early stages of wheat cv. Mehregan growth were faced with water shortage stress and the need for irrigation was necessary from that time. Also, the length of the growth period of wheat cv. Mehregan in 2085 period was shorter compared to 2055 and 2025 periods, and this period reduction was much more intense than the growth season. The evaluation of grain yield in 2085 under the RCP8.5 scenario showed that the water deficit at the flowering stage significantly reduced grain yield by 16.8%.

In the climate change conditions, the maximum and minimum temperatures under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios increased during the studied periods compared to the base period. This increase was more intense from 2025 to 2085 and also under the RCP8.5 scenarios. Based on the findings, the FASW in the no water deficit and the water deficit at the flowering stage at the 2025, 2055 and 2085 periods under both scenarios showed the absence of water stress. The results of the evaluation of the grain yield showed that the reduction of grain yield under the RCP8.5 scenarios was more obvious and more severe than the RCP4.5 scenarios. The water deficit both the booting and especially flowering stages caused a significant decrease in grain yield.

The use of organic fertilizers is one of the appropriate ways to produce medicinal plants due to their proper impact on the various soil properties, maintaining environmental health and better plant growth. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of various vermicompost levels on the growth and the morphological and physiological properties of the medicinal-ornamental plant of the Mullein, under drought stress conditions. The research was carried out in the form of split plots in a complete blocks design with four replicates. Experimental treatments included the use of vermicompost organic fertilizer at three levels of zero, 4, and 8 kg/m2 (equivalent to zero, 4, and 8 tons per hectare) and drought stress at two levels of normal irrigation (no stress) and irrigation at 50% of soil field capacity (FC). The results showed that the use of vermicompost and drought stress improved the morphological and physiological traits of the medicinal plant of Mullein. The highest height of the stem, the stem flower, the number of leaves, the height of the flower, the dry weight of shoot, and the root length were obtained by the use of vermicompost at 4 and 8 kg/m2 levels. The use of vermicompost at the rate of 8 kg/m2 increased chlorophyll and anthocyanin, respectively, by 53.7 and 122% compared to control. It was observed that by applying vermicompost at the levels of 4 and 8 kg/m2, significant changes in the morphological and physiological traits of the Mullein plant occurred. On the other hand, the combination of vermicompost application and mild drought stress also caused positive changes in the plant traits. Therefore, mild drought stress, and also for improving the vegetative growth and reproductive efficiency of the medicinal-ornamental plant of the Mullein, the use of vermicompost at 4 kg/m2 (equivalent to 4 tons per hectare) are recommended.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an important horticultural crop for oil production. This study was conducted to evaluate the flowering characteristics of more than 90 native olive genotypes and cultivars. It was performed for two years (2011-2012) at Tarom Olive Research Station. The studied traits included the flowering time, number of flowers per inflorescence, percentage of perfect flowers, fruit set in self-pollination and open pollination and pollen germination rate. The results showed that the earliest opening time of flowers was related to genotypes Qg13, Qg28 and cultivar of Koroneiki and the latest flowering time was in Bash genotype. Flowering time interval between the first and last genotype lasted 18 days. The average number of flowers per inflorescence was 20.52 flowers. Among the olive genotypes and cultivars, the number of perfect flowers varied from 0.7% to 50.9%. The effect of canopy direction was significant on number of flowers in inflorescence and percentage of perfect flowers. Most of genotypes and cultivars had high self-compatibility in pollination and 12% of genotypes had severe self-incompatibility. In open pollination, the lowest final fruit set was related to genotype Tmo1 with 0.1% and the highest was related to cultivar Arbequina with 4%. In pollen germination, the genotype Tmo1 with 4.8% had the lowest and genotypes of D1, Qg18 with 88% had the highest pollen germination. The genotype Tmo1 had abnormal flowers with without filament of stamens and attached anthers.

In order to investigate the effect of seed priming (pretreatment) and coating on seedling characteristics, root morphology and phenological stages of rice, a two-year experiment has been conducted in the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht) between 2020 and 2021. The experiment is performed as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include two rice cultivars (Hashemi and Gohar) and the seed pretreatment of rice cultivars in seven levels, including (1) priming with calcium chloride (-1.25 MPa in 24 hours), (2) priming with potassium chloride (1.25 MPa in 24 hours), (3) priming with zinc sulfate (concentration of 0.5 mM in 12 hours), (4) hydro-priming (48 hours) + coating the seeds with calcium chloride, (5) hydro-priming (48 hours) + coating with potassium chloride, (6) hydro-priming (48 hours) + coating with zinc sulfate, and (7) hydro-priming (48 hours as control). The results show that the highest percentage and germination rate has been observed with 99.5% and 0.23 seeds per day under seed priming with potassium chloride in the Gohar cultivar, respectively. The lowest time required to achieve 90% emergence has belonged to Hasehmi and Gohar cultivars through priming with potassium chloride and calcium chloride. The highest root length (with 24.6 cm) has been observed in priming with potassium chloride in the Gohar cultivar. The highest root dry weight in Hashemi and the Gohar cultivars has been 2.14 and 4.9 g, respectively, in priming with potassium chloride. The results also show that the maximum root volume and area are obtained with 43 cm3 and 155.28 cm2 in priming with potassium chloride in Gohar cultivar, respectively. The least time required to achieve maximum tillering, 50% flowering, and physiological maturation takes place in priming treatment with calcium chloride and potassium chloride. Seed priming with potassium chloride and coating with calcium chloride have increased grain yield by 22% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control. The highest biological yield is observed in potassium chloride priming and coating with calcium chloride treatments with 5552 and 5414 kg. ha-1 in Gohar cultivar, respectively. In general, rice seed priming with calcium chloride and potassium chloride promoted plant yield by improving seedling characteristics, root system, and phenological stages.

This research was carried in cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the effect of plant density on morphological traits, flowering pattern, boll production and seed cotton yield of new cotton cultivars in Varamin region of Iran. In this research, five cotton cultivars including Varamin, Shirpan603, Cocker100, NO200 and SP731 in three plant densities were evaluated using a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, the number of flowers and flowering date in cultivars for 11 weeks (1 July to 15 September) were counted. The results of analysis of variance showed that the differences between cultivars were significant for plant height, number of nodes, number of flowers, number of bolls and fiber and seed cotton yield at 1% level. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the years of project implementation for plant height, number of bolls and fiber and seed cotton yield at the level of 1%. The mean of plant height for the first and second years were 93.2 and 119.9 cm and the average number of bolls per plant were 15.9 and 11.41 and the seed cotton yield were 5242 and 4050 kg/ha, respectively. In this study cultivars did not differ significantly in terms of number of days from planting to flowering, number of days from flowering to harvest and early ripening. Investigation of flowering process in 11 weeks showed that the peak of flowering for both years of research was the eleventh week after planting with an average of 41.8 and 44.6 flowers per plant. Most of the bolls were produced from the flowers of the eleventh week for first year and from the flowers of the tenth week for second year. The cumulative growing degree days during the vegetative and reproductive growth period for two years of experiment was significantly different.  So that at the end of the seventeenth week after planting (last week of flowering) the cumulative growing degree days in the first and second years was 1734.9 and 1245.5, respectively, Which can be one of the important reasons in reducing the number of bolls and fiber and seed cotton yield in the second year.

Due to the effect of some wavelengths of light such as blue and red on the structure and activity of different plant pigments, in recent years, different ways of using LED lamps in plant breeding environments and in order to Improve plant growth have been studied. In this study, we aim to investigate how gradual changes in spectral distribution compared to constant spectral distribution, fluorescent light, and high-pressure sodium lights affect the vegetative growth traits of petunia seedlings, energy use efficiency during the seedling growth and the change in the reproductive behavior of mature plants. Petunia seedlings were affected by different spectral distributions for 28 days. In some light treatments. In some light treatments (85%red: 15%blue, 70%red: 30%blue, and 55%red: 45%blue) while in others, the percentages of blue and red lights changed gradually according to the schedule which included a gradual increase in the amount of red light or a gradual decrease in the amount of red light. Also, the effect of fluorescent lamps (control) and high-pressure sodium was studied. At the end of the seedling stage, samples of the lighting treatments were transferred to a greenhouse with completely identical environmental conditions to determine the effect of different spectral distributions during the seedling stage on the vegetative and reproductive growth of mature plants. The results showed the improvement of the studied growth traits under the gradual changes of spectral distribution during the seedling stage. The dry weights of shoot and root, leaf area, number of leaves, contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, and energy use efficiency were significantly higher under the lighting treatment which was initially monochromatic blue light, and then the amount of red light was gradually increased. Also, it was observed that the vegetative growth and flowering of mature plants were affected by the spectral distribution used during the seedling stage. Mature plants whose seedlings were under the influence of monochromatic blue light at the beginning of their growth and the amount of blue light was gradually reduced, had a higher fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, root volume, number, and length of lateral branches. Compared to other plants, they were plants. It was also observed that although changes in the spectral composition of light during seedling growth had a significant effect on the flowering time of mature plants, there was not a significant difference between some light treatments (constant ratio of 45% blue: 55% red, high-pressure sodium lamp light and a gradual increase in the amount of red light). Modifying the spectral combinations during the seedling stage influenced their vegetative traits of them. Additionally, lighting treatments during the seedling stage affected the vegetative traits of mature plants. Further, the gradual changes in the blue and red-light proportion in spectral distribution significantly affected the energy use efficiency, which affects the reasonable economic achievements in plant production. Lighting systems could be applied to plant production differently in the future, according to the results of this study.

In this study, water hyacinth compost and humic acid were used in the production of Narcissus jonquilla cv. German.

The present experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The first factor was water hyacinth compost (Control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and the second factor was humic acid (Control, 250, 500 mg L-1).

According to the results, the effect of compost, humic acid and their interaction on most of the studied traits was significant. The highest flowering stem height and the highest concentration of iron increase compared to control treatment) were recorded in compost 50% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest number of leaves and calcium concentration was observed in compost 25% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The longest leaf length increase compared to control treatment) was related to compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The maximum flower diameter size was recorded in compost 75% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest concentration of potassium was reported in compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid.

According to the obtained results, water hyacinth compost with humic acid due to improving the root environment and increasing the better absorption of nutrients increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of daffodils compared to the control treatment. Therefore, water hyacinth compost with the use of humic acid for growing daffodils is recommended.

Cow manure is one of the most commonly used fertilizers in saffron cultivation, but its main problem is the slow process of decomposition and the slow release of nutrients in the short term; leading to over use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. It is expected that with the introduction of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture, a suitable solution will be found to improve the absorption time of organic fertilizers. Cattle manure nanoparticles can reduce the decomposition time of cattle manure with higher specific surface area. Therefore, a split-plot design was carried out using two conventional methods of mulching and mixing with soil on the performance of saffron and soil characteristics to compare the performance of conventional chemical fertilizers and cow manure with nano cow manure.The main factor in seven levels (including nano cow manure in two amounts of five and 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of application of mulch and mixed with soil, normal cow manure in the amount of 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of mulch and mixed with soil and no use cow manure) and the sub-factor included NPK chemical fertilizer (at two levels of use and non-use). The results showed that by making cattle manure nanosized, its half-life in the soil decreased from about 36 weeks to 11 weeks. Nano cow manure treatment of 20 tons per hectare mixed with soil showed an increase in dry stigma yield by 43.7, 46 and 57%, respectively, compared to conventional cow manure treatments, chemical fertilizer treatments, and controls. The nano application of cow manure resulted in maintaining more moisture, less mechanical resistance in the soil, and more percentage of nutrients in the plant. In the comparison of the two methods of mulching and mixing, it was observed that in the mulching method, the amount of moisture is higher and the surface mechanical resistance is lower in the soil, and in the mixing method, the amount of nutrients in the leaves is higher. The results showed that in treatments with nano cow manure, the mixed method is preferable to mulch. By making cattle manure nano, using the mixed method instead of mulch and applying higher levels of cattle manure, was reduced the synergistic effect of chemical fertilizers in increasing yield. As in nano cow manure treatment (20 tons per hectare mixed with soil) was not observed significant yield increase due to the addition of chemical fertilizer. Also, nano cow manuew five ton per hectare treatments (mulch and mixture) showed a 22% yield increase compared to conventional cow manure treatments. It is possible to increase the yield by 22% by making cow manure nanosized, along with reducing the consumption of cow manure by 75% in the second year of saffron cultivation.

 Plant size control is one of the most important factors in the production of ornamental plants. Plant size can be limited by a variety of methods, including genetic control, environmental conditions, and the use of plant growth retardants. Lily (Lilium sp.) is one of the most important cut flowers with different species and cultivars. Some lilies can grow up to one meter in height. Usually the appropriate height of the stem for pot use is 40-30 cm, which is achieved by using growth regulators. This study aimed to investigate the role of uniconazole and cycocel to control height, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Lilium.

 This study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design. Uniconazole (0, 5 and 10 mg L-1) and cycocel (0, 1000 and 1500 mg L-1) were the first factor and application methods of the above compounds (immersion application and foliar application) was the second factor. Disease-free bulbs (with a circumference of 15 cm) Lily (Longifiorum × Asistic cv. Eyeliner) was purchased from Saei Gol Company in Tehran. To apply the immersion treatment, the bulbs were immersed in a solution of cycocel (CCC) and uniconazole (UN) for 7 minutes before planting. Then they were planted in plastic pots. In foliar spraying treatments, the bulbs were first planted in pots and when the stem height reached 10 cm, they were sprayed with CCC and UN. Water was used for control treatment. Leaf number, plant height, total chlorophyll, total phenol, flower diameter, enzyme activity (PPO, GPX or CAT) and time of budding were measured. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and mean comparisons were analyzed by the least significant difference test.

 The effect of growth retardant, the application method and their interaction was significant on stem height. The shortest plants were observed in foliage application of 10 mg L-1 UN which was not significantly different from the concentration of 10 mg L-1 UN in immersion method. The mechanism of growth retardants is to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellins. Therefore, they act as anti-gibberellins to reduce plant height. Uniconazole inhibits the biosynthesis of gibberellins by blocking kaurene oxidase, a P450 enzyme. The largest diameter of lily flowers was observed in immersion application of 1500 mg L-1 CCC however, there was no significant difference between flower diameter of mentioned treatment with immersion method of 1000 mg L-1 CCC and foliar application of 10 mg L-1 UN. Growth retardants increase endogenous cytokinin levels, resulting in increased cell division and improved flower growth and flower diameter. The effect of growth retardant on number of leaves was significant. The highest numbers of leaves were observed in 1000 and 1500 mg L-1 CCC. The effect of growth retardant, the application method and their interaction was significant on chlorophyll and phenol contents. The highest chlorophyll content was observed in immersion application of 10 mg L-1 UN. Growth retardants appear to increase chlorophyll content due to increased cytokines. The results of this study showed an increase in total phenol in plants treated with uniconazole 10 mg L-1. Growth retardants have been reported to increase phenol content by increasing plant resistance to environmental stresses. Catalase enzyme activity was significantly affected by growth retardant. The highest activity of CAT enzyme was related to CCC at 1500 mg L-1. The effect of growth retardant and their interaction was significant on GPX enzyme activity. The highest enzyme activity was obtained in plants sprayed with 1000 mg L-1 CCC. Growth retardants have been reported to increase enzyme activity, causing plant resistance to environmental stresses and delaying lipid peroxidation and membrane degradation.

 Considering that one of the most important goals in the present study was the production of dwarf lilium, it can be said that uniconazole 10 mg L-1 (foliar application and immersion) had a significant effect in controlling stem height compared to other treatments. The effect of this treatment on other traits such as flower diameter, total chlorophyll and total phenol was also significant. The time of budding, leaf number and activity of CAT and GPX enzymes was better in cycocel treatment with a concentration of 1500 mg L-1. Therefore, the use of uniconazole can be recommended for the production of dwarf plants, considering that it works better in two important traits, including controlling stem height and increasing flower diameter. It is also suggested that since the cycocel treatment was effective in increasing enzymatic activity, the effect of this treatment on plant resistance to environmental stresses should be investigated.