جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « grain » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

This study was performed by split-split plots using randomized complete block design with three replications in Khuzestan province with the aim of determining the best method of rice cultivation in two years (2018 and 2019). Three planting methods (planting drying, planting seedlings, planting direct or common), 16 different levels of auxin and salicylic acid hormones in the form of seed priming and different leaf spray treatments with 1 and 2 liters per hectare and different spraying times in the tillering stages and the appearance of panicle on different rice genotypes were investigated. Results The combined analysis results showed that in addition to the interaction effect of planting method in hormone traits, there is a significant difference in the level of probability of one percent. grain yield and yield components along with all vegetative and reproductive traits (Panicle weight, 1000-grain weight, grain and floret in the panicle) that can increase grain yield through current photosynthesis or remobilization had their highest value in the transplanting method due to the creation of optimal growth conditions for stress relief. Among the combined hormonal priming treatments of seeds with both growth hormones auxin and salicylic acid, the highest amount of grain yield and yield components was observed due to the complementarity of the two growth hormones in regulating biochemical and morphological reactions of the plant. Time-consuming effects are much more compatible, and we were in the priming method because of creating resistance and accelerating growth.

Due to the increasing awareness of human societies about the health-enhancing effects of synbiotic products, the production and consumption of these products has been growing. However, the majority of products, including beverages, in the global market are dairy-based, and less attention has been paid to the production and expansion of grain-based synbiotic foods. As a result, an attempt has been made in this study to present a synbiotic fermented beverage based on grains with practical and health-giving properties as well as consumer-friendly characteristics. To produce this beverage, alfalfa, millet, and rye sprout extracts were inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei bacteria, and inulin and oligofructose (0, 1.5, and 3%) were used as prebiotics. The prepared formulations were stored at 4±1°C and on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, their physicochemical properties (turbidity, sediment, etanol and phenolic compounds) were evaluated and the data were analyzed with SPSS software. The results show that the percentage of polyphenol decreased significantly with the presence of inulin, oligofructose, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus plantarum, but increased with storage time and the activity of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum (p≥0.05). The addition of inulin and oligofructose in the drink, the passage of time, as well as the activity of Lactobacillus casei and Plantarum increased the percentage of turbidity (p≥0.05). It can be said that with the addition of inulin and oligofructose in beverages, the sedimentation percentage of beverages decreased (p≥0.05). Also, increasing the percentage of inulin and, in particular, oligofructose, storage time, as well as the activity of Lactobacillus casei and plantarum increase the percentage of ethanol (p≥0.05).

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of main elements and micronutrients on morpho-physiological and yield traits of rice plants with the aim of increasing yield and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, experiments in the cropping years 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 in the research farms of Nowshahr city (Mazandaran) was implemented.

The experiment was performed as a factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 ‎replications. Experimental treatments include four levels of fertilizer (control, ‎macronutrients (N, P, K), micronutrients (N, Fe, Mn, Zn), and macro + micro (N, P, K, Mg, Mn, ‎Fe, Cu) as foliar application in tillering, stalking and pregnancy stages), and rice cultivars ‎‎(Fajr, Amrollahi, Hashemi). The measured traits included flag leaf length and width, flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soluble carbohydrate, and grain protein.

The results showed that experimental treatments had a significant effect on all traits. The data analysis of variance results showed that experimental treatments had a significant effect on all traits. In addition, foliar application of fertilizers at different levels compared to the control had a significant effect. The highest grain yield (567.7 g/m2), biological yield (1400 g/m2), carbohydrate (44.48 mg/g dry weight), and grain protein (11.40%) were obtained in Fajr cultivar and d2 fertilizer treatment.

The results of this experiment showed that the method of foliar application of nutrients, in addition to reducing fertilizer losses, improves plant traits due to rapid leaf absorption.

Wheat is the first cereal and the most important crop in the world, and due to the increasing population growth, its production is expected to increase every year. Meanwhile, Iran is considered to have a Mediterranean climate and is part of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world due to its geographical location. Under the Mediterranean climate, grain filling of wheat and other cereal usually occurs when the average temperature of the environment increases and the amount of available moisture is reduced, which would disrupt the photosynthesis and reduce the production of photoassimilates during the current photosynthesis process. However, at the same time, the demand for photosynthetic materials for grain filling and also demand for respiration of the live biomass of plant increases, and current photosynthesis does not respond to them. Therefore, the carbon needed to fill the growing grains is provided from other carbon-based sources, such as the remobilization of stored carbohydrates in the stem internodes before anthesis stage. Therefore, studying the factors affecting the transfer of photoassimilates from different parts of the plant, can provide us with a solution that can be used more effectively to reduce the damage to drought stress and the optimal yield of wheat.

An experiment Was carried out Study of heat stress on rice cultivars grain milling quality of Khuzestan province in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station, Dependent in Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Khuzestan. For exposing rice cultivars to different higher temperature regimes, main plot was assigned to three sowing dates from 5 May with 20 days' intervals and cultivars; Hoveizeh, Hamar (heat tolerance) Ghermez Anbori, Champa (heat sensitive) and Danial (relatively heat tolerant) were randomized in sub-plots. The results of combined analyses showed that was a significant different in planting date by variety interaction in all of trades. On the other hand, the related temperature condition, varieties had different reaction. The highest of grain elongation obtained in Ghermez Anbori, Danial and third sowing date. The elongation ratio was higher in third; second sowing date and Ghermez Anbori. The heat tolerant cultivars had highest Gel consistency (Gc) and Amylose content (Ac). The highest Gelatinization temperature (Gt) obtained in third sowing date.

This study aims to identify relationships as well as the positive and negative influence of the related traits to the sugar of organs and different periods of growth, ion, biochemistry, enzyme and hormone as the independent variable with the grain yield as the dependent variable. Twelve genotypes were carried out in the random complete blocks’ design with three replications that were consistent with the climate conditions of Khuzestan. They can impact significantly on the grain yield changes in the sugar of the vegetative, reproductive organs at the stage of physiological maturity of the flag leaf and root, in the pollination stage, in the nitrogen ions, in the biochemical traits of the Malondialdehyde, protein, starch and proline attributes and between the abscisic acid enzyme and hormone, Catalase and Guaiacol. The sugar in the flag leaf had the highest percentage of significant change in the level of 1% with the yield grain at the physiological maturity stage, nitrogen, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and abscisic acid, with negative, positive, negative and negative relation, respectively. The obtained results can be the major and important target for genetic modification of the rice varieties to increase the grain yield of the plant as an economic and strategic product.

 Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is predominantly grown in the Mediterranean area, the northern plains of the United States, Canada, Europe, and many parts of the Asia.(FAO, 2017).A large part of the wheat cultivated land in Iran is located in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to lack of water resources and consequently stress for plants, wheat yieldis significantly reduced. Unde rstanding the effect of drought stress on grain yield is an effective step in durum wheat production.(Garcia del moral et. al., 2003).

A factorial experiment with 2 factors in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates including durum wheat genotypes and water stress was conducted in the research greenhouse of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab in 2017-2018. Mixtures of 4 durum wheat genotypes (Behrang, Shabrang, Dw-92-4 and Dw-94-14) were planted in binary and quadruple combinations and pure culture. Plants were treated in two levels of water stress including normal irrigation and water stressed. Plants which went under water stress did not watereduntil the plants showed rolled leaves.
 

 The results of analysis of variance of yield and yield components are shown intable 1. Interactions ofwater stress and genotype mixtures on grain yield per plant, number ofseeds per spike, number of seeds per spikelet, one thousand seed weight were significant at the probability level of 0.01 (p≤0.01).This means that the response of the genotype mixtures to the same water stress was not the same and the amount of these losses due to water stress were higher for some of the genotype mixtures than others. (table 1). The results showed that the highest grain yield obtained in shabrang+behrang genotype mixture at normal irrigation level (8.75 g per plant) and the least grain yield was observed  in DW-92-4 pure crop under water stress conditions.(1.1 g per plant). The highest positive and significant correlation were observed between grain yield andplant height, 1000 grain weightand leaf length (r = 0.443 **) (r = 0.434 **) (r = 0.312 **) respectively.Some researchers revealed that grain yield in mixed crop combination with the same seeding rate is 15 to 23 percent superior to pure crop cultivation.(Nazeri et al., 2004).

 In general, the results indicated that the combination of genotypes under normal irrigation conditions, than pure culture as an agro-ecological method have some, positive effects on grain yield and other agronomical traits.The highest positive and significant correlation was observed between grain yield andplant height, 1000 grain weightand leaf length (r = 0.443 **) (r = 0.434 **) (r = 0.312 **). According to the results of this experiment, it seems that under irrigation conditions, the use of genotype mixtures can produce more yield than pure culture of a genotype in greenhouse conditions.

Weeds are one of the greatest problems in bean production. In order to evaluate integrating herbicide and cultivation in red bean weed management, an experiment conducted in Damavand city, Tehran Province, in 2013. The main factor consisted two levels soil cultivating and no cultivating. Pre emergence Imazethapyr (Pursuit, 10% SL, BASF, Germany) application in 0.5 and 1 L.ha-1, post emergence Imazethapyr application in 0.3, 0.5 and 1 L.ha-1, and no herbicide application as control considered as levels of subplot. Field weed species were Redroot pigweed, Common lambsquarter, European bindweed, and Pipper weed. Results indicated soil cultivation reduced weed dry matter from 4634 to 1626 kg.ha-1 and bean grain yield increased 243 to 904 kg.ha-1. Application of 1 L.ha-1 Imazethapyr as pre and post emergence decreased weed dry weight 1032 and 1120 kg.ha-1 respectively and bean grain yield increased 977 and 1482 kg.ha-1 respectively. Integrating soil cultivation and Imazethapyr application in 0.5 and 1 L.ha-1 as pre and post emergence, reduced weed dry weight from 345 and 455 kg.ha-1 respectively and increased bean grain yield 5461 and 4963 kg.ha-1 respectively. Also integrating soil cultivation and Imazethapyr application has significant and positive effect on bean leaf area index, plant height, chlorophyll concentration, branches No., and biological yield. As shown results, application of 1 L.ha-1 Imazethapyr as pre emergence with soil cultivation is a good recommendation for successful bean grain yield and minimum herbicide application.

By identifying the removal areas the reasons can be identified instead of addressing the causes, And focused on executive activities in the harvesting areas And for this, the identification of sediments is particular importance In this paper, with the aim of better understanding and interpreting sedimentary samples, Investigating and analyzing the distribution of sediments in the facies of the study area has been investigated. For this purpose, after sampling of surface soil and preparation of samples, The drying procedure was performed according to A.S.T.M standard in 8 classes, which was smaller than 64 microns to 4000 microns. By entering the data into Gradistat software, statistical parameters such as mid-diameter, skewness and sample sorting were calculated based on the Fulc's comprehensive drawing method. The results of the study showed that the particle sorting is between 0.8 and 0.3, which confirms the near-average spacing distance from the harvesting area to the sediment accumulation point. The results of the particle tilting index are in the median vein facies, agricultural lands, agriculture, and sandy areas with symmetrical pebble cover. In other facies, the index is tilted towards fine particles. In the facies of the Rigi plain, the puffy lands and the permafrost shells of the wear coefficient classes are between 0-200 and then fully angled and the particles are transported from a distance. In the rest of the facies, the wear coefficients are between 200 to 400, in which case the particles are semi-angled and the particles are transported from a relatively distant distance.

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are among heavy metals which enter water, soil, plants and ultimately the human and animals food chain from variouse resources and can cause serious damages. Several methods has been suggested for remediation of contaminated soils. Phytoremediation is a promising technology for this purpose. Harvesting and maximum extraction of contaminants from soil environment is the purpose of phytoremediation. Use of chelates, is one of the effective approaches for increasing the bioavailability of heavy metals. Therefore, In this study, the effects of Ethylene Diamine Tetra-acetic Acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent on increased absorption of Pb and Cd by Canola (Okapi) were studied. A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse as a factorial and completely randomized design with three replication. Factors included of : 1- EDTA Application in two levels (0 and 2.7 mmolkg-1 soil), 2- Pb at three levels ( 0, 150 and 500 mgkg-1 soil) and 3- Cd in three levels (0, 3 and 10 mgkg-1 soil). Consequently, a non- contaminated soil was selected and contaminated with different amounts of Pb and Cd. Then, canola seeds were planted and after harvest, Pb and Cd concentration in plants (grain and straw) and soil was measured. The results showed that EDTA Application was able to increase Pb and Cd solubility in soil solution, resulting in increased absorption of Pb in straw (25.6 times) and grain (11.2 times) and Cd in straw (12 %). Also studying the Pb and Cd concentration in canola showed that in canola straw in contaminated treatments, Cd concentration (7.35-23.1 mgkg-1) in both levels of EDTA and Pb concentration (106.47-275.48 mgkg-1) only in treatment with EDTA were observed in toxicity limit.

Information on the concentration and accumulation of phosphorus (P) in the plant dry matter (DM) and the coefficients of its allocation to different plant parts can help improve the P nutrition of crops and increase the efficiency of P fertilizers. In order to investigate the effect of inoculation with Streptomyces sp. bacteria and fertilizer P rate (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P ha) on the P and DM accumulation and partitioning in wheat (cultivar Morvarid) and barley (cultivar Sahara), a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications was carried out in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences during 2014-2015 growing season. The amount of soil available P was 5.8 mg kg-1. Results showed that the effects of fertilizer P rate on DM accumulation, the P concentration and accumulation in all plant parts was significant (P = 0.01), statistically. Inoculation also influenced the DM accumulation in all parts except seeds, and P accumulation in all of them except the stem, but its effect on the P concentration in different parts of plant with the exception of leaf and root was not significant. As a result, it can be deduced that the rate of fertilizer phosphorus through both DM accumulation and P concentration, and inoculation only via DM accumulation affects the P accumulation. Also, the findings of this study showed a very high stability of allocation coefficients of DM and P to different parts of plant compared to DM and P accumulation and P concentration. P concentrations in the whole plant and grain in control (without P fertilizer) were 2.29 and 3.86 g P kg-1, and in the treatment of 80 kg P ha-1 were 3.89 and 6.00 g P kg-1. Also, the amount of accumulated P in a grain was 2.18 and 2.68 mg and in whole plant (shoot root) was 4.88 and 5.15 mg in wheat and barley, respectively. By increasing the rate of P fertilizer, accumulated phosphorus in all parts of the plant was increased linearly with different slopes, and reached to 6.98 and 9.08 at grain and 14.48 and 14.75 mg at whole plant of wheat and barley, respectively, when 80 kg P ha-1 was applied. The results showed a 197 and 186 percent increase in P uptake in wheat and barley, respectively, in the treatment of 80 kg P ha-1 compared to control. In both crops, at all levels of P fertilizer, the plant organs based on the amount of P accumulates were as seed > stem > leaf> root.

Study on differences of barley varieties and genotypes at different P fertilizer rates on grain yields and P uptake under dry land condition was carried out. In this study, experiments were conducted with four levels of phosphorus fertilizer rates as a main plots and ten barley varieties and genotypes as sub plots with split plot design with three replications from 2009 to 2012 in main station of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute. Results showed that with increasing phosphorus application rates, grain and straw yields, P concentration, P uptake of different wheat varieties and genotypes were differently and significantly increased. Phosphorus treatments 30 and 45 kg P2O5/ha compared to control (0 P2O5/ha) had highest grain, straw yields, P concentration in grain and straw, and total P uptake. Barley genotypes and varieties were not significantly different in grain yields, but differed relatively due to selected and evaluated genotypes in cereal section for drought condition. URB81/3, Abidar, Dayton compared to other had highest grain and straw yields. Total P uptake for different varieties and genotypes were differed significantly. Genotype Dari-ERB87/2 had highest P uptake compared to other genotypes and varieties. Barley genotypes and varieties indicated that URB82/9 and URB81/5 had highest P uptake at low phosphorus application compared to other varieties and genotypes, while the other genotypes increased P uptake with increasing P rates. It can be concluded that addition P fertilizer to soil increase barley yields. Varieties and genotypes differed in P uptake and relatively grain and straw yields. Yields of barley and P uptake depend on growth rates, rain fall and its distribution, P application rates and differences of barley genotypes. URB82/9 and URB81/5 can increase P uptake at less applied phosphorus fertilizer.

Beneficial free-living rhizobacteria, which have been shown to improve plant health or increase yield, are usually referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic fungus, has been under researches for more than a century. Inoculation of plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may be effective in improving crop production under drought conditions. Improved productivity of AM plants was attributed to enhanced uptake of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus, zinc and copper. In addition, other factors associated with AM colonization may influence plant resistance to drought. Therefore the main of this study was to effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi on yield, yield components and its associated in two dryland wheat cultivars.

An experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University and Sarableh Agricultural and Research, Recources Center during 2013-2014 cropping season. Experiment factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Keras Sablan and Saji) and fertilizer sources treatment including of 1- without application of phosphorious chemical fertilizer, 2- 50 kg/ha P, 3- p. putida, 4- G.mosseae, 5- p.putida + G.mosseae, 6- p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P, 7- p.putida + 25 kg/ha P and 8- G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P. At full maturity, Seed nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe and Cu were recorded using a sample plants from the middle ridges of each plot. The data were analyzed statistically by SAS program and the data means were compared by LSD test.

Results indicated that interaction effect between cultivar ×fertilizer sources had significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe in seed wheat. Using of bio-fertilizer had positive and significant effect total studied traits in two dryland wheat under dry land condition. The highest zinc element in seed was obtained from Saji cultivar and using p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least of it was Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which increased to 49.7% in the zinc element in the seed. The highest amount of manganese in seed was from Saji cultivar in the application of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least manganese obtained from Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which increased 53.3% in the manganese element in the seed. The highest iron element in the seed belonged to Saji cultivar and using of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the lowest from Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which caused an increase 97.2% in iron element in grain. The highest magnesium content in the seed was obtained from Saji cultivar and using of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the lowest from Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which increased 39.1% in the magnesium element in the seed. The highest nitrogen content in the seed was from Sagi cultivar in the application of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the lowest nitrogen content indicated in Keras Sabalan cultivar in the control treatment, which caused an increase of 21.5% in nitrogen in grain. The highest P content in the seeds was from Saji cultivar and the application of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least P content was cultivar Keras Sabalan in control treatment, which increased 66.1% in phosphorus in grain. The highest element of potassium in seed was obtained Saji cultivar and using of p.putida + G.mosseae +25 kg/ha P and the least Pseudomonas potassium indicated in Keras Sabalan cultivar in control treatment, which caused an increase 64.8% of potassium content was in the seed. There was significant different between cultivars to response of Using of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, so that Sji cultivars had the best response to mycorrhizal fungi.

In this study indicated that GM and PSB had positive affect on seed quality and seed nutrients had the better status in presence of inoculationwithGM and PSB. Application of GM and PSB with fertilizer levels significantly increased the macro and micro elements uptake thad was recorded from Saji Cultivar × GM + 25 kg/ha P. The decrease in available N, P, K, and Fe, Mn, Mg, Ze status of seed was recorded in control where no fertilizer (control treatment). The increased uptake of the nutrients was due to added supply of nutrient and well developed root system resulting in better absorption of water and nutrient. According to the results, the use of GM and PSB cause root development and provide conditions for the absorption of nutrients. In this study, GM and PSB through the development of mechanisms such as root growth have increased the absorption of nutrients and the development of photosynthetic surfaces and the plant produced materials for the development of their organs. Finally, the nutrients in the seeds increased.

To investigate the effect of weed interference on the yield and yield components of rice an experiment was conducted in 2014 at Amol and Mahmoudabad cities in Mazandaran. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three replications. Treatments to control weeds were of two types. The first treatment consistsed of controling weeds 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after rice transplanting and then weeds interfered with plant during rest of growing season. A whole season weed control was used as check. The second type treatment at weed interference until 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after rice transplanting and then weeds were controlled during rest of growing season. A whole season interference treatment was used as a weed infested check. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference for grain yield in either weed free or weed infested treatments between two places. Weed control and interference (except panicle number and biological yield) significantly affected grain yield, grain numbers per panicle and 1000 grain weight. The highest grain yield (3010.83 kg.ha-1) belonged to weed control during whole growing season and lowest grain yield (2075 kg.ha-1) was obtained from weed infested check. Weed infested check resulted in lower grain yield (by 8.31%), panicle number (by 8.33%) and grains number per panicle (by 10.26%) as compared to the control. The critical period of weed control, based on the amount of 5 and 10 percent of yield losses, were fitted by Gompertz and Logestic regression to weed infested weed free treatments, respectively. The results showed that the critical period of weed control in Mahmoudabad region occurred during the days of 22 to 59 and 27 to 36 (from early to end of tillering) based on 10 and 5 percent of yield loss, respectively. The critical point was calculated to be 32 days after transplanting.Thecritical period for Amol region occurred during days of 15 to 54 and 20 to 37 (from early to end of tillering) based on 10 and 5 percent of yield loss, respectively. The critical point was calculated for day 25 after transplanting. In conclusion, the critical period of weed control seems to begin earlier in Amol than in Mahmoudabad and it also had a longer range.

Drought is one of the most limiting factors on plant production and both the grain yield and yield components of medicinal plants are influenced by it. Today, factors stated as being capable of improving stress resistance are included in the research requirements and organic methods are given the priority. In order to achieve these aims, the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and humic acid on the yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought stress conditions were evaluated.
An experiment was carried out during 2013 in the Northeast of Qom region, as a split factorial based on complete randomized blocks design in 3 replications. Irrigation interval on 3 levels (irrigation after 40, 70 and 100 mm evaporated water from a class A evaporation pan) as the main factor, humic acid at 2 levels (non-application and application) and PGPR using methods on 4 levels (non-application and application by seed inoculation, irrigation water and seed inoculation irrigation water) as factorial were considered as subfactors. Humic acid and PGPR applications in irrigation water were undertaken twice at the 4- and 12-leaf formation stages. The humic acid consumption volume was 3 liters per hectare for each irrigation treatment. The PGPR sources applied were Azotobacter (Azotobacter crococcum) and Azospirillum (Azospirillum brasilense).
The results demonstrated that drought stress had a significant decreasing effect on all experimented traits; however, PGPR and humic acid had a positive effect on evaluated characteristics in both stress and non-stress conditions (irrigation after 40 mm). According to the findings, with the exception PGPR × humic acid, all double and triple interaction effects were significant on seed and biological yield of basil. In this case, the highest seed yield (2336.67 kg ha-1) and biological yield (6867.01 kg ha-1) were observed in the 40 mm irrigation, humic acid and PGPR (seed inoculation irrigation water) treatment. The triple interaction effect of experimented factors was meaningful on 1000 seed weight. In this case, the highest amounts of the aforementioned traits (2.09 g) belonged to the integrated use of PGPR sources and humic acid in the optimal irrigation method (irrigation at 40 mm evaporation) and resulted in a 26.31 percent increase compared to the control treatment. Based on the research findings, drought stress improved the shoot essential oil content of basil; however, application of anti-stress agents by providing most of the plant requirements under both normal irrigation and water deficit stress conditions eventually made and stored higher essence content.
The drought stress created by increasing irrigation intervals, reduced significantly all yield and yield components of basil. Overall, the PGPR and humic acid application decreased adverse effects of water deficit stress, although the role of PGPR was greater than that of humic acid. The effect of experimental factors on the shoot essential oil percentage was in contrast and, under these circumstances, the role of drought stress in the consequential changes in essence content was greater than the total impact of the stimulating factors, namely PGPR and humic acid.

Dry matter accumulation and cytokinin (zeatin and zeatin riboside) levels of grains in various positions within the wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Var. Pishtaz) spike and spikelet were investigated during the grain filling duration. This experiment was conducted in greenhouse of Islamic Azad University¡ Saveh Branch¡ in 2010-11 farming year. Main shoot of wheat were partitioned into proximal¡ middle and distal regions and further into bold (basal) and small (apical) grains. Ten labeled spikes were sampled every 4 days from 3 days after anthesis (DAA) to 23 DAA¡ and every 7 days from 23 DAA to maturity. Results indicate that the cytokinin level increased rapidly from about 7 until 15 days after anthesis and then decreased depending upon the position of grains in spike and spikelet. The differences in cytokinin levels¡ both among spikelets in different regions of the spike and also among grains within a spikelet¡ were positively correlated with the differences in dry matter accumulation. Higher zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in the grains at the early grain filling stage¡ may promote the division of endosperm cells¡ thus constitute a powerful sink¡ and enhance assimilate migration and its accumulation in the developing grains. The results suggest that cytokinins in the grains during the early phase of grain development play an important role in regulating grain filling pattern and consequently influence grain filling percentage.

The effects of any tillage method on soil properties, depends on location (soil, water and air) and the number of (years) their implementation. Soil compaction reduces yield through increased soil mechanical resistance against root growth and lower water and nutrient use efficiency (Gamda et al. 18 & Ishagh et al 23). Soil surface and sub surface compaction both reduce yield due to limited root growth and plant potassium uptake (Doulan et al. 14). Sabt et al. (50) reported that in the study area, which the lands are mostly illite clay (high specific surface area) with sufficient nitrogen, soil potassium is the most important limiting factor for the growth of wheat.Considering the point that loess soils in Golestan Province have a high specific surface area,they can provide potassium for plants to produce crop, but for a higher production, potassium fertilizers should be used. Previous studies indicated that production of wheat is limited due to potassium deficiency (4, 49, 54 and 57). In these soils with a high specific surface area, the speed of movement of potassium from the soil solution is low, and doing solimits wheat yield.In loess soils containing high illite and high specific surface area (eg, soilsin the series of Rahmat Abad of Gorgan), ammonium acetate measured potassium on exchange and solution surfaces, which is highly correlated with grain yield (54). There is a high correlation between grain yield with overload of potassium and Na TPB extraction (57). The aim of this study was to absorb potassium (limiting factor for plant growth) with different tillage systemsat different depths. International recommendations towards reducing the depth and intensity of tillage (from minimum tillage to no-tillage) in order to reduce erosion and oxidation of organic substances plays an important role in determining the amount of greenhouse gases. If potassium absorption does not reduceafter reducing tillage intensity,low or no-tillage methods are preferred. Otherwise no choice but to continue conventional tillage. The second objective is to assess the effects of the treatments (different tillage systems) on the growth and size of the roots and to predict nutrient uptake by plants.

This research was a field experiment during 2009-2010 in estates of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (Seyed Miran Area) with 5 treatments and 4 replications which used completely randomized block design. Treatments were 5 tillage methods including moldboard-ploughing (20-25 cm depth) followed by disking, rotivator (12-17 cm depth), disking (8-10 cm depth), chisel (25- 30 cm depth) and no-tillage. Row spacing, distance between seeds in a rowand the amount of seeding was 20 cm 1.5 cm and 268.5 kg ha respectively (planting was done by hands). The consumption of fertilizers based on soil test results and the results reported by other researchers were added to the soil surface before planting (54). In all treatments, 350 kg per hectare of ammonium phosphate and 200 kg of potassium sulfate before planting and by hands were added. For treated moldboard,rotary cultivator, disc and chisel were used, and for no-tillage system by disc plow and sweep were used.Main parameters measured were soil mechanical resistance at 6 stages during wheat growth using a cone penetrometer (0-8 cm soil depth), soil potassium at two stages during plant growth (before heading and harvest) using sodium tetraphenyl boron(12), ammonium acetate(28) and ammonium nitrate as extractents and using potassium surface excess(8) determination method and also bulk soil solution potassium concentration(2). Yield of wheat and its components were also determined at harvest. Data analysis include the analysis of variance and mean comparisons using LSD and correlations which carried out using SAS software.

Results show there was a significant difference between treatments with respect to extractible soil potassium using sodium tetraphenyl boron at 5 percent level and ammonium acetate at 1 percent level, both before wheat heading. Soil potassium content did not differ significantly in this stage when potassium excess method was used. With all methods of soil potassium determination, soil potassium did not differ significantly at harvest. Soil potassium with moldboard-ploughing was less than all other tillage methods at before plant heading. Thomas et al. (55) and Martin Rhoda et al.(40) also stated that soil potassium was greater with no-tillage method. Lopez Phando & Pardo. (34) similarly stated that soil potassium with no-tillage method was greater than moldboard ploughing. According to results of the current experiment, soil mechanical resistance was further reduced as tillage intensity was increased. Soil mechanical resistance with moldboard ploughing was less than other tillage methods between early heading stage and harvest. Lower mechanical resistance with increased tillage intensity increased root growth and soil potassium uptake by wheat grain and straw, leading to greater yield production in accordance with results by Fakori (16). Conclusions Soil tillage with moldboard ploughing reduced mechanical resistance, increased root density (and possibly soil-root contact surface area) and soil potassium uptake which results a greater wheat head density and yield and also a lower soil potassium with different methods (potassium excess determination and bulk soil solution potassium concentration methods and also using soidium tetraphenyl boron, ammonium acetate extractants) at before heading which is the stage for maximal growth and nutrient accumulation rate. Soil extractants maybe used for plant nutrient uptake and yield predictions in a plant canopy, when plant nutrient uptake has a positive significant correlation with soil potassium and treatments do not affect root growth and the mentioned correlation.