جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "nacl" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Prolonged droughts and lack of water resources, followed by the salinity of water and soil resources, have faced many limitations in the production of some conventional agricultural and garden plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the country. Therefore, the introduction of new plants with high yield potential, which have suitable growth in saline soils, the threshold of their seed yield reduction is high, and the production product is of high quality has been considered in Iran. Quinoa with the scientific name Chenopodium quinoa Willd. It is an annual plant originating from Latin America, which, despite its high nutritional value, tolerates a wide range of abiotic stresses and can grow in marginal lands. For this reason, this experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of quinoa plant genotypes against different levels of salinity in the research field of the Gorgan Agricultural Meteorological Research Department.

Cultivation of seeds of nine genotypes Titicaca (control number), Giza1, RedCarina, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29, and Q31 obtained from Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute in a factorial experiment based on a complete random block design. Plastic pots were made with a bed of sand and clay in a ratio of two to one on March 5, 2019. The application of NaCl salt solution treatments at the levels of zero, 10, 20, and 30 decisiemens/m started after the establishment of the plant and reached the six-leaf stage and lasted for 45 days. After salinity treatment, morphological traits including plant height, stem diameter, number of sub-branches, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, biomass, 1000 seed weight, and seed weight per plant were measured.

According to this study, with the increase in NaCl salinity level, there was a significant decrease in all traits. Different genotypes also had significant differences in most traits in each salinity treatment. The RedCarina and Q12 genotypes consistently exhibited poor performance across all salinity levels in the examined traits, whereas the Giza1 and Q21 genotypes demonstrated high performance in most traits, indicating sensitivity and tolerance, respectively. These two groups of genotypes consistently clustered together in both cluster analysis and biplot tests across different salinity levels. However, some genotypes displayed relative performance variations at different salinity levels. For instance, the Titicaca cultivar excelled at high salinity levels of 20 and 30 dS.m-1, while the Q29 and Q31 genotypes exhibited high performance and tolerance to salinity stress at low salinity levels of zero and 10 dS.m-1. Genotypes that had high yield potential at low salinity levels had the highest yield in vegetative traits at salinity levels of 20 and 30 decisiemens, but had the lowest values in reproductive traits, especially in seed weight. In Principal Component Analysis, reproductive traits explained the most changes in high salinity levels. Salinity stress caused a significant decrease in most of the traits of the quinoa plant. The response of genotypes to different salinity levels was different. In addition, the genotypes showed different performance even in different growth phases. The high performance in traits related to the vegetative phase and weak response in the reproductive phase show that the granulation stage in the quinoa plant can be introduced as a salinity-sensitive stage. These results also show the high diversity of quinoa plant genotypes in each of the different salinity levels.

Jar cheese is a hard, slightly acidic and sweet pungent that has a granular state and has a dry appearance. In this study, the effect of relative substitution of NaCl salt with KCl (0.25, 50 and 75%) on the characteristics of free fatty acids, fat, peroxide and acidity of Jar cheese was investigated. The results showed that replacing NaCl with KCl and ripening time (5, 45 and 90) did not have a significant effect on fat and peroxide levels (p> 0.05). The acidity content in different treatments did not change significantly with the replacement of NaCl with KCl, Acidity content was increased significantly during ripening period (p <0.05). The results of measurement of fatty acid profiles showed that butyric acid was detected in all treatments and its quantification was   in lowest amount within specific days of ripening period (5, 45 and 90). partial replacement of NaCl with KCl did not affect the free fatty acid profile except for stearic acid (C18), and also no significant changes were observed in total amount of free fatty acids measured among all treatments (p> 0.05). In terms of the overall acceptance sensory score, a significant difference was observed between the control treatment and the treatment containing (9% KCl + 3% NaCl) and the closest treatment to the control treatment in terms of the sensory score of flavor, texture, appearance and overall acceptance is the T1 treatment containing (3% KCl + 9% NaCl). In general, the results of this study showed that 50% NaCl can be substituted with KCl.

Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) is one of the oldest and most critical dry fruits in the world and belongs to the Rosacea family. Salinity is one of the increasing problems in the world and it covers a large part of our country, so identifying work methods against abiotic stress is a major challenge. Salinity stress affects the absorption of nutrients. In the conditions of salinity stress, the occurrence of changes in the amount of absorption, distribution and transfer of nutrients in the plant parts or the physiological inactivation of the parts of the plant that are involved in the absorption of nutrients cause disturbance in the nutritional balance of the plant. Salinity first leads to a decrease in water absorption and then causes a disturbance in the absorption of nutrients in the plant, which leads to plant damage. Absorption of water and nutrients in plants are closely related, and the factors that limit water absorption may also cause tension in the absorption of nutrients. In the conditions of salinity stress, the decrease in the absorption of nutrients is caused by the decrease in the efficiency of the roots in the absorption of nutrients and the competition between sodium and chlorine ions with elements such as calcium and potassium. The use of almond-specific hybrids such as GF677, GF557, Titan, Hansen, and GN15 is beneficial for achieving salinity and drought tolerance. However, botanists need faster and more complete methods to cope with intense environmental stresses. Using effective microorganisms (EMs) is one of these options that increases plant resistance to environmental stresses through increasing metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to select new salinity-resistant rootstocks and investigate the effect of different levels of salinity and EM' treatments on the number of various nutrients in the leaf and root of almond seedlings.

This research was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2016. A pot experiment was carried out as a factorial based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Almond rootstocks, two years old, healthy, and with the same growth ability, were provided. In March, they were removed from polyethylene pots and transformed into seven kg plastic pots containing equal amounts of cultivated soil and peat moss and each pot was considered as one repeat. The used soil texture was sandy loamy with pH = 6.8, EC = 1.63 ds m−1, 179 ppm of K, 71 ppm of P, 0.17 % of total N, and 1.41 % of C. The experimental treatments included: effective microorganisms concentrations containing EM0: zero, EM1: 10, EM2: 20, and EM3: 30 ml L-1 and salinity in four levels: B0: zero, B1: 60, B2: 120, and B3: 180 mM NaCl, that were applied on almond rootstocks: C0: Sangi almond seedling, C1: GF677, and C2: GN15. From the 5th of May and for two months, EMs have been applied once a week with irrigation water and soil application. The pots were irrigated with water containing various NaCl levels every two days, from the 5th of July for 60 days. Drainage water was removed from the bottom of the pot at each irrigation with saline water. The plant roots were thoroughly washed with ordinary water to minimize EC and pH changes due to salt accumulation in the planting bed each week. At the beginning of the experiment, to prevent the occurrence of sudden stress on plants, salinity stress increased by increasing the amount of 15 mM NaCl daily. To evaluate these conditions, on the studied almond rootstocks, nutrient elements such as sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium, and nitrogen, and the potassium/sodium ratio of leaf and root were measured.

Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) showed that in the treatment of EMs, the interaction of the year and the rootstocks was significant on calcium leaf. The simple effects of treatments in all studied elements were statistically significant. The results showed that the sodium chloride of leaves and chlorine and roots increased with increasing salinity stress. Three tested rootstocks with stress expansion, but the GF677 and seedling rootstock had the lowest sodium and chloride in the leaf and root. With increasing salt stress levels, concentrations of potassium, calcium, nitrogen, and potassium/sodium ratio of leaves and roots, decreased in all three rootstocks but these indices were higher in the GF677 and seedling almond.

Among the evaluated traits elements, the leaf nitrogen, and potassium/sodium content were good markers to study and examine the salinity of almond rootstocks. The application of biofertilizers improved all studied indices in each of the three studied rootstocks and the best result in the Ems experiment was related to the GF677, the level of 30 ml per liter of EMs, and zero mM of salinity. Based on this, the GF677 hybrid was tolerant to salt stress conditions, and seedling almond and GN15 were placed in the next positions, respectively.

 Salinity stress impairs the absorption of elements such as potassium, leads to decrease in water and minerals, or due to an increase in Na+ effects the absorption of other elements. Salinity of water and soil is one of the obstacles to the expansion of agriculture in most part of the world. Salinity causes several physiological and morphological changes in plants and affects growth and photosynthesis. Salinity stress also affects the absorption of nutrients, and finally the plants sensitivity to stress increases. High concentrations of Nacl in rhizosphere reduce the water potential and cause physiological drought stress. In addition, salinity stress can cause ion toxicity and imbalance, which can damage the plant. Salinity stress has been shown to reduce plant biomass by decreasing photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content. As stress increases, stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation decrease, which both negatively impact photosynthesis and lead to a decrease in plant growth. Dianthus is an annual or perennial plant that produces velvety flowers in various colors. Due to its resistance to cold and wide range of colors, it is commonly used in landscaping. However, limited research has been conducted on the response of Dianthus to environmental stress, making it important to investigate its behavior under such conditions.

 This research was conducted at greenhouse of municipality of Khomein, Iran. The statistical design was used in the factorial experiment based on CRD. Experimental factors included salinity stress (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 mM) and cultivars (Barbarin and Diana). After preparing the seeds, it is first disinfected using sodium hypochlorite and then planted in plastic pots containing soil, sand and manure. At the end of the experiment, morphological traits, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, Na+, K+ and Na+/K+ was also examined. Gas exchanges were measured using an exchange measuring device (LCA4, ADC Bioscientific,Ltd., Hoddesdon, England). At the time of measuring gas exchanges, the temperature under chamber was 26-29 C and relative humidity was 58-62%. (stomatal conductivity is based on mmol/m2/s and photosynthesis in µmol/m2/s). To measure the concentration of Na+ and K+, the leaf first turned to ash (at 550 C). Then 5 ml of hydrochlorid was added to dissolve the sample and the volume of the filtered solution was reduced to 50 ml with distilled water and the concentration of Na+ and K+ was measured with flame meter. In order to measure the fresh weight of leaves and roots, plant components were separated. Fresh weight was recorded with a scale and then samples were placed in the oven (for 48 h) and weighted again to measure dry weight. Leaf area was measured with a leaf guuge device (A30325) and plant height and root length using a ruler. Statistical analysis of data was performed using Mini Tab and Excel software.

 Results showed that salinity stress generally affected the growth of both carnation cultivars and reduced vegetative and reproductive growth. According to the results obtained from the study, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and leaves, root length, plant height, stem diameter, diameter and number of flower, lateral shoot number, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, K+ concentration in Diana and Barbarin cultivars decreased with increasing salinity level. Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ increased with increasing salinity and these two traits were higher in Diana than Barbarin cultivar, which indicates lower resistance of Diana cultivar. The plant's first response to stress is to reduce its leaf area, which reduces the supply of photosynthetic material to the growing parts and consequently hinders growth and flowering. Salinity stress and high osmotic potential in the rhizosphere greatly affect photosynthesis as they decrease pore conductivity. Moreover, excessive absorption of Na+ can interfere with the absorption of other elements, thereby restricting plant growth. Potassium (K+) is an essential inorganic molecule that plays a crucial role in increasing plant resistance to stress. It helps in maintaining turbidity, promoting cell development, and regulating stomatal function. In this study, salinity stress affected the growth and yield of both carnation cultivars, and with increasing stress, all morphological traits decreased. This stress also reduce photosynthesis by reducing stomatal conductance and subsequently reduce other growth characteristics. Growth reduction was observed at high salinity stress concentrations in both cultivars. However, barbarin cultivar showed higher resistance than Diana

In order to investigate the effect of salinity and cadmium (Cd) on yield, chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity of Kochia plant, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The experimental treatments included five Cd levels (0, 5, 30, 60 and 90 mg Cd kg-1 soil as cadmium sulphate) and three salinity levels (0, 2.5 and 5 g kg-1 soil as NaCl equal to electrical conductivity (EC) 0.65, 9.4, and 18 dS m-1, respectively). The results showed that mean shoot fresh and dry weight, root weight, and plant height at 5 g NaCl Kg-1, decreased significantly by 22, 24, 23, and 15 %; and at 90 mg Cd Kg-1 soil decreased by 52, 67, 45, and 41%, respectively. The greatest reduction in shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight and plant height observed at 5 g NaCl Kg-1 + 90 mg Cd Kg-1 levels. The highest total chlorophyll content observed at control (with no salinity and Cd) and 5 g kg-1 salinity + 5 mg Cd kg-1. With addition of NaCl, the harmful effect of Cd on chlorophyll content of the plant decreased. Salinity and Cd levels had a different effects on antioxidant activity of Koshia plant. However, at higher Cd levels (60 and 90 mg Cd kg-1), with increasing of salinity levels, no significant differences was observed in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. In general, the change in the activity pattern of the plant antioxidant system, especially catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes under high stress conditions showed that Kochia plant can withstand stress conditions via activating its antioxidant system.

Grape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the difficulties of cultivating grape is its relatively sensitive to salinity stress. Salinity can cause significant anatomical changes in the internal tissues of plant organs. The effect of using low-quality water on the anatomical structure of grapevine organs has not yet been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the structural behavior of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins of grape leaves in Yaghooti cultivar under progressive salt stress.

This study was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications during two consecutive years 2020-2021. Salinity treatment at four levels, including zero (control), 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl on one year old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Plant various organs consisting of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins were microscopically investigated through the conventional methods of sampling, fixing, sectioning and staining.

In the stem, the epiderm thickness increased until 50 mM level, and decreased in 100 mM level. In 100 mM, sclerenchyma thickness, pith diameter, and vascular bundles number increased, while collenchymas thickness, cambium, phloem, metaxylem, protoxylem, and stem cortex decreased. In the root, cortex thickness reduced, but the vascular bundles’ thickness, their number, as well as pith and vascular cylinder diameters increased, and more periderm thickness as well as the centralization of xylem vessels toward pith tissue were observed. In the petiole, in 100 mM level, an increase in sclerenchyma thickness and vascular bundles number was observed along with a decrease in phloem thickness, cambium, metaxylem, protoxylem, and cortex. In the leaf and main vein, palisad parenchymal cells became smaller and denser with an increase in their number; furthermore, a decrease in spongy parenchymal cells thickness along with the increase of their intercellular space and the increase of epiderm thickness were observed. In addition, vascular bundles number, sclerenchyma thickness, and pith diameter increased, while the decrease of vascular bundles’ thickness and collenchymas thickness was found in the main vein. Moreover, a large number of salt crystals were observed in all the plant organs, especially in the roots.

Overall, the results of this study revealed that salinity stress caused changes in the anatomical structure of roots and various aerial organs in Yaghooti grapevine saplings. It appears that at a stress of 100 mM salinity, the increase of epiderm and sclerenchyma thickness in the aerial organs contributed to preventing transpiration and preserving water content. Besides, periderm thickness at the root as a physical barrier to further absorption, transport of soluble substances, and protection of vascular cylinders helped the plant to tolerate salinity conditions. In addition, a large number of vascular bundles were involved in the secondary uptake of salt in the surrounding parenchymal cells. Therefore, most of the anatomical changes in the studied organs can be considered as a kind of adaptation to increase the chances of the plant survival against salinity.

Salinity is one of the most limiting factors in crop growth and hence many attempts have been undertaken to reduce this stress. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of the interaction of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on salt stress in St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) using a completely randomized factorial design. Different concentration of salicylic acid (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 mm), ascorbic acid (0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) and salt stress (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM) were used. The results showed that pre-treatment of seed priming of salineexposed plants with ascorbic and salicylic acids significantly improved germination percent, germination rate, and germination average time, but had negative effects on these traits. According to the results of this study, It can be concluded that seed priming of St. John's wort either with salicylic or ascorbic acid improves germination traits and plant resistance to salinity.

The present study was carried out to determine the effects of UV irradiation on postharvest and quality of desert truffle. in order to increase the shelf life of desert truffles, truffles were irradiated with UV-C (2.2 mW cm -1) at three different times, (control), 10 and 20 minutes and also storage in 7%, 10%, 13% 16% (w/w) NaCl and 5% vinegar solution (w/w). After applying the desired treatments, truffles were stored at 4 ° C for 160 days and sampling was performed at 40-day intervals. Weight loss percentage, tissue firmness, phenolic compounds, vitamin C content and microbial load were evaluated. Tissue firmness was higher at the truffles that were exposed to radiation for 10 minutes than other treatments. Also, radiation had a significant effect on preventing weight loss of truffles. The lowest weight loss was related to 10 minutes of radiation treatment and also, the highest amount of weight loss was related to control treatment. Radiation at higher doses does not further improve tissue quality parameters and causes skin necrosis and damage to truffle tissue. Evaluation of truffles phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid and catechin was measured by HPLC. Evaluation shows that radiation had a significant effect on the increase of phenolic compounds in truffles, however the amount of these compounds decreased significantly over time. Irradiation also had a significant effect on reducing the microbial load and irradiated truffle had the lowest amount of microbial growth. However, the most effective treatment to maintain tissue quality characteristics and prevent weight loss and inhibit bacterial spoilage, UV-C (10 minutes) and immersion in vinegar and Storage at 4 ° C compared to other treatments was expressed during 160 days of storage.

In order investigate the effect of salinity and selenium on seed germination of three medicinal plants dragons head, alyssum and chicory, this study was performed as a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized design with two factors including different levels of salinity and selenium in three replications. The first factor included 0, 2, 4, and 8 mM NaCl and the second factor was 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg L-1 sodium selenate levels. Unlike selenium, salinity reduced germination percentage, germination characteristics and initial growth in all three medicinal plants. The germination percentage of chicory was 40%, alyssum was 49.1% and dragons head was 52.5%, which indicates that chicory is more sensitive to salinity stress, while dragons head showed more tolerance to salinity stress. With increasing selenium concentration, seedling length in all three medicinal plants increased compared to the control. The highest seedling length (20 mm) was observed in treatment 20 mg L-1 sodium selenate with a concentration of 8 mM NaCl in alyssum. The lowest seedling length was in chicory (6.2 mm) and in 0 mg L-1 sodium selenate treatment with 8 mM NaCl. The use of selenium can improve germination characteristics and to some extent reduce the effects of salinity stress. In general, it can be concluded that selenium (at the level of 20 mg L-1 of sodium selenate) can increase seed germination and seedling growth of all three medicinal plants under salinity stress.

Native starch granules obtained from different kinds of plants have unique and intrinsic characteristics that partially satisfy specific needs. However, those properties are essentially not suitable for most food applications. Hence, the starch must be modified chemically, physically, and enzymatically to improve its functional properties. Due to environmental concerns, strict regulations, and expensive price, physical modifications are receiving increasing attention. Some of the physical modifications applied to starch are pregelatinization, sonication, ball-milling, heat–moisture treatment, and pulsed electric field treatment (Zhu 2015). Among these options, pregelatinization is one of the most popular industrial methods of physically modifying starch. Pregelatinized starch is pre-cooked starch that readily disperses in cold water to form stable suspensions (Nakorn et al. 2009).

Native tapioca starch, containing 13.64% moisture, 0.94% fat, 11.26% protein, and 18.78% amylose was purchased from Sepahan Co. (Isfahan, Iran). The compositions were determined according to the approved methods of the AACC (2000). Amylose content was established by the iodine method reported by Pourmohammadi, Abedi, Hashemi, and Torri (2018). NaCl and CaCl2 were obtained from Fars Glucosin Co. (Marvdasht, Iran). Before each experiment, 5 g of tapioca starch was mixed with (for IS 0.3, 0.88 g and 0.6 g) and (for IS 0.6, 1.76 and 1.2g) of NaCl and CaCl2, respectively (w/w, starch basis) and then suspended in 50 mL of distilled water, and stirred overnight at room temperature then starch solutions were sonicated. Samples were divided two groups: first groups, pregelatinized by ultrasonication and then salts were added to starch solution (AUPS). Second groups salts were added and then sonicated (BUPS) (Fig. 1).Ultrasound- Assisted Pregelatinized Starch: Ultrasonic process was applied according to Abedi et al. (2019) in order to obtain ultrasound-pregelatinized tapioca (UPTS) starch. An ultrasonic generator type UP400S hielscher (400 W, 20 kHz) using an immersible probe in a 100-mL cylindrical jacket glass vessel (180×180 mm2) with the desired temperature (60 °C) and 10 min maintained by a circulating water bath, which varied with pulse durations of 5 s on and 5 s off. The probe was dipped into the 1-cm liquid at the top of the vessel, emitting the sound vibration into the fifty milliliters of tapioca starch (10% w/w) sample via a titanium alloy rod with a diameter of 20 mm.

Ca+2 ions improved the textural properties along with the reduction in syneresis (%) and this effects progressively improved with rising the ionic strength from 0.3 to 0.6. On the other hand, textural and syneresis properties improved following the addition of Ca+2 ions after sonication. Meanwhile, Na+ ions induce to decrease in textural characteristics and increase the syneresis (%) of starch paste and these effects increased with enhancing the ionic strengths from 0.3 to 0.6. The addition of Na+ ions had synergetic effect on negative impact on textural and syneresis properties which might due to the re-crystallization effect of Na+ ions that was proved by SEM morphology.

ions with structural maker or breaker nature with their Valente can affect on starch polymer, meanwhile, the application of ultrasonication along with salts have synegic effect on starch polymers.

Environmental stress is the main effect reducing plant growth and development especially in germination stage. The aim of this project was to determine the threshold for salt stress tolerance in germination stageand mature plant in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes and evaluate the relation between indices. First, the LD50 test was conducted for salt stress tolerance using NaCl, then probit analyze was done. The reaction of seven selected genotypes from barley and three cultivars were assessed in four levels of salinity and drought stress. Factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Based on probit analysis, the LD50 for salinity stress was 18 ds/m. Salt stress germination experiment included control, 9, 18 and 27 ds/m levels. Principal component analysis showed that at two levels of moderate and moderate stress in germination experiments (9 and 18 dS / m) that the salinity concentration was close to field conditions, in vitro tolerance indices and The field showed a close relationship. This relationship was not observed at severe stress levels (27 ds/m). Overall, the results showed that genotypes TN4807, KC70173, TN6141 and Nosrat cultivar had higher tolerance to germination conditions (9 and 18 ds/m) and field conditions.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the fam. lamiaceae that is used as a spice for flavoring foods and also for medicinal purposes as carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, sedative, stomachic, diuretic, antitussive, and antirheumatic. To evaluate the effects of salinity stress on some growth and physiological parameters, essential oil content, and nutrients absorption in two oregano subspecies, a factorial pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included two subspecies of oregano (ssp. vulgare and ssp. gracile) and salinity stress at four levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl). The results showed that the salinity stress had a significant effect on the measured parameters. With increasing the salinity level, the growth characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and dry matter yield), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll index (SPAD), percentage and essential oil yield, N, P, and K content and K/Na ratio in leaves and roots decreased, while Na and Cl content in leaves and roots of both subspecies increased. The two subspecies response to the different levels of salinity stress was different. The higher Na accumulation in the roots and higher K/Na ratio in the leaves compared to the roots indicated the ability of oregano subspecies to limit the transfer and accumulation of Na+ ions in their shoots. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the ssp. vulgare had higher tolerance to the salinity stress than ssp. gracile due to the less accumulation of Na and Cl ions, higher K/Na ratio, and lower reduction in chlorophyll index and dry matter yield.

One of the common defects in the processing of Feta cheese made in package is softening of texture. This defect occurs mainly at low temperatures and salt levels. In the industry, by increasing the amount of syneresis from the curd, some of this defect is prevented.In addition to texture softening, quantity and quality of UF –Feta cheese affected by expulsion or absorption phenomena. Reducing or increasing moisture content of cheeses matrix effected on other compositions and physical properties of cheeses protein matrix. The most important factors that play role on syneresis and textural properties are temperature, NaCl concentration and calcium level. The mechanism of this factors is different, but in summary, any factor that increase protein aggregation in cheeses matrix, grain hardness and syneresis, and in contrast, expanding cheese matrix occur.

In this research, hardness and syneresis or absorption amount measured in six brine concentration consist 0, 2, 8, 10, 18 and 26 in 3 (200, 1700 and 3200 ppm) calcium ions levels (18 treatments) at 3, 11, 9 and 27°C (72 treatments). The 3 replicates were analyzed in triplicate. Data were analyzed using a split-plot design.

Temperature, brine composition (NaCl and calcium ions) and interaction between this factors (Salt× Ca++, T× Salt and T× Ca++) and Salt× Ca++×T, was significant effects (p<0.01) on hardness and syneresis. The absorption phenomena occur in a salt concentration and temperature less than about 8% and 11°C, respectively. At more than 8% NaCl and 11°C, gradually, hardness and syneresis improved. The most swelling was observed in range 8-10% salt. Increasing of Ca++ was shifted maximum absorption to lower brine concentration. When Ca++ ions increased, the maximum swelling was shifted to lower brine concentration. Also, the hardness results and moisture content of cheese confirmed shrinkage and swelling of the cheese matrix.

The interaction of temperature, Nacl and calcium have two different models on syneresis and textural properties in UF-Feta cheese. At below 11°C, when Nacl concentration enhanced up to 8-10%, softening and swelling cheese matrix increased, but Increasing Nacl concentration and temperature above this rang improve shrinkage and hardness cheese matrix. Also, grain in calcium ion concentration reduced swelling and softening in UF- feta cheese at all temperature and Nacl concentrations. Therefore, in order to avoid the softness of the texture of this type of cheese, the process of industrial production and storage should be designed in such a way as to prevent optimal swelling of cheese matrix.

Choosing suitable feed sources remove the problems of salinity from the plant. For this purpose, an experiment as factorial was conducted in a RCBD with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2015-16. The first factor was humic acid (HA) application at four levels: (0, 2.5, 5 and 7 kgha-1), the second factor was salinity at four levels: (0, 60, 120 and 180mM NaCl) and the third factor was two-years old almond rootstocks seedling at two levels (GF677 and GN15). Results showed that with increasing salinity, root/stem dry weight increased, especially in GF677, Na+ and Cl– and SI increased, especially in GN15 and SLA, K+ and N, leaf osmotic potential, gs, Pn and T were decreased, especially in GN15. Carbohydrates increased to 120mM NaCl, especially in GF677 and then decreased. GF677 with an increase in HA up to 5 kgha-1, in the salinity of 180mM NaCl, with the highest root/stem dry weight and SLA, the lowest Na+ and Cl-and the highest K+and N of leaf had the highest leaf osmotic potential (-1.9MPa) and carbohydrate (86.92 mg gFW-1) compared to other rootstocks. The highest gs (0.53 mmol m-2s-1) and Pn (18.73 μmolCO2 m-2s-1) were found in GF677, 2.5 kgha-1 HA and 0 mM NaCl. With increasing HA, in these conditions, the SI decreased, especially in GF677. Therefore, GF677 was evaluated as the most tolerant rootstock for salinity and 2.5 and 5 kgha-1HA was evaluated as the most appropriate levels for affecting almond rootstocks.

Recent advances in the biological sciences have become particularly important because they are the basis for some related sciences such as agriculture, medicine, pharmacology, biotechnology, and even bionanotechnology. In this study, the effect of different salinity treatments (0, 50, 100, and 150 µM) on Hyssopus officinalis L. and the properties of silver nanoparticles) Ag NPs) biosynthesized using these under-salinity stress plants leaves extract were investigated. The color change of the solutions, surface plasmon resonance at 450 nm and X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the biosynthesis of Ag NPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that most of the nanoparticles were spherical, with few angular shapes visible in 50 and 100 µM treatments. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed the participant functional groups of the plant extract in the biosynthesis process such as OH, CO, =CH and C=C. The 50 µM salinity treatment had the highest effect on increasing plant metabolites. The smallest nanoparticles (25.3 nm and spherical) were related to the control treatment. Some nanoparticles biosynthesized using the extract obtained from 150 µM salinity treatment were angular in shape with 34.2 nm in size and showed the highest antibacterial properties. Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to Ag NPs than the gram-positive ones. These results, following our previous research, revealed for the first time the effect of salinity treatments on the properties of Ag NPs biosynthesized using hyssop extract. The present results can provide an interesting background for Ag NPs biosynthesis that can be a good alternative to antibiotics.