جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "petunia" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Petunia (Petunia hybrida) is an ornamental plant species of high economic potential. One of the appropriate methods for propagation and breeding of petunia is tissue culture. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of benzyl adenine (BA) either alone or in combination with different concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the regeneration of adventitious shoots and callus production in Petunia hybrida. For the regeneration of adventitious shoots and callus production, leaf segment explants taken from germinated seeds were cultured on MS basal media supplemented with different concentrations of BA (0.1, 0.4, 0.8 mg L-1) solely and/or in combinations with and NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg L-1). Cultures were incubated under dark conditions for two weeks and then transferred to light condition. After 20 days of keeping in the light condition, the results showed that BA and NAA had significant effect on shoot regeneration. When BA applied alone, the lowered concentrations were effective in shoot regeneration, however when used in combination with NAA, its increased concentrations were more suitable. The greatest percentage of shoot regeneration was recorded in the medium with high level of BA to NAA. The highest number and fresh weight of shoots (18 shoots per explant) were obtained in MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 BA + 0.4 mg L-1 NAA. The greatest shoot length (5.1 cm) was obtained in MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BA + 0.2 mg L-1 NAA. Also, the greatest callus fresh weight was observed in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 BA + 0.4 mg L-1 NAA. Therefore, MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 BA combined with 0.4 mg L-1 NAA could be suggested for direct shoot regeneration and large scale propagation of petunia from leaf explants.

Organic fertilizers preserve food cycle, reduce pollution and remediation of soil physicochemical properties and stabilization of plants in soil. To investigate the effect of organic fertilizer (vermicompost, compost and manure) on physiological characteristics of Petunia hybrida, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments consisted of three irrigation levels (irrigation based on 100% of field capacity (FC), equivalent to 360 ml of water (D1), 50% of field capacity, equivalent to 180 ml water (D2), and 25% of field capacity, equivalent to 90 ml water (D3), in each 2-kg pot) and four fertilizer treatments (control, compost, vermicompost and manure). The measured morphophysiologic traits were plant height, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, number of flowers, volume of roots, dry weight of leaf, root, stem and flower, electrolyte leakage, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic pigments. Results showed that irrigation levels and fertilizer types were significant for all measured traits. The interaction of irrigation and fertilizer treatments showed that the highest amount of leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, plant height, number of flowers and stomatal conductance was obtained in the 100% FC and manure fertilizer. In 25% FC treatment, 10-flower weight was increased by 38, 29 and 61% in compost, manure and vermicompost, respectively, compared to control. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest level of chlorophyll a was measured in control. However, the highest chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content was observed in vermicompost treatment. Generally, manure and vermicompost had better effects in improving the performance and number of flowers of petunia under deficit irrigation.

Organic fertilizers are derived from animal matter, human excreta or vegetable matter. (e.g. compost, manure). Organic fertilizers are carbon-based compounds that increase the productivity and growth quality of plants. Organic fertilizers preserve food cycle; reduce pollution and remediation of soil physicochemical properties and stabilization of plants in soil. Use of these organic fertilizers ensures that the food items produced are free of harmful chemicals. As a result, the end consumers who eat these organic products are less prone to diseases such as cancer. In addition to the on-farm production possibilities of organic fertilizers, organic fertilizers help in maintaining the soil structure and increasing its nutrient-holding capacity. Organic fertilizers are easily bio-degradable and do not cause environmental pollution. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers contaminate both the land and water, which is a major cause of diseases for human beings and is the force behind the extinction of a number of plant, animal, and insect species.
Material and In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers (vermicompost, compost and manure) on morpho physiological characteristics of Petunia hybrida an experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Irrigation treatments consisted of three levels (100 % of field capacity by irrigation at a rate of 360 cc (D1), 50% of field capacity by as much as 180 cc (D2) and 25 % of field capacity by as much as 90 cc (D3 )), and four fertilizer treatments (control, compost, vermicompost and manure). Some traits such as stem fresh weight leave fresh weight, flower fresh weight, length, diameter and number of flowers, SPAD index, leaf area, relative water content and membrane stability index were measured.
The results showed that effects of the treatments on traits such as flower fresh weight, length, diameter and number of flowers, SPAD index, relative water content and membrane stability index were significant at 1% level. The interaction of two factors on traits such as stem and flower fresh weight, flower number, leaf area, leaf fluorescence, relative water content and membrane stability index was significant. Thus the weight of a single flower per plant increased with the application of vermicompost fertilizers, compost and manure, respectively, 16/26, 65/9 and 40/8% over control at 100% capacity. Irrigation with treated manure at 25% field capacity (D3) increased length of flower over 14% compared to control. In 50% of field capacity (D2) with vermicompost in the context of the membrane stability index was 62% which, compared to control treatments at the same level of irrigation, was increased by 67%. Use of manure and vermicompost seems to improve adverse effects of drought stress.
Manure and vermicompost improves soil aeration, enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding enzymes such as phosphatase and cellulase), Enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield and also improves water holding capacity.

The improvement of growth and flowering of petunia as one of the most popular and cultivated bedding plants in Iran, is of significant importance. Thus, a CRD experiment with five replications was conducted at the Research Greenhouse of Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. From 48 days after sowing, when the seedlings had 5-6 true leaves, the seedlings were sprayed with thiamine (0 and 100 mgL-1), ascorbic acid (0 and 100 mg L-1) and benzyl adenine (0 and 200 mg L-1) at 4 steps during growth and development. The results indicated that the treatment of ascorbic acid with thiamine and benzyl adenine led to 2.5 and 3.5-fold increases in the number and length of lateral shoots compared to control treatment. The greatest fresh weight was obtained with ascorbic acid with thiamine and benzyl adenine treatment which led to a 2.5-fold increase in this trait, compared to the control. The highest dry weight was achieved in benzyl adenine treatment. The greatest vase-life and flower diameter were found with ascorbic acid (100 mg L-1), thiamine (100 mg L-1) and benzyl adenine (200 mg L-1) treatments in an extent that the flower longevity and diameter were increased by 83% and 72%, respectively, in comparison to control. Furthermore, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and reduced sugars concentrations were significantly increased by the foliar-applied compounds compared to control.

In this complete random block study we aimed to assess the morphologic reactions of Petunia under water deficiency. We used four irrigation treatments (irrigation amount of 25%، 50%، 75%، and 100% of the field''s irrigation capacity. The study consisted of 8 repetitions during 6 months in the greenhouse. Data were analyzed using SPSS software، version 12. 0 and the mean data were compared with each other using the least standard deviation (LSD) at a 5% level. The results showed that the root''s length، weight، and dry weight، the wet to dry weight ration of the branch، number of branches، number of flowers، relative water content of the leaf، and chlorophyll content reduced. However، the flower period، profil content، and the potassium and sodium percentage increased. The Petunia can sustain low irrigation and can be used as a resistant plant to poor water conditions in green spaces.

In order to evaluate the heterosis and combining ability of petunia inbred lines for ornamental traits, 12 hybrids were derived from direct and reciprocal crosses of 4 petunia inbred lines viz. L5 (P1), L8 (P2), L11 (P3), and L17 (P4). In the second year, the derived hybrids and their parents were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits in F1 generation were, plant height at first flower, number of flower per plant, days to flowering, flower diameter, flower tube diameter, flower tube length, flower length, flower longevity and flower fragrance. The significance of specific combining ability (SCA) and general combining ability (GCA) for the most studied traits revealed that both additive and non-additive gene effects contributed to the inheritance of the traits. Not statistically significant of GCA/SCA ratio and the degree of dominance more than one showed that the contribution of non-additive gene actions was relatively higher than that of additive for all studied traits. For flower diameter, parent P2 and hybrid P1 × P2 had the highest GCA and SCA effects, respectively. Reciprocal effects were significant in all measured traits except for flower longevity and flower length. Estimation of heterosis showed that combinations P1 × P3 and P2 × P3 had the highest heterosis relative to mid and high parents for flower number and diameter among all hybrid combinations, respectively.

Silicon is a non-essential element with several reported beneficial effects on various crops. For investigating the growth and reproductive yield of the Persian Petunia, a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design was conducted at 4 levels of Si (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm), during two stages of growth (4-6 and 8-10 leaf) with 4 replications. The experiment was carried out under the greenhouse conditions. Silicon was applied via foliar spray once every two weeks. The application of Si increased the number of the flowers on plants up to 73%. An increase was also observed in the height of the plants under the effects of Silicon and the stage of growth. Although the application of Si foliar spray increased the fresh, dry, and biomass weights during both stages of growth, these weight parameters were generally higher in plants which received Si treatment within 4-6 leaf stage. The fresh and dry weights as well as leaf surface area increased 57, 37 and 52% and leaves‟ evapotranspiration reduced up to 53% using Si, respectively. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the application of Silicon can increase the total biomass weight by reducing plant‟s evapotranspiration and increasing leaf‟s surface area, which in effect results in an increase in the number of the flowers per plant.

Silicon is a non-essential element with benecial effects reported for several crops. The main goal of this experiment was to investigate the effects of silicon (Si), on growth and physiological characteristics of Persian Petunia. For this, a factorial trial based on completely randomized design was conducted with 4 levels of Si (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1), in two growth stages (4-6 and 8-10 leave) with 4 replications. The experiment was done in a greenhouse. Si was applied via foliar spray once a two week before the flowering stage. Si increased flower diameter, flower tube length and leaf area by 35, 24 and 52 percent compare to control, respectively. Si at 50 and 100 mg L-1 concentrations also increased Flowering rate by 14 and 9 percent in comparison to control. Photosynthesis and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) ratio were also increased with Si. Flowering rate and leaf area of 8-10 leaf plants were higher than 4-6 leaf plants. Interactions between Si concentrations and growth stages for the measured traits like flower diameter, flowering rate, flower tube length, leaf area, photosynthesis, Fv/Fm ratio, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll index, were not statistically significant. Generally Si improved growth and physiological characteristics of petunia.