جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زه آب » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Water resource limitations have made using unconventional waters such as drainage water important. Cocopeat is a type of growing medium that is commonly used in greenhouses. This research aimed to investigate the application of cocopeat adsorbent in reducing the salinity of agricultural drainage water simulated with sodium chloride salt at salinity levels of 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 dS/m. For this purpose, the effect of independent variables pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial EC at 5 different levels on the adsorption efficiency of sodium and chloride ions was evaluated using the Taguchi experimental design method. The results showed under optimal conditions (pH equal to 6, an adsorbent dosage of 40 g/L, a contact time of 180 min, and an initial EC of 20 dS/m), the maximum adsorption efficiency of sodium and chloride ions is 20.03% and 20.14%, respectively. To validate this estimate, an experiment was conducted under the mentioned optimal conditions, and the adsorption efficiency of sodium and chloride ions was obtained at 20.71% and 20.81%, respectively. Investigating kinetic and isotherm models of the adsorption of sodium and chloride ions showed that the experimental data have a better match with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. According to this research, cocopeat has the ability to reduce the electrical conductivity of saline water by about 20%.

Saline drainage water are known as a problem, but by creating management approaches, drainage water can be made in line with sustainable development by compensating for the limitation of water resources. Biochar is a soil additive and a management approach in agriculture. In this research, the effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity (2.5, 5 and 10 dSm-1, S1, S2 and S3), biochar (zero, 1 and 2%, B0, B1 and B2) and water supply (60, 80, 100 and 120%, M1, M2, M3 and M4) in the form of factorial split plot experiment in time in the form of randomized complete block, in three replications during the years 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, on yield and water efficiency Fodder sorghum was investigated in three harvests. The results showed that the effect of different levels and their interaction effects on the yield and efficiency of fresh and dry sorghum water consumption is significant at the level of 1%. The highest and lowest fresh yields were obtained in B2S1M4 and B2S3M1 treatment (20.52, 135.52 t ha-1). The lowest fresh and dry water productivity of fresh and dry fodder was obtained in B2S3M3 treatment with values of 2.5 and 0.91 kgm-3. Treatments B2S1M3 and B2S1M2 had the highest productivity of fresh and dry fodder water, 10.54 and 4.4 kgm-3, respectively. In irrigation conditions with saline water, the yield and productivity of fresh fodder is sensitive to the amount of biochar, in such a way that in supplying 100% of the water requirement with saline water (10 dSm-1), adding 1 and 2% causes a change of +2.6% and -4.7% in performance and +1.9% and -2.5% in the efficiency of fresh fodder water consumption.

One of the methods to reduce nitrate leaching is the use of slow release fertilizers as well as the application of soil conditioners. In order to investigate the effect of slow release fertilizer, bagasse and sugarcane biochar on grain yield, water consumption productivity and nitrogen leaching in maize cultivation, factorial experiment in a complete-random block design with two factors including types of fertilizer (N1: ordinary urea fertilizer and N2: nitrogel urea fertilizer) and ratios of soil conditioner (B1; 0% bagasse and 0% biochar, B2; 100% bagasse and 0% biochar, B3; 75% of bagasse and 25% biochar, B4; 50% bagasse and 50% biochar, B5; 25% bagasse and 75% biochar, B6; zero percent bagasse and 100% biochar) in 3 replications in 2019 was performed in the research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural Research and Training Center.The results showed that the use of slow release fertilizer increased grain and biomass yield, water consumption productivity, nitrogen recycling efficiency and crop efficiency of 17.1%, 25.5%, 16.7%, 75.4% and 16.8% respectively, compared to control treatment (N1B1). Also, the use of soil conditioners increased grain and biomass yield, water consumption productivity, nitrogen recycling efficiency and crop efficiency of 19.1%, 29.8%, 19.0%, 85.7%, and 19.1% respectively, in compare with control treatment and decreased drainage water and nitrate leaching of 36.2% and 58.3% in compare with control treatment. The maximum water consumption productivity occurred in N2B3 treatment with 1.26 kg/m3, the minimum nitrate leaching related to N2B6 with 7.1 kg/ha and the maximum nitrogen recycling efficiency occurred in N2B6 treatment with 74.8%. In general, the obtained results indicate the ability of slow release fertilizers and soil conditioners to decrease the problems caused by nitrogen leaching and increase the yield and water consumption productivity in summer maize cultivation.

In this work, the seasonal applied water and physical water productivity of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) were evaluated through monitoring 26 farmer fields (including 18, five, and three farmer fields with furrow, center-pivot, solid-set irrigation systems, respectively) over Moghan Plain, Ardabil Province, Iran, during the growing season 2019-2020. The rapeseed seasonal water use (irrigation + effective precipitation) and the grain yield value ranged from 2921-6762 m3 ha-1 and 1.00-3.70 ton ha-1, respectively (with a mean of 4798 m3 ha-1 and 2.64 ton ha-1, respectively). The net rapeseed water requirement during the growing season 2019-2020 and its 10-year mean value ranged from 285-399 mm and 282-354 mm, respectively (with a mean of 325 and 304 mm, respectively). The mean seasonal applied water at farmer fields with furrow irrigation (4328 m3 ha-1) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher compared to the farmer fields with center pivot and solid set sprinkler irrigation (2154 and 2633 m3 ha-1, respectively). Total water productivity (WPI+Pe) and irrigation water productivity (WPI) ranged from 0.28 to 0.95 kg m-3 and 0.41 to 1.45 kg m-3, respectively (with a mean of 0.58 and 0.77 kg m-3, respectively). Based on the results of multivariate linear regression analysis, the factors, including irrigation water salinity, sowing date, seeding rate, date of the first irrigation, growth period length, strong winds near harvest time, the latitude of farmer fields, flowrate of delivered water, mean irrigation interval, and rapeseed grain moisture content and impurity rate were recognized as the most important factors affecting the grain yield and the physical water productivity indices.

Soil salinity and alkalinity are one of the most important destructive soil processes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Sodium soils are faced with degradation of soil structure, reduction of permeability and speed of water movement in the soil, runoff increasing, decrease of land use, ventilation decreasing, and finally, decrease of crop yield. Many researches have been conducted based on physical, chemical, and biological methods to improve the saline and sodic soils, but the hybrid method is the most effective in the improvement of these soils. In this study, the effect of two organic amenders (Potassium Humate and Chicken Feather-CF) with leaching in improving some physical and chemical properties of saline and sodic soils has been investigated.

In this research, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 3 replications was conducted. The first factor was the type of amender (Potassium Humate and Chicken Feather), the second factor was the amount of amender (0.75 and 1.5 Weight percentage) and the third factor was leaching levels (no leaching, 45, 90, and 135 days of incubation). After sampling from depth 0 to 30 cm and measuring some physical and chemical properties of the soil samples, the amenders are mixed with the soil and the soil moisture content was delivered to the field capacity (0.7-0.8 FC). Then the soil samples were poured into the columns. Soil columns were leached at three intervals of 1.5 months with the amount of one pore volume (P.V). At each leaching stage, the properties such as soil acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (ECe) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in drainage water (DW) and pH, EC, SAR, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), wet aggregate stability (WAS), organic carbon (OC) and hydraulic saturation conductivity (Ks) were measured in soil columns. Statistical analyzes and the comparison of means were performed by LSD test and using SPSS17 software. The graphs were drawn with EXCEL software.

The results showed that Potassium Humate reduced the pH of the soil and increased the pH of DW. This effect was more as the amender’s weight and leaching increased. Also, Potassium Humate reduced the ECe of soil and this effect was more as the leaching increased. The findings showed that the high amount of amenders led to the high SAR in DW. As the leaching stage increased, the SAR of soil decreased in both amenders. The 1.5% of amenders amount had more effect on the reduction of SAR than the level of 0.75% in both amenders. With increasing leaching, the CEC of soil decreased. The highest CEC (31.2 cmolc.kg-1) was obtained in the CF with 1.5% of the amender’s amount. When the number of amenders increased, the CEC of soil increased. Also, when the leaching and the amount of CF increased, the ESP of soil decreased.The results showed that with increasing the leaching in Potassium Humate, the % OC of soil decreased. The WAS increased with increasing the amount of CF. The highest amount of WAS was in CF (1.5%). Potassium Humate in high amounts (1.5 %) reduced Ks. Ks decreased with increasing leaching from the second leaching stage onwards.

In general, it can be concluded that the addition of amenders increases the pH and SAR in the DW and decreases the pH (from 8.24 to 7.39), ECe (from 17.07 to 0.8 dS.m-1) and SAR (from 19.34 to 11.1 (cmolc.l-1)0.5) in the soil. Leaching increased pH and ECe in DW and decreased CEC, ESP in soil and decreased KS by increasing leaching stages after the second leaching stage. Potassium Humate reduced OC%, KS and Chicken Feather increased CEC and WAS and decreased ESP in soil. In general, Chicken Feather (with 0.75%) along with leaching is recommended to modify the saline and sodic soils.

Kochia is one of the most salt and drought tolerance plants that can be used in forage production for livestock in the absence of suitable water and soil resources. This study was conducted to evaluate the yield and yield components of Kochia under salinity and water stress condition. The main plots included salinity levels of Karoon water (2.5), 10, 15 and 20 dS/m, and subplots included three irrigation levels; 100, 75 and 50% of the crop water requirement. The studied traits were weight of the aerial part of the plant, fresh and dry weight of leaf and stem, fresh and dry weight of a bush and plant height. Results showed that the salinity stress had a significant effect on the proposed traits at 1% level. Also, different irrigation treatments had a significant effect on the studied traits. Individual effects of salinity and deficit irrigation stresses showed that the control treatments including salinity (Karoon water) and full irrigation (100% water requirement) produced 52 and 49 tons of fresh forage per hectare, respectively, which were superior among stress treatments in terms of all traits measured in the research. The interaction effect of salinity and drought stresses on fresh weight of one plant, fresh weight of leaf and leaf dry weight were significant at 5% level, on plant height were significant at 1% level, and on the other traits were not significant. Kochia plant under favorable conditions and under severe salinity and drought stresses could produce 57 and 34 tons per hectare fresh fodder respectively. Finally, the correlation among all traits were evaluated. The results showed that the all proposed traits including; total weight of the fresh plant, fresh and dry weight of one plant, dry and fresh weight of leaf and stem, plant height, stem diameter and the numbers of branches showed a positive and significant correlation with the salinity and drought stresses.

Considering limitations of agricultural productions in arid and semi-arid regions, optimization of irrigation depth and leaching is very important. In this study, calibrated and validated AquaCrop model was used in order to optimize irrigation water depth and leaching for two varieties of winter wheat (Ghods and Roshan) in Birjand region and one variety of wheat (spring Roshan) in Mashhad region. For winter wheat, irrigation treatments included 125%, 100%, 75% and 50% of water requirement and water salinities of 1.4, 4.5, and 9.6 dS/m for winter wheat. For spring wheat, irrigation treatments consisted of 100%, 90%, 65%, and 40% of water requirement and water salinities of 0.5, 0.9, 5.25, 8.6, and 10 dS/m. The coding written in Matlab program was linked to the AquaCrop in order to achieve the optimized values of irrigation and leaching in the land constraint conditions. The optimization results showed that net profit for the best irrigation and leaching management at all salinity levels and different wheat varieties, except for salinity levels of 8.6 and 10 dS/m in the spring Roshan variety and level of 9.6 dS/m in the winter Roshan variety, was more than the current management in field conditions. The increases in profits in optimal management compared to the current management for Ghods variety at the salinity levels of 1.4, 4.5, and 9.6 dS/m were 51.4%, 78.9%, and 142.5%, respectively. For the same salinity levels for Roshan variety, the increments were 42.7%, 20.8% and -0.3%, respectively. The increase in profits in optimal management compared to the current management for the spring Roshan variety at the salinity levels of 0.5, 0.9, 5.25, 8.6 and 10 dS/m, were 5%, 13.2%, 34.3%, -27.7%, and -51.4%, respectively. In general, the results show that in the regions where drainage problem due to irrigation water is an important environmental problem and causes dissatisfaction among the downstream farmers, applying less water and accepting negligible decrease in the benefits (minimum 0 and maximum 29%) could resolve the problem.

Non-saline water resources are scarce, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, the consumption of saline water is inevitable in agricultural usage. Iran has large saline water sources that have different levels of salinity. The use of these resources requires special management practices for the reduction of their negative environmental impacts. The usage of saline drainage waters, generated by irrigated agriculture, seems inevitable for plants irrigation.
Salinity stress reduces the osmotic potential, as well as all major processes of plant including growth, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid and energy metabolism. Of course, the response of plants and tolerance of different species of plants are different to salinity. The rapid reduction of leaf area and number of leaves, decreasing biomass (dry matter) of the shoot and root, as well as reducing the plant height and active root level in the soil are among the plant responses to salinity stress. Salinity induced changes in photosynthesis, stomatal behavior, chlorophyll content and accumulation of metabolites at growth various stages of ber (Hooda et al, 1990; Ramoliya and Pandey, 2007). Investigating the applicability of agricultural lands drainage in irrigation of juvenile ber plantation and determining the production function of water salinity-shoot dry matter of juvenile ber were overall objectives of this research.

The ber is a fruit tree tolerant to drought and salinity conditions. This research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications on Ziziphus nummularia seedlings. The treatments were water salinity (ECw) of 0.3, 3, 6 and 9 dS/m. The saline irrigation waters were prepared from drain water of agricultural lands. Net irrigation depth was calculated based on soil moisture deficiency. Salinity of soil saturated extract, fresh and dry matter of root, fresh and dry matter of shoot, shoot/root ratio and shoot relative water content were measured. The production functions of water salinity or relationship between plant shoot dry matter and electrical conductivity of irrigation water were estimated in various equations including linear, quadratic, cubic, logarithmic and exponential. The results showed that irrigation water salinity had significant effect on soil salinity and root and shoot characteristics at 1% level of probability. There were no significant difference in shoot fresh and dry matter and shoot relative water content between waters of 3 and 6 dSm-1. The comparison of treatments mean showed that shoot fresh and dry matter and relative water content decreased 15.7, 15.2 and 1.8 percent, respectively, with increasing irrigation water salinity from 3 to 6 dS/m. But, total root and shoot characteristics of plant decreased significantly with rising irrigation water salinity from 6 to 9 dS/m. The root fresh and dry matter decreased 23.2 and 44.6 percent, respectively. Also, shoot fresh and dry matter and relative water content decreased 31.2, 20.7 and 24.0 percent, respectively. The cubic equation had the best accuracy for Ziziphus nummularia seedlings. All equations estimated shoot dry matter less than actual data.

Water crisis due to high demand of water in agricultural sector is becoming more evident on day by day basis, hence the use of unconventional water resources, especially drained agricultural water is gaining importance. In this investigation the efficacy of four types of biological filters namely: wheat straw, rice husk, cotton stalk and wood sawdust for improving the quality of agricultural drainage water with respect to factors like, salinity, acidity, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphate, sulphate, pH, TDS and TSS was investigated under a pilot scale study. Analysis of variance showed that no statistically significant difference between different treatments in terms of the impact on the parameters studied, except for nitrates. Based on the results of this study, all the drainage water filters were effective in improving the quality of wastewater for agriculture, so any of them can be used to this end, since these types of filters are available in all region of the country. The results showed that in terms of eutrophication of water resources, when wastewater discharged to surface water resources, the sawdust and cotton stalk filters, the removed nitrate,was 63.23 and 60.12 percent and the removed phosphate was 20 and 20.7 percent respectively and were superior to other filters. Based on the qualitative analysis of wastewater output of the studied biofilters, and comparing it with standards pertaining to maximum allowable limit for application in agricultural fields, it can be concluded that about 260 million Square meters of drainage water available from irrigation network in Moghan.irrigation network is suitable for production of wheat, barley and cotton under different planting patterns in the region.

In the present study Hydrus-1D software was used to simulate electrical conductivity, pH and sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulfate ions. Field experiments were performed at the Sugarcane Research Center located in south of Ahvaz on sugarcane varieties CP48-103 with four water treatments (one treatment was Karun river water and three treatments were diluted drainage water) and three replications. The samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm soil depth before irrigation and electrical conductivity and anions and cations of soil were measured in the laboratory. Sensitivity analysis and calibration were first performed with the aim of verifying the Hydrus-1D software. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the software had maximum sensitivity to the saturated volumetric water content. Minimum sensitivity was for the inverse of the air-entry suction, tortuosity parameter, residual volumetric water contents and moderate sensitivity was for hydraulic conductivity at natural saturation. Also, the software did not show any sensitivity to empirical parameter related to the pore size distribution that is reflected in the slope of water retention curve. In calibration stage the amount of hydraulic conductivity at natural saturation, residual volumetric water contents, saturation volumetric water contents, the inverse of the air-entry suction, empirical parameter related to the pore size distribution and tortuosity were obtained as 18 (cm/day), 0.04 (cm3/cm3), 0.63(cm3/cm3), 0.012 (cm-1), 1.2 and 0.6 respectively. The results showed that the coefficient of determination of all parameters was more than 0.85 which confirms the appropriate capabilities of the model in simulation of electrical conductivity, pH, anions and cations. In the modeling carried out the amount of NRMSE was between 11 and 18 percent which indicates good performance of the model. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criterion was obtained 0.72 to 0.8 that indicates a good match of the model with reality. The coefficient of residual mass in this paper was positive for electrical conductivity, pH and sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and negative for chloride and sulfate. The positive and negative coefficient of the residual mass shows less and over estimation of the model.

In order to evaluate using effluent (as sequential irrigation), a study was conducted at research farm at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (located at latitude 31˚ 18’, longitude 48˚ 39’ and elevation 18m) during 2014-2015. Regarding to this purpose, a farm (with long 30m and width 24m) was selected and divided into 3 parts (A, B and C). Corn, soybean and sunflower were cultivated in parts A, B and C, respectively and effluent was used for irrigation of next parts. In part B, a split-plot design as randomized complete blocks with two treatments: irrigation type (Karun River and effluent) and urea fertilizer (100%, 75% and 50% application) was applied. Experiment design in part C was similar to part B except at 75% urea fertilizer. ANOVA results for soybean revealed that interaction between irrigation type and urea levels had significant effects on growth yield and biological water productivity (P

Growing salinity tolerant plants is a suitable way for usage of saline water resources. This research was carried out for identification of salinity tolerant ber rootstocks. The experiment was conducted using factorial arrangement based on randomized complete design in three replications. The treatments were four irrigation water salinities of 0.3, 3, 6, and 9 dS/m and three ber (Ziziphus spp.) species including Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus nummularia, and Ziziphus spina-christi. The results showed that water salinity treatments had significant effect (P

Soil salinity is one of the most important factor which causing a considerable decrease in crop productivity of pistachio orchards in Kerman. In this research, the effects of applying different amendments on reclamation of a saline calcareous soil was investigated by using experimental soil columns. Treatments included: a) irrigation water, b) irrigation water gypsum mixed with soil surface, and c) dissolved gypsum as well as d) sulfuric acid application. Leaching was done intermittently and 2 pore volumes (PVs) were allowed to pass through the soil columns. Based on the results, no significant difference was observed in the concentration of cations as well as EC among different treatments. Application of 1.5 PVs of irrigation water, removed 60% of the total sodium, 70% of magnesium and 70% of soluble salts from the soil column. The cumulative leached Ca2 caused by 2 PVs was very small, accounted for about 4 percentage of total content of Ca2. Application of chemical amendments was not significant on infiltration rate as compared to irrigation water. In terms of water requirement for salt removal from 1 to 1.5 pore volumes, it is recommended that 1 pore volume of irrigation water which efficiently reduced soil sodium and magnesium concentration, soil EC and costs, is the suitable strategy for practical reclamation of the studied soil.

Soil salinity is one of the main issues in arid and semi-arid areas with shallow water level that is influenced by climate, soil type, crop type, irrigation water quality, water level and groundwater salinity. One of the major salinity problems in agriculture is accumulation of soluble salts in the root zone, which reduces plant growth and vigor by altering water uptake and causing ion-specific toxicities or imbalances. Establishing a good drainage system is generally the cure for these problems, but salinity problems are often more complex. Proper management procedures are needed to control saline drain water, because saline drain water can negatively affect the environment. Currently, about 23.5 million hectares which is about 14.2 percent of the total area of Iran suffer from salinity. And about 30 percent of irrigation lands are subjected to salinization, due to the high salinity of groundwater and shallow groundwater levels; therefore, the land leaching is necessary. Discharging of low quality drainage water in areas such as khuzestan is related to shallow groundwater with high salinity. Drain depth is one of the key factors that affect drain water quality by radial flow of underground water. In this study, temporal variation of drain water salinity and ground water salinity are evaluated using different irrigation water and drain depth installation.
Experiments were performed in a flume with 1.8 m long, 1m wide and 1.2 high that placed in the water management laboratory department of water engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan. Drains were installed at 20, 40 and 60 cm depths. To avoid the pores of drainage pipes being blocked, a plastic nets was used as a cover around the pipes. The bottom of the model was assumed to be the impervious layer. For irrigation on top of the model, a surface irrigation system was used and for measuring input discharge to the system a volumetric method was used. Saline water prepared by dissolving NaCL was added to subsurface reservoir to simulate a ground water with 65 dS/m salinity. The salinity of irrigation water at the study was about 0.321 dS/m. The soil profile below the tile drains was divided into multi layers with identical thickness of 10 cm. The measured initial electrical conductivity of each layer was 65 dS/m. Irrigation water deliveries were 0.14, 0.11 and 0.07 lit/sec. In order to determine the salinity of each layer of soil, a network of piezometers was installed on the model at different depths and with spacing of 15 cm from each other. As soon as exiting of drainage water from the drainage, outflow measurement and sampling from drainage water starts, and when concentration of drainage water reach to twice of the irrigation water salinity, will be continued. Also throughout whole experiment, with the help of network of installed piezometers on different distances and depth, groundwater salinity was measured with time intervals of 5 to 10 minutes. After completion of each experiment, reading salinity of each samples were performed using EC meter device.
The results show that the outer flow path is affected by the drain depth and the hydraulic head. When the inflow discharge increases, the hydraulic head and the mixing depth also increase. In addition, increasing the drain depth increase salinity of drainage out flow. It can be stated that when the drainage installing depth increases, the hydraulic head increases and the quantity of the salinity of drainage outflow increases. Infiltrate the flow lines into the depths, cause to the higher contribution of groundwater with low quality will be outing the drainage water from the drainage. This finding is useful in the regions with shallow and saline ground water table. In this research, the maximum salt concentration of the drainage water was achieved with 39.65 dS/m (about 7.44 kg of salt) for 60 cm drain depth and 0.14 lit/s irrigation water. However, the minimum salt concentration of the drainage water is 29.37 dS/m (about 2.41 kg) for 20 cm drain depth which is being irrigated with 0.07 lit/s. Therefore we can see that by increasing the drain tube installing depth, water level increased; thereby water flow penetrate to further depths, this action increases the required time for reaching to equilibrium of the area of below the drain tube.

Irrigation water availability could be enhanced through suitable use of water in agriculture as by use of saline, and reuse of drainage waters. This factorial experiment was carried out as based upon a randomized complete design of three replications for an investigation of water and salinity stress effects on Barhee juvenile date palm evapotranspiration and growth. The treatments were three irrigation depths of 100%, 85% and 70% water requirement and three irrigation water salinities of 2.5, 8 and 12 dS/m. The results revealed that irrigation depth, water salinity and interaction of irrigation depth and water salinity had significantly affected soil salinity and plant evapotranspiration. The maximum and minimum plant evapotranspiration rates were recorded 1488.9 and 861 mm in water salinity state of 2.5 dS/m with an irrigation depth of 100% vs water salinity of 12 dS/m with irrigation depth of 70% water requirement, respectively. The salinity stress decreased juvenile date palms, evapotranspiration more than water stress did. The irrigation depth, irrigation water salinity and interaction of irrigation depth and irrigation water salinity significantly affected all the plant's vegetative characters. The highest plant vegetative growth obtained from water salinity of 2.5 dS/m and irrigation depth of 100%, but not significantly different from the case of irrigation depth of 85% with respect to vegetative characters. Therefore, irrigation depth of Barhee juvenile date palms can be reduced, but care must be taken to avoid plant's salinity stress.

Municipal wastewater is a potential source for water supplies. Soil organic matter can affect chemical quality of wastewater passing through the soil. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different levels of vermicompost on change of chemical properties of Cd enriched municipal wastewater of Yasouj station after continuous passing through the soil columns. A completely randomized design was used. Polyethylene columns (80 cm in length and 8 cm in diameter) filled with a clay loam soil during 8 periods of 10 days. Three levels of vermicompost comprising control (V1), 2% (V2) and 4 wt% (V3), were used respectively. At the end of each period, characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity, phosphate, nitrate, total organic carbon and cadmium concentration were measured in drainage water. Results showed that the effect of both the time and vermicompost was significant on all measured factors. The average of all factors except for pH of the drainage water, showed a decreasing trend during the experiment. Maximum of EC, P, nitrate and total organic carbon were measured in V3 treatment. Vermicompost exhibited a significant effect on Cd concentration of drainage water. It seems that organic matter has a drastic effect on increasing mobility of Cd as well as on the other studied characteristics, hence soil organic matter content should be considered in the usage management of wastewater.

In this paper the amount of yield was simulated under applying the drain water of irrigation and drainage networks of Operation Company of Karkheh and Shavoor as irrigation water by using SALTMED model. Before using SALTMED model were performed sensitivity analysis and calibration. Among climatology parameters, maximum temperature was the most sensitive with sensitive coefficient equal to 1.18 and wind speed was the less sensitive parameter with sensitive coefficient equal to 0.33. Also, two factors as plant parameters in sensitive analysis stage were evaluated. The results showed that the depth of root and the height of plant had sensitive coefficient equal to 1.11 and 0.33 respectively. Generally, the amount of irrigation water was the most sensitive parameter among all parameters. After sensitive analysis of model calibration of model was performed. In this stage was selected single and dual crop coefficients and the result of this stage were used in simulation stage. According to the measurement data during one year, the average of maximum and minimum of electrical conductivity of drain water in eight drainages were 22.97 and 6.10 (dS/m). Comparison between these results and crop tolerant indicated that could not be used drain water for irrigation directly. Therefore various scenarios of using a combination of drain water with river water were defined. Eight drains were evaluated and just 5000-hectare drainage Shavoor and Zam -Zam were usable for all crops.

Produced sludge from wastewater treatment plants is a source of macro and micro nutrients and organic matters which is needed for agriculture. On the other hand، application of sludge with no criterion may cause some health risks and also، soil and surface water and ground water resources pollution may be followed. In this regards، the effect of different amounts of sewage sludge used as organic fertilizer in compare with chemical fertilizers on transport of minerals below the root zone and yield and yield components in soybean cultivation were studied. Therefore، 15 cylindrical plastic soil culomns with a height of 100 cm and 60 cm diameter were constructed and drainage PVC pipes with geotextile filter were installed for all of them. The sludge of Ekbatan housing complex wastewater treatment plant after processing and digestion was taken place and used. The culomns were filled by a Clay Loam textured soil and Soybean (Williams variety) was planted. Treatments include three levels of wastewater sludge fertilizer (10، 25 and 50 ton/ha)، chemical fertilizers (150 kg/ha ammonium phosphate and 50 kg/ha urea) and control without using fertilizer in three replications. According to the results، the highest mean amount of nitrate in drainage water of culomns (base on split plot through time as statistical completely randomized design) was 57. 17 mg/lit in the early season and treatment related to the use of sludge was 50 ton/ha. The lowest mean value of nitrate obtained from the control in the end of cultivation season and was 3. 51 mg/lit. The most yield of Soybean was 277. 85 gr grains per culomn which obtained from use of 50 ton/ha of manure sludge. The greatest weight of 1000 grains and the number of pods with values of 127. 42 gr and 856 in number، measured in this treatment too. Application of 25 ton/ha sludge، chemical fertilizers and 10 ton/ha sludge were after it، respectively. So، the highest use of sewage sludge on soybean cultivation (at the rate of 50 ton/ha)، transfer the highest amount of nitrate below the root zone and led to the best yield indicators