جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صادرات » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Nowadays, water scarcity due to the climate change and uneven distribution of rainfall in most regions and countries, including Iran, has become a serious concern and the most important obstacle to the country's economic development. Trade, as a means to avoid unnecessary water resources outflow, with a focus on virtual water trade strategy, can play a key role in achieving economic development. This study aims at assessing the virtual water approach in terms of trade in agricultural and horticultural crops. In this regard, the export and the import of each horticultural and agricultural crops in 1393, has been analyzed from the point of virtual water trade theory; Then some strategic recommendations has been presented about optimal management of water resources. Results shows that, in 1393, Iran has traded in the horticultural and agricultural subsectors with crops importing; In essence of this issue it has saved the amount of 9719.35 million cubic meters of domestic water resources which can be used in industry and can make more added values. Moreover, according to the significant contribution of agricultural commodities exchanges in trade, and especially the traditional operating system which then leads to suboptimal use of resources like water, virtual water-based trade can be mentioned as a strategy with an effective role in improving water efficiency and saving resources.

In this article, the role of imports and exports of major agricultural products on amount of virtual water trade, net virtual water import (NVWI), and country water indices included water footprint (WF), water scarcity (WS), water dependency (WD), and water self-sufficiency (WSS) in agricultural sector was studied for a five-year period (1388- 1384). The results show that the volume of imported virtual water to Iran during the mentioned period for 16 major crops was three times more than the volume of exported virtual water for 16 major crops (about 125.8 and 37.9 billion cubic meters, respectively). This means that the NVWI in this period was positive. It is noted that sever increasing in positive NVWI in the two last years of this period has been accrued due to population increasing and drought events in most provinces of the country. Also, Annual meanly country water footprint in agricultural sector is 104.8 billion cubic meters in this period and with average annual 17.6 billion cubic meters through NVWI, Iran has been saved the same amount of its internal water resourecs. Calculated indices of WS, WD and WSS in Iran showed that the average annual intensity of water use in agricultural sector in the mentioned period has been 67.1% which is high (WS index close to 100). Average annual country's agricultural dependency on imports of virtual water (WD) has been 16.8%. This percentage indicates that if the country instead of importing agricultural products, produce those amount into country, an average of about 16.8% should be added to the water consumption in the agricultural sector. Also, average annual Iran's selfsufficiency to water (WSS) has been estimated about 83.2%.

2 of the total area of the province has been observed that about 76% of the Pistachios and Dates. Rainfall and water resources shortage is a reality in this province is an important and undeniable. The analysis of basic water and virtual water parameters agricultural products can our strategic policy and planning of water resources to help. To achieve this strategic objective to calculate the virtual water content of crops (pistachio and dates) and agriculture crops in 1388 and calculate the volume of virtual water by importing and exporting these products using Hoekstra and Hung (2002) and Hoekstra and et al (2009) were studied. The results of this study showed Kerman exporter of virtual water and virtual water exports in 1388 to more than 2.64 billion cubicmeters have been estimated. Macro of pistachios, dates, and the other component products for other goods such as fruits and vegetables year for consumer products are low. Pistachios contain high-performance virtual water content is low. However, better performance dates lower than going pistachio, but both products are of a highstandard of virtual water. Therefore, to reduce pressure on domestic water resources requires the use of importing virtual water trade strategy on the province's water.

Demand and supply of water in Iran is unbalanced. This situation has caused a great challenge in water resources management. In order to overcome this problem, the role of international trade of virtual water has been ignored. Virtual water trade is one of the key solutions for water scarcity. Each country should adapt virtual water trade based upon its socio-cultural, economical, and climatic condition of the country. However, before any action is implemented, there is a need to evaluate ecological water footprint (EWF) of the country. EWF is the amount of water which is needed for the population and consumptive use and remediation of all pollution related to this consumption. In this study EWF of Iran has been calculated for the year 2007. The results showed that EWF in Iran is 104 billion cubic meter (bcm) of water in agricultural section. In 2007, Iran has imported 12 bcm of water due to virtual water trade. In this computation, irrigation efficiency has not been included. Considering the amount of 60% for irrigation efficiency virtual water trade in the above mentioned year was 20 bcm. Without this trade, the country had to spend 112 bcm of water for producing all required food in the country which was out of reach.

The objective of this study is to introduce an approach for determination of comparative advantage of Basins in the production of crops, enhancing water use efficiency and directing cropping patterns to maximize net virtual water import. A model was constructed and applied assuming five different risks in available water and three levels of irrigation efficiencies (35, 45, and 65). The findings showed that, it is possible to direct optimal cropping pattern at basin level to maximize social profit, water use efficiency and net virtual water import simultaneously. However, in order to derive a definite conclusion, more data are needed about the quantity water embedded in each crop exported from and imported to each country. Moreover, it is necessary to design a suitable export-import plan to be used as a target for directing cropping patterns toward it. The approach used in this study can be viewed as a first step in this direction.