جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "عناصر پر مصرف" در نشریات گروه "آب و خاک"

Phosphorus (P) as the second most important macronutrients and zinc (Zn) as the most important micronutrient that the effects due their deficiency causes the most widespread nutrienal disorders in the world paddy fields. The current study conducted to invetstigate the effect of Zn and P foliar application on the morphological characters, yield and yield component of two rice varieties (Hashemi and Shiroudi). The three factors factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications at rice research institute of Iran (Deputy of Amol) in 2017-2018. The reults indicated that the highest rate and the percentage increase through the applied treatments (Zn and P foliar application at the start of the booting and (or) the ripening stages increasd the traits of Hashemi and Shirioodi cultivars as follows: grain yield, 4020 (17.5%) and 6571 (9%) kg ha-1; biological yield, 9884 (16%) and 12640 (20%); harvest index, 45 (8%) and 54 20) present; filled grain number, and 114 (10) and 156 (6%). Also the maximum number of filled grain was recorded for Hashemi and Shirioodiat by about 114 (10% increase) and 156 (6% increase), respectively, and the highest number of unfilled grain was observed around 5 (10% reduce) and 14 (40% reduce) in the Hashemi and Shiroudi varieties, respectively due to foliar application of Zn at the grain filling stages. It can be concluded that the foliar application of Zn and P at the start of the booting and the grain filling stages might be the proper treatment to enhance the studied rice cultivars yield and yield component.

In recent years, the production of healthy foods through environmentally friendly methods has received much attention. Spinach is a vegetable plant rich in minerals and vitamins which is used in green and cooked forms. Thus, healthy production of this plant with the greatest quantitative and qualitative yield is of particular importance. Weeds as unwanted plants in spinach fields can damage this plant significantly. Nevertheless, spinach is severely sensitive to different herbicides. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), filter cake and metribuzin herbicide on growth and mineral nutrition of spinach plant. In this study, the growth and nutritional parameters of spinach interact with PGPR, filter cake and metribuzin herbicide was also aimed. The spinach seeds (Spinacia oleracea L. Varamin cultivar) were sown in pots containing 40% field soil and 60% sand (10 seeds in each pots). To investigate the impact of PGPR isolates and filter cake on concentration of macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg, and P), micronutrients (Cu, Zn, and Fe) and leaves dry weight, Pseudomonas protogenes CHA0 (CHA0) as a reference strain, P. alloputida RUM14 (RUM14) which was collected from Iranian field soil and 3% by weight of fresh filter cake (F3%) were used. Spinach seedlings were inoculated for 14 days with 50 mL of bacteria strains suspension with optical density one (OD600=1). 3% by weight of filter cake were mixed to soil of pots before sowing the seeds. Metribuzin herbicide at three levels (0 (H0), 50 (H1) and 100 (H2) grams per hectare) were used. The effects of PGPR, filter cake and metribuzin herbicides and their interactions were also studied (CHA0 + F0 + H1, RUM14 + F0+ H1, CHA0 + F0 + H2, RUM14 + F0 + H2, B0 + F3% + H0, B0 + F3% + H1, B0 + F3% + H2, CHA0 + F3% + H1, RUM14 + F3% + H1, CHA0 + F3% + H2, RUM14 + F3% + H2). The experiment had a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments (3 metribuzin herbicide × 2 filter cake × 3 PGPR) were arranged in factorial combination. The statistical analysis was performed using Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level. Statistical analysis revealed that the application of PGPR (CHA0 and RUB14), filter cake, and their interaction increased tissue plant concentration of macronutrients, micronutrient and leaf dry weight of spinach plant. Statistically, the highest concentration of P, K, Ca, and Mg macronutrients (5583.30, 83000.00, 10886.70, 10766.60 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively), Cu, Zn, and Fe micronutrients (22.73, 73.00, and 221.36 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively) and dry weight of leaves (8.76 g) was observed in treatment of combination of PGPR and filter cake. The application of Metribuzin herbicide led to decline the concentration of macronutrients, micronutrient, and leaf dry weight of spinach plant. The decline increased with increasing herbicide concentration. The lowest concentration of P, K, Ca, and Mg macronutrients (3233.30, 48867.00, 6403.30, and 6283.30 mg kg-1 leaf dry weight, respectively), Cu, Zn, and Fe micronutrient (4.40, 19.50, and 132.66 mg kg-1, respectively), and leaf dry weight (2.83 g) was observed in B0+F0+H2 treatment (using just herbicide 100 g ha-1). However, the detrimental effect of herbicide on leaf dry weight and mineral nutrition of spinach plant were alleviated using the PGPR (CHA0 and RUB14) and filter cake (F3%) either alone or together (RUM14+F3%, CHA0+F3%). Statistically, the greatest alleviation of the detrimental effect of herbicide was observed in the treatment of RUM14+F3%. The results of this research showed that inoculation of spinach with Pseudomonas PGPR (P. protogenes CHA0, P. alloputida RUM14) with and without filter cake not only improved the growth and mineral nutrition of spinach plant, but also alleviated the detrimental effect of herbicide in the plant. In general, the proper function of PGPR and filter cake in spinach plant growth is due to 1- Supplying more nutrients to the spinach plant due to filter cake rich in nutrients 2- The ability of Pseudomonas bacteria to induce resistance of the plants to stress and supply of some nutrients such as iron due to its ability to produce siderophore 3- Supply of food by filter cake for further growth of PGPR and the possibility of increasing the population of these bacteria. 4- Filter cake rich in organic matter can improve the physical and biological properties of the soil and can provide the better conditions for plant growth and nutrition. The results of this research showed that P. alloputida RUM14 and filter cake can be used as biological and organic fertilizers.

Application of Mycorrhizal Fungi (MF) and biochar can increase water and nutrient uptake in the rooting zone and thus improve crop production. A factorial experiment with completely randomized design with three replications was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar (0, 2 and 4% w/w) and MF (non-inoculation and inoculation with MF) on the morphophysiological characteristics and concentration of elements in calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) in greenhouse condition. The biochar was passed through a sieve of 2 mm and mixed with soil. The application of mycorrhizal fungi was done by direct contact with the root of plant. After six months, the morphophysiological characteristics and the concentration of some macro and micro elements in shoot were measured. The results showed that with simultaneous application of 4% biochar and mycorrhizal fungi increased chlorophyll, flower diameter, plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, plant dry weight and concentration of P, K, Ca and Fe compared to control, significantly. Zn concentration increased in 4% biochar treatment and simultaneous use of 4% biochar and mycorrhizal fungui compared to the control significantly (13.7 and 19.5% respectively). The application of 4% biochar caused a significant increase in Mn concentration compared to the control (91.3 against 86.6 mg.kg-1), while the application of 2% biochar has not a significant difference with control and 4% biochar treatments. The results of the effect of adding biohar to soil after plant growth period showed that available K, Ca, Mg and Mn increased with addition of 4% biochar by 22.2, 18.2, 43.6 and 15.2%, respectively. However, 2% biochar treatment had no significant effect on these soil parameters compared to control. It seems that application of these materials can improve availability of nutrients and plant growth parameters by improving plant growth conditions and affect crop production.

Grapes are one of the most important garden products in the world as well as in Iran. The management of plant nutrition under water stress conditions is one of the important issues in the production of the plant. When the plant has adequate nutrition, it will result in higher resistance to environmental conditions. The use of organic and chemical fertilizers as amendments of the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil can be one of the strategies to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of potassium sulfate, compost and biochar on some soil properties and grapes nutritional status under water stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment were carried out as a factorial experiment based on a block of randomized completely design with two factors and four replications. Water stress had two levels (40, 80 % FC) and fertilizers’ treatments included potassium sulfate (10 g pot-1), compost (5 % w/w) and biochar (10% w/w). The macro- and micro-elements’ contents of grapes’ leaf and soil properties included the macro and micro-elements, pH, EC, OC. were also measured.

The results showed that the interaction effect of water stress and fertilizers’ treatments was significant for nitrogen(N), magnesium (Mg), ferrous (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations of grapes’ leaves (P<0.01). ANOVA indicated that the simple effects of water stress and fertilizers’ application had a significant effect (P<0.01) on macro- and micro-elements’ concentrations of grapes’ leaf. The results also showed that under water stress conditions, the highest N concentration was observed for compost and potassium sulfate applications. Without water stress conditions, there was no significant difference between treatments. Under the water stress conditions, the highest concentration of Mg of grapes’ leaves was achieved with biochar application. While without water stress conditions, the lowest concentration of Mg was observed for biochar treatment. With and without water stress conditions, the concentration of Fe and Cu was higher for organic treatments compared to potassium sulfate application. With and without water stress conditions, the highest concentration of Zn was achieved for potassium sulfate application. The ANOVA results showed that the interaction effect of water stress and fertilizers’ treatments was not significant for soil properties except soil calcium. The water stress caused a significant decrease in soil phosphorus (P) and Mg (P<0.05) as well as calcium (Ca) (P<0.001). The effect of fertilizers’ treatments was significant on electrical conductivity, organic carbon, N, P, potassium (K), and sodium (Na) (P<0.01), Ca and Mg (P<0.001) concentrations of soil. The application of potassium sulfate and compost increased the Na concentration of soil as 8.53 and 60.52 percent, respectively. While the Na concentration of soil decreased as 3.73 percent with the biochar application.

Under water stress conditions, the application of compost and biochar in comparison with potassium sulfate enhanced the nutritional status of grapes because of the improvement of soil fertility status. The highest K concentration and uptake of grapes’ leaves and soil were observed with biochar application. Under water stress conditions, in comparison with no fertilizer application, K uptake increased as 69.85, 36.21 and 178.97 percent by potassium sulfate, compost and biochar applications, respectively. Since K is a critical element to regulate the water content of plant tissue and reduces the hazards of water stress, the application of compost and biochar is recommended for the improvement of plant resistance under water stress conditions. However, biochar is suggested due to properties such as highly porous structure, high specific surface area, higher water holding capacity of the soil, the long-term stability in the soil and the reduction of Na hazards in soil.

Suitable soil and availability of adequate nutrient elements are necessary for successful plant production. Nutrient elements not only should be in readily available form but also their balance is important. Organic matter and soil amendments that are used in soil reclamation or for prevailing the stress conditions can influence the concentration of nutrient elements. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of cattle manure biochar on the chemical composition of spinach (Virofly var.) grown at different water conditions of a calcareous soil by conducting a factorial greenhouse experiment arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four biochar levels (0, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% w/w) and three levels of water status (field capacity, FC (no stress), 0.70 FC, and 0.55 FC). Results indicated that water stress resulted in a significant decrease in the uptake of all studied nutrient elements and significant increase in shoot concentration of Na, K, P and N of spinach. Furthermore, application of 1.25% biochar increased Mn, Na, and K; application of 2.5% biochar increased P, Mg, Na, and K and application of 5% biochar also increased Mn, N, P, Mg, and Na concentration in the shoot of spinach. In general, application of biochar and water conditions resulted in significant changes in chemical composition and nutrient concentration and uptake (especially for macro nutrients) of spinach shoot. Therefore, in the cases that biochar is used for mitigating the adverse effects of water stress, probable changes in chemical composition and nutrient concentration of plants should be considered, and this issue must be considered in plant nutrition and soil fertility management in arid regions. It should be noticed that the influence of biochar on the chemical composition and also soil attributes depends on the source material and preparation conditions of biochar, the type and variety of plant, and the studied soil conditions. Therefore, to obtain the wider and more accurate results, it is recommended to conduct these types of researches for other plant species by applying different sources and conditions for preparing biochar under field conditions.

Soil plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles as an important source and sink of nutrients. Soil properties, distribution, and changes are important factors in agriculture. In this study, 600 samples were collected at 100 x 100 m intervals from 0-30 cm depthin 800 hectares of agro-industrial land of Sharif Abad, in Qazvin. Analysis of classical statistics and geostatistical analysis were performed on the collected data. The results showed that changes in soil total nitrogen varied within a range of 0.02% to 0.82% with an average of 0.26%, while Olsen extractable phosphorus varied within a range of 9.58 to 93.07 mg/kg, with an average of 36.21 mg/kg. Changes in ammonium acetate extractable potassium varied within a range of 180 to 1740 mg/kg, with an average of 552.87 mg/kg. Also, cation exchange capacity varied within a range of 11.44 to 50.16 with an average of 28.20 meq/100 g soil. Exponential model was the best semivariogram model for all studied parameters. Effective ranges for N, P, K and cation exchange capacity were, respectively, 510 m, 798 m, 567 m and 1476 m. Kriging estimator was used to prepare zoning map of the studied traits. The results showed that the relative area of zones with less than 0.1% total nitrogen element was zero percent (0% of the total area), between 0.1-0.2% (3.5%); between 0.2-0.3% (74.3%), and for more than 0.3%, it was 22.2%. In addition, for elemental P, the extent of zones for less than 12 mg/kg was zero percent, between 12-24 mg/kg was 7.8%, between 24-36 mg/kg was 48.4%, and for values more than 36 mg/kg, the extent was 43.8%. In the case of elemental K, the extent of zones for less than 250 mg/kg was zero percent, from 250 to 400 mg/kg it was 4.6%, from 400 to 600 mg/kg the extent was 72%, and for values more than 600 mg/kg, it was 23.4%. Moreover, for cation exchange capacity less than 10 meq per 100 g soil, the extent of zones was zero percent, between 10 and 20 meq per 100 g soil, the extent was 13.1%, between 20 and 30 meq per 100 g soil, it was 44.6%, and for more than 30 meq per 100 g soil, the extent of zones was 42.3%.

In order to study variations of organic carbon، nitrogen، phosphorous، potassium، iron، zinc، copper، and manganese available in soil in response to different wheat based rotations، an experiment was conducted for 5 years with completely randomized block design، with 8 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments were: T1- continuous wheat culture، T2- wheat، wheat، wheat، canola، wheat، T3- wheat، sugar beet، wheat، sugar beet، wheat،T4- wheat، potato، wheat، potato، wheat، T5- wheat، potato، wheat، canola، wheat، T6- wheat، sugar beet، wheat، potato، wheat، T7- wheat، corn، wheat، potato، wheat، T8- wheat، corn، wheat، sugar beet، wheat. Results showed that the amount of macronutrients in surface soil layer varied with rotation and number of years. The %OC and the residual macronutrients and micronutrients were affected significantly in 5 years: %OC was reduced، the residual N increased، the residual P remained constant، and the residual K decreased in 5 years. Also، the residual Fe and Zn increased while the amount of residual Mn decreased، but the residual Cu remained unchanged in 5 years. The amount of %OC and the residual macronutrients and micronutrients were affected significantly by different rotations. T1 rotation had the highest levels of %OC and the amount of residual N، Fe، and Zn and the lowest level of residual K. T2 rotation، too، had the highest %OC and residual N، but the lowest level of residual P، Zn، and Fe and the highest level of residual Mn and Cu. T3 rotation had the highest level of residual P. T4 rotation resulted in the lowest level of %OC and residual N. T5 rotation had the highest level of %OC and the residual N and K. T7 rotation resulted in the lowest level of %OC and residual N. T8 rotation had the highest level of residual P.