جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کاهش مصرف آب » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Optimizing water consumption requires four approaches: modifying laws and regulations, modifying facilities and equipment, promoting the use of consumption-reducing equipment, public education, and cultural measures, which are mainly behavioral reforms and instrumental reforms. In this research, implementation solutions and economic analysis of reducing water consumption in different parts of a building were evaluated. For the economic analysis of the amount of water consumption in buildings, first, a series of influential parameters and indicators were taken into account, and then based on that, relationships were extracted and the amount of water saving in different sectors and factors was determined based on the strategies to reduce water consumption in residential buildings. The savings of the proposed solutions to reduce water consumption in different parts of the building were evaluated based on the three prices of mineral water, export water, and government water. In this research, the investment return period based on the price of mineral water after 2.2 years, exported water after 2.7 years, and government water after 3.9 years is possible by applying the suggested solutions such as the use of modern faucets by the European EPA Association, the standards of minimum suitable dimensions in different parts of a building according to the fourth topic of the national building regulations and the elimination of old systems and the use of modern systems in the building. In this research, the solutions proposed in the sanitary and other sectors (including septic tanks, and toilets) have the greatest impact in reducing water consumption in the construction division with 62 and 16 percent, respectively, and as a result, higher savings.

Extension activities to improve irrigation and farm management will have an effective role in increasing yield and optimal use of water and soil resources. Yield gap is considered as one of the important issues in farm management, and it is very important to know the factors affecting it. One of the problems of farmers is their little knowledge in the field of water and soil. If they have access to modern knowledge and farm management, they can make an effective contribution in managing water use and increasing production. One of the solutions that can be effective in the field of optimal management of water consumption and other production inputs is to increase the knowledge, attitude and skills of farmers. The main goal of this research was to investigate and analyze the role of extension activities implemented in model sites located in the northern region of Khuzestan province in increasing yield and improving water productivity.

The intended extension method in this research was a model site based on which each model site has a main user and between 20 and 25 functional users. Functional units included farmers who, while visiting the main site, applied all or part of the recommendations used in the main site in their own farm.In order to transfer knowledge, increase yield and water productivity at on-farm scale, 52 extension model sites in the regions of Dezful, Shush, Shushtar and Andimshek located in the north of Khuzestan, Iran, (2017-2019) and in the technical packages (balanced nutrition, cultivation, optimal length of border irrigation, cultivar, low tillage methods, modified irrigation method) were done according to different crops. The crops were included wheat, corn, canola, sugarbeet, mung bean, onion, cabbage, lettuce, eggplant, beans and citrus fruits. In addition to model sites, control farms under traditional management were also investigated and evaluated. The result of comparing the average values of advanved management treatment (main site) and traditional management (control) was with t-test indicates the existence of a significant difference in yield and water productivity. Water productivity was obtained from the ratio of yield (kg/ha) to irrigation water. The guaranteed selling price of wheat, canola and sugar (beet) was 115 thousand rials, 235 thousand rials and 230 thousand rials, respectively. All measures in two parts of the farm were carried out by the operator under technical supervision and all measurements were carried out by the researcher.

The results of extension activities conducted by researchers and agricultural experts in the faremer condition and with the participation of 1201 of them, showed that if the results are widespread, the total amount of crop production will increase despite the reduction in irrigation water consumption. The amount of expected increase in the production of wheat, Canola, sugar beet, corn, mung bean and citrus fruits in Shush region was 14857 tons, 13347 tons, 8303 tons, 6225 tons, 221 tons and 870 tons respectively; The expected increase in the production of wheat, Canola and beans in Shushtar region was 19750 tons, 2028 tons and 83 tons, respectively; The expected increase in the production of wheat, Canola and beans in Shushtar region was 19750 tons, 2028 tons and 83 tons, respectively; The expected increase in wheat, corn and eggplant production in Andimshek region was 21966 tons, 3792 tons and 71 tons respectively and The expected increase in the production of wheat, Canola, sugar beet, corn, onion, lettuce, cabbage and citrus in Dezful region was 9447 tons, 20107 tons, 717 tons, 1594 tons, 2478 tons, 3610 tons, 5749 tons and 19232 tons respectively. The increase in water productivity by using specific technical packages for each crops compared to the control for wheat, canola, sugar beet, corn, vegetables, beans, mung bean, and citrus fruits is 10, 35, 9.6, 21.4, 42.5, 11.1, 50 and 168 percent respectively.

Considering the nature of the model sites, which is accompanied by the participation of the users in the processes of learning and applying techniques, the continuation of these activities can help the development and sustainability of the aforementioned achievements.

Water scarcity has been one of the biggest problems in human life for several decades. , Therefore, planning and managing water consumption is essential to minimize the problem of drought. However, without considering the issues, principles, and patterns suitable for the climate of each region, designing urban green spaces would be inefficient. One of the first views created based on sustainable principles is xeriscaping. In recent decades, experts, especially landscape architects have shown interest in xeriscaping, an old approach with a new name, to recover the environmental components of urban landscapes in the face of reducing water consumption and drought. In this regard, this research has sought to find solutions and strategies for xeriscaping and its effectiveness in reducing water consumption using analytical-descriptive methods and an intensive review of the theoretical literature on xeriscaping indicators. For this purpose, first, the literature on the characteristics of xeriscaping was reviewed, then three successful global projects were scrutinized to extract the drought-resistant solutions and measures. Finally, Several responsive measures have been presented to reduce water consumption. The results of this study show that xeriscaping as a suitable strategy can be an alternative to high water-using landscaping.

Mulberry is one of the plants that are compatible with dry areas. A little research has been done on the irrigation of mulberry seedlings using different methods in arid and special areas of Sistan. In the past, there were suitable climatic conditions for the establishment of mulberry trees in Sistan. If mulberry orchards are revived in the area, in addition to fruit production and the prosperity of the breeding industry, it will also play an effective role in controlling erosion and improving the environment. Due to the harmful effects of water shortage and lack of proper efficient methods used in the agricultural sector of the country, it is necessary to study and use new methods. This research examines the establishment of fruitful mulberry seedlings with three methods of subsurface irrigation, pottery, and drip irrigation in the Helmand watershed. By establishing vegetation while saving limited water consumption in the region, along with its economic aspects for the stakeholders, should also be effective as windbreaks and improvement of the environment for the development of the region.

This research was carried out to evaluate the Mulberry growth using three methods including subsurface irrigation, clay pot, and drop irrigation in dryland regions. Therefore, after preparing hold digs, three soil samples has collected from depth 50 cm of each treatment, and soil characteristics were analyzed. Six-month-old mulberry seedlings were planted in the pits. This research was randomly tested the clay pot irrigation, drop and surface irrigation on mulberry with three treatments and four iterations. Tree high, branch number, diameter, and canopy have been measured. Also, soil moisture was measured at a depth of 60 cm before irrigation. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.

According to the climatic conditions of the region, a total of 700 L of water was given to each seedling. The average moisture content of subsurface irrigation treatment was higher than other treatments. Moisture content in subsurface irrigation, pottery, and surface drops were 18, 14.25, and 13.4%, respectively. The moisture content of subsurface irrigation treatment was 20.8% and 25.5% higher than the moisture content of clay irrigation treatment and drip type, respectively. The mean values have been compared based on the Duncan test and showed the amount of moisture in subsurface irrigation classified in one group and in clay type and surface drops in another group. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the moisture content of the three treatments (α< 0.01). Also, significant differences were observed between the mean of plants height of the subsurface (78.5 cm), clay pot (45.5 cm), and drop (59.7 cm) irrigation methods. But, there was no significant difference between canopy, diameter, and branch number. The plant water needs are better provided in the surface irrigation method, and more water is available compared with clay pot and drop irrigation.

The results of this experiment showed that the subsurface irrigation treatment had a better condition in all characteristics than the pottery and drip irrigation methods. Because it provides more moisture to the plant. This situation is due to the lack of high evaporation in subsurface irrigation, water enters the root zone directly through gravity. Therefore, it is concluded that the subsurface irrigation method is more suitable for plant growth than pottery and drip irrigation which reduces the water loss from the soil surface and better moisture distribution.

The rapid growth of the world's population and the increasing occurrence of droughts due to climate change and human actions have made available water available for agriculture worldwide reduced. The sharp decline in water resources has made agriculture section, as the largest consumer of water resources, involve to serious drought challenge. Given the need to food and increasing crop yields as well as water scarcity in the country, increasing yields per unit area should be achieved by saving water consumption as well as increasing water productivity. In Iran, the current productivity of sugar beet is about 0.6 kg of sugar per m-3 of water. According to the major goals of water use productivity improvement plans, it is expected that in the year 2025, one kg of sugar will be produced per m-3 of water. To achieve the goals of the plan, it is necessary, besides to increase the yield of sugar to about 10 t.ha-1, make the water consumption closer to actual water requirement by managing the water resources and using water reduction strategies. This paper shows the issues related to the causes of low water productivity in sugar beet farming and presents a management package to reduce irrigation water use and increase water use productivity resulting from numerous field studies in different regions of the country. Suggested items are: 1- Early seeding of sugar beet, 2- Change in sugar beet planting pattern, 3- Deficient irrigation in growth stages of drought-tolerate, 4- use of pressure irrigation systems, 5- development of autumn sugar beet cultivation, 6- Use of recommended Varieties for water deficit conditions, 7 -Sugar beet planting using transplanting system, and 8 - Sugar beet seeding after harvest or last irrigation of autumn cereals. In this article, after introducing the management package, their effectiveness as well as guidelines for the requirements developed in the field are presented.

Rice is one of the cereals that are widely used food in the world as staple.Rice is the largest consumer of water among agricultural products.At the field level, rice receives up to 2–3 times more water per hectare than other irrigated crop for producing of one kilogram of rice.Accordingto water resources limitation in Iran, According to water resources limitation in Iran, careful planning is essential to optimal use of water resources in agriculture as the largest consumer. One of the methods to reduce water consumption in rice cultivationis changing the traditional irrigation methods (flooding) to periodic irrigation. Change of management from traditional water-logging irrigation to unsaturated improves the irrigation water use efficiency. Due to water scarcity problems, the aim of this study was to evaluate controlled drainage and the impact of irrigation management on growth characteristics and yield components of rice in the arid and semi-arid.
To Considering the effect of water table level on water productivity in rice cultivation, the study was done in Shahrekord university. The experiments conducted in pots with 40 cm diameter and 45 cm hight. The experiment was arranged following a completely randomized design with four treatments (water table level) and five repetitions. The water table managements including: control water table 2 cm on the top of the soil (FI),the control water table 20 cm below the soil surface (CD20), control water table 36 cm below the soil surface (CD36) and Intermittent irrigation(AI). Tocontroll the water level, two tanks were used, one as stabilizer water table and another to measure the amount of water used. The Treatmentsares are completely water logging for a week, in second week treatments were applied. Sampled four times during the growing season was performed to determine the dry matter content of leaf, stem and leaf relative swelling and at the end of the growing season, the volume of water consumed, harvest index, the amount of grain produced and thousand grain weight was measured and recorded. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS software and LSD test was performed for comparison of means.
The results showed reduced yield treatments for CD20, CD36 and AI for each unit reduction in water consumption respectively as much 0.36, 0.46 and 0.38 units. Also results showed irrigation management caused significantly decrease in swelling relative only in the first and Second measuring stages respectively at the 5 percent level and in the fourth measuring stages at 1 percent level. Dry matter productive also was reduced under irrigation management in the Second and fourth measuring stages respectively in 1st and 3rd measuring stages at the 5 percent level. The impacts of irrigation management are no statistically significant on the rice harvest index and thousand grain weights but water consumption was reduced in CD20, CD36 and AI. Resulted to increment 5 percent water use efficiency based on performance and a significant increase 1 percent in the efficiency of water use was based on biomass. The highest and lowest harvses index belongs to FI (39.1) and CD36 (35.4) respectly. The highest and lowest thousand grain weights belong to FI (1247 kg/ha) and CD36 (1101 kg/ha) respectly.
High water Stress causes roots gone to sleep and their growth will slow after re-watering. Water scarcity is not only the hinder root growth but causes the root fuzzy and reduce its ability to absorb substances. The results showed that water reduction, a significant decrease in grain yield not occurred, Lack significant differences in grain yield mean that the water supply was adequate at all levels and in none of irrigation regimes, the plant was not affected by water stress and plant roots grown have enough at critical stages that needs greater water and has access to available water at greater depths. Results showed that T2 (control water table level at 20 cm below surface of soil) for each unit reduction in water consumption, 0.36 units reduces seed productionand 16% reduction in the amount of dry matter, That these lowest values are in the between treatments. With this irrigation management and reduce water consumption by 23% compared to control treatment area under cultivation can increased by as much as 30% and the grain production increase from 3424 to 4210 Kg per hectare.

In sustainable development of urban water systems not only different economic, social, environmental and technical aspects should be taken into account, but also the priorities and preferences of all stakeholders and shareholders, including water users, service providers and other involved organizations should be considered. The complexity and multiplicity of variables that exist in a decision-making problem related to urban water systems calls for employing systematic and efficient methods, which can incorporate all criteria into a decision-making process as well as being capable of modeling uncertainties and ambiguities that lie in the problem. Fuzzy group decision-making (FGDM) methods are system analysis tools widely used for solving water resources and environmental planning and management problems. In this paper, an application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method in planning for sustainable development of urban water systems is demonstrated in terms of a case study. The objective of the implemented case study is to select a sustainable development scenario for the urban water system of a hypothetical region in Tehran called “Shahrak”. Four sustainable development criteria and eleven indicators were adopted to rank six development scenarios for Shahrak’s urban water system based on expert judgments elicited from questionnaires. The final results verified by some major decision-makers show that FAHP may facilitate the decision-making process for urban water managers and decision-makers and assist achieving the objectives of sustainable development in an urban water management sector.

Regarding to the increasing population growth and water consumption, there is a highly emphasis on making culture in modification of water consumption pattern via individual community participating. According to this, the Water Regional Company of Khorasan Razavi organized and performed a cultural project entitled agricultural water saving with participation of teachers and students in the schools of Khorasan Razavi province between 2009 to 2013 years. For this purpose by examination the learning cases which provided for design manager, a questionnaire was designed to determine the views and opinions of teachers who participated in the project. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of awareness and learning along with this project. The statistical analysis of various subjects in relation to performance of this design including attitude to saving of water consumption, understanding water crisis and the necessity of project performance in the coming years were performed with the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results show that the project implementation leads to increasing the participant knowledge of water crises and majority of them have suggested the implementation of project in future years. Furthermore, the highest effect of project (more than 91 percent) are occurred in teacher attitude to saving of water consumption and development of culture. It is recommended that the implementation of this project was not restricted only to agricultural water saving but it should be extended to other fields such as industry and environment (even quantity and quality futures of water). In addition, the formation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and campaign to save water, is recommended. It can reform the correct pattern of water consumption to a culture and become a public demand.

In today’s world the concept of “city” without effective landscape is out of imagination. Being focal points for human life and activities, cities have to consider the structure and functions which are influenced by natural systems. In this regard, landscapes are inevitable parts of cities with an essential metabolic role. Unlike most countries which don’t have to deal with water shortage as a major issue, climatic characteristics of Iran have restricted the water consumption in this country. As a result improving green landscapes faces severe obstacle and the main measure to combat it is pressurized irrigation systems. In the other words the actions are concentrated on irrigation management, while there are other measures that can be considered as well. Xeriscape is one of those measures in which non-vegetation or very low water demand are used in landscapes. This approach is very common in many developed countries like USA. Promoting this approach in Iran needs a few basic steps as well as the study of public opinion. This paper aims to introduce Xeriscape by presenting some field surveys in parks and city hall of Karaj; experts and people’s view points were collected using a questionnaire. The results showed neither people nor authorities are not still aware of water deficit problem. The people who participated in this study agree with this kind of landscape alongside highways. But for parks they prefer a combination of Xeriscape with green landscapes.