جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « irrigation methods » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Due to the limitation of water resources, proper use of water is necessary, and the use of appropriate irrigation methods in fields is an appropriate strategies to use water. Water stress can affect crop yield in the field. Therefore, the correct method of irrigation and management of water consumption is one of the basic issues in farms. The deficit irrigation strategy with the water requirement supply approach can be considered as a practical and efficient technique to ensure more crop yield, without compromising the physiological processes and yield. Therefore, the scope of this research is to estimate the amount of water consumed and the amount of evapotranspiration of the bean plant with the aim of evaluating the field conditions and comparing it with Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods.

The present study aims to determine the amount of water use and evapotranspiration of bean using Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods and based on the inverse solution of the yield production function in Markazi Province and at the Khomin Bean National Research Station at an altitude of 1930 meters above sea level with a length of 49 degrees and 57 minutes of latitude and 33 degrees and 39 minutes of latitude were implemented in 2016 and 2017. In this experiment, the irrigation treatment including furrow and drip-tape as the main factor and, the values of water requirement including 100, 75 and 55% of water requirement as a sub-factor and in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks design were done in three replications. Cultivated variety was of native type and its planting time was on the 10th and 9th of June respectively in the first and second year. Drip irrigation tapes were placed on the stacks and irrigation was carried out in the same way until the seedling was fully established in the stage of emergence of the third three leaves.

The highest seed yield with an average of 2683 kg/ha was obtained in the furrow irrigation method and by providing 100% of the water requirement. In evaluating evapotranspiration, the root mean square error (RMSE) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.160, 117.8 and 0.185 mm respectively and the root mean square normal error (RMSEn) were 0.448, 0.330 and 0.518 percent respectively. The index of agreement or compatibility (d) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.295, 0.600 and 0.081% respectively. In the investigation of irrigation water amounts, the root mean square error (RMSE) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods was 156.7, 117.5, and 181.3 mm, respectively, and the root mean square normal error (RMSEn) was 0.446, 0.335 and 0.516 percent respectively. The index of agreement or compatibility (d) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.324, 0.602 and 0.118% respectively.

In general and according to the statistical results, Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods had an acceptable estimate of the amount of irrigation water and the amount of evapotranspiration in the furrow and drip conditions under different amounts of water requirement. Therefore, they can be used as appropriate tool in the estimation of water use in the studied area.

Water management in the agricultural sector is very important as the largest consumer of water resources in the country. Estimation or determination of water use management indicators, including the amount of water consumed, irrigation efficiency and water productivity of various agricultural and horticultural crops in the country, is one of the most important key indicators in macro-planning related to supply of water, allocation and consumption in different sectors including agriculture. The volume of water used by agricultural crops as one of the indicators for evaluating the optimal use of water resources and plays a very important role in the management and macro-planning in the field of water management and engineering. Barley plant is cultivated and produced in almost all the countries of the world and it is considered as the fourth grain in the world in terms of production after wheat, corn and rice. In Iran, barley with a cultivated area (irrigated and rainfed) of more than 1,684,000 hectares and with a production of more than 3,176,000 tons, after wheat, it is the most important crop and is cultivated in most parts of the country due to its wide ecological compatibility. Due to the economic importance of barley production in the country, it is necessary to study the volume of irrigation water and water productivity to produce this strategic product.

In Khorasan Razavi province, 2 cities with the highest area under barley cultivation were selected for evaluation, Sabzevar and Neyshabur. To conduct this research, 12 fields in Sabzevar region and 12 other fields in Neyshabur region have been selected. The volume of irrigation water was measured in these 24 fields during the irrigation season. The measurements were carried out in different irrigation and planting methods, various soils, different salinity of irrigation water and soil and different barley varieties during the growing season of 2021-2022 without interfering with the farmer's irrigation management. The measured values were compared with the gross irrigation water requirement estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using the last 10 years meteorological data and also with the national water document values. Crop yield was recorded at the end of the growing season and water productivity was calucated as the ratio of yield to total water (irrigation applied water and effective rainfall).

The results showed that the amount of applied water, the amount of barley yield and the water productivity in Sabzevar region were 4710 m3/ha, 2.86 ton/ha and 0.77 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of barley yield and the water productivity in Neyshabur region were determined as 4408 m3/ha, 2.54 ton/ha and 0.61 kg/m3, respectively. The volume of barley irrigation water in the studied areas varied from 2393 to 7911 and its weighted average (based on the cultivation area) was 4593 m3/ha. While the average gross requirement of irrigation water in the studied areas using the Penman-Mantis method using meteorological data of the last ten years and the national water document was 9111 and 8489 m3/ha, respectively. The average yield of barley in the selected fields varied from 1600 to 5600 and its weighted average was 2310 kg/ha. Irrigation water productivity in the selected farms varied from 0.24 to 2.34 and its weighted average was determined to be 0.58 kg/m3. The applied water productivity in the selected farms varied from 0.21 to 1.57 and its weighted average was determined as 0.45 kg/m3.

According to the results of this research, in the two regions of Sabzevar and Neyshabur, the weighted average (based on the area under barley cultivation in the two regions) of the volume of irrigation water and the irrigation water productivity in barley fields are 4593 m3/ha and 0.58 kg/m3, respectively. It was obtained. The amount of irrigation water in the production of barley in these two regions is about 5.8% less than the national average and the applied water productivity is about 35.6% less than the national average. The calculated gross irrigation requirement was obtained by using the national water document and the book "Estimation of water requirement of agricultural and horticultural plants of the country", respectively 9111.3, 8489 and 8566 m3/ha. In terms of the share of effective rainfall in irrigation water, the results showed that 37 and 27% of the amount of irrigation water was supplied through effective rainfall in Neyshabur and Sabzevar, respectively. By comparing the amount of irrigation water used by farmers in the barley fields with the gross irrigation requirement, the result was that the farmers did not have enough water for irrigation and Unintentionally, they have done deficit irrigation in the barley fields, and in fact, the farmers have done irrigation as much as they had water.

Water management in the agricultural sector is very important as the largest consumer of water resources in the country. Estimation or determination of water use management indicators, including the amount of water consumed, irrigation efficiency and water productivity of various agricultural and horticultural crops in the country, is one of the most important key indicators in macro-planning related to supply of water, allocation and consumption in different sectors including agriculture. The volume of water used by agricultural crops as one of the indicators for evaluating the optimal use of water resources and plays a very important role in the management and macro-planning in the field of water management and engineering. Grapes is one of the most important horticultural crops in terms of cultivation area, economic and high nutritional values. Iran with an annual production of 2.8 million tons, is among the top countries in the production of grape product in the world. However, there are not accurate information on the volume of irrigation applied water and water productivity of this product inIran. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of measurement of applied water at field scale and evaluation of water productivity of grape in vineyards farms at different hubs of this crop production in Khorasan Razavi province.

In Khorasan Razavi province, 2 cities with the highest area under vineyard cultivation were selected for evaluation, Kashmar and Khalilabad. To conduct this research, 6 vineyards in Kashmar region and 6 other vineyards in Khalilabad region have been selected. The volume of irrigation water was measured in these 12 vineyards during the irrigation season. The measurements were carried out in different irrigation and planting methods, various soils, different salinity of irrigation water and soil and different grape varieties during the growing season of 2018-2019 without interfering with the farmer's irrigation management. The measured values were compared with the gross irrigation water requirement estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using the last 10 years meteorological data and also with the national water document values. Crop yield was recorded at the end of the growing season and water productivity was calucated as the ratio of yield to total water (irrigation applied water and effective rainfall). Analysis of variance was used to investigate the possible difference between applied water and water efficiency among the hubs.

The results showed that the amount of applied water, the amount of grape yield and the water productivity in Kashmir region were 12049 m3/ha, 19 ton/ha and 1.76 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of grape yield and the water productivity in Khalilabad region were determined as 10827 m3/ha, 27.3 ton/ha and 2.59 kg/m3, respectively. The average amount of applied water and the amount of grape yield in the above two regions were determined as 11146 m3/ha and 23.2 ton/ha, respectively. The average water productivity was calculated as 2.17 kg/m3. The efficiency of water application in selected vineyards in the two regions of Kashmir and Khalilabad was 62.65% and 66.66%, respectively. The average efficiency of water application in the selected vineyards was 64.60%.

According to the latest research conducted (Abbasi et al., 2020), the average amount of irrigation water and water productivity in the country's vineyards are 6669 m3/ha and 2.63 kg/m3, respectively. The average amount of irrigation water and the water productivity in the vineyards of this research area were 11146 m3/ha and 2.17 kg/m3, respectively. By comparing these results with national results, it was concluded that the amount of irrigation water in grape production in Razavi Khorasan Province is about 40.2% higher than the national average and the water productivity is about 17.5% lower than the national average. Considering that the surface irrigation method is often used to irrigate grape orchards in Razavi Khorasan province, improving the performance of the surface irrigation method by using methods to reduce evaporation such as mulching and using low pressure irrigation methods such as irrigation with hydroflume in order to reduce water consumption should be considered in the short term. For the drip irrigation method, the potential value of water applied efficiency is considered to be 90% Abbasi et al. (Abbasi et al., 2016). In the drip irrigation method, the gross requirement of grape irrigation is calculated (using the Penman-Monteith method and based on the statistics and meteorological data of the last ten years), extracted based on the national water document and the book "Estimation of Water requirement by Garden Plants" respectively. It will be reduced to 7762.9, 8177.8 and 8300.0 m3/ha. Therefore, by changing the irrigation method from surface to drip irrigation, the gross irrigation requirement decreases by 26.3%. Therefore, in the long term, it is recommended to change the surface irrigation method to drip irrigation.

This project was implemented with the aim of measuring water applied to onion under farmers’ management in 190 selected sites at the production hubs of onion in Iran including Azarbaijan Sharghi, Isfahan, Khusestan, Zanjan, Kerman, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, and Hormozgan provinces. According to the results, differences between the average volumes of irrigation water in those provinces, different irrigation methods, various sources and salinities of irrigation water and soil, and different onion varieties were significant (p<1%), during the growing season of 2020-2021. The average amount of applied water by farmers in those provinces was 9502, 13273, 9740, 16588, 9618, 13880, 11998, 8438 and 7057 m3/ha, respectively, with the weighted average of 10823 m3/ha. The onion yield in selected sites, varied from 20000 to 90000 kg/ha, with an average of 49980 kg/ha. The measured values were compared with the net irrigation water requirement estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith method and with the National Water Document values. The results showed that the differences between average volumes of applied water by farmers, yield and irrigation water productivity, and irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity in the selected sites were significant at 5% probability level. Irrigation water productivity varied from 3.13 to 6.30 kg/m3 and its average was 4.93 kg/m3. The average irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity for onion in Iran was 4.50 kg/m3. The average net irrigation water requirement in the study areas by the Penman-Monteith method and the National Water Document were 8834 and 6972 m3/ha, respectively. These results showed that the average applied water in surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation methods were 11453, 12740 and 10317 m3/ha, respectively, with significant (p<5%) difference. These results showed that in drip irrigation method, applied water was 10% lesser while irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity was 35% higher. Transplanting seedling compared to direct seeding caused 14.7% reduction in applied water and 16.7% increase in water productivity. According to the results of this study, drip irrigation and transplanting method for onion fields is recommended.

Rain flat sprinkler irrigation system is a new irrigation system that can be evaluated for its efficiency in crop yield. Due to the fact that a significant area of land in Markazi province is dedicated to bean cultivation and on the other hand, the effect of irrigation on beans by Tape drip and Rain flat sprinkler method in this area is unknown, so the purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate irrigation system with the aim of increasing productivity and reducing water consumption. Also in this study, furrow irrigation will be investigated as a control treatment.

In order to compare water use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer distribution in dry bean cultivation under the furrow, Rain flat and drip irrigation systems, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Arak. Urea fertilizer was used three times, including the appearance of the third three leaflets, the beginning of flowering and the stage of filling the seeds. The TDR device was used to measure soil moisture. Crop biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and water use efficiency were determined in experimental treatments. Finally, to investigate the amount of soil nitrogen changes before and after planting, soil sampling was done from zero to 120 cm depth and it was determined by automatic Kjeldahl machine.

The results showed that the effect of different irrigation methods on the number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant was significant at the level of 5% probability and on the amount of water consumed at the level of 1%. The Rain flat irrigation method increases the grain yield by a maximum of 29.5 and increases the biological yield to a maximum of 27.8 compared to the tape and furrow irrigation methods; however, this increase was not significant. Differences in water use in Rain flat and drip methods were not significant, but differences were significant in other cases with the furrow system. The highest physical water efficiency with an average of 360 grams of dry matter per cubic meter of water consumption belonged to the Tape irrigation method; but this advantage was only 2.8% compared to the Rain flat irrigation method. The rate of nitrogen leaching at the depths of 0 to 30 cm and 30 to 60 cm in the Rain flat irrigation method was higher than the drip Type irrigation method; However, no significant leaching of this element was observed at depths of more than 60 cm. Considering the ratio of the costs of implementing each irrigation method in comparison with the crop yield, it was found that the cost of implementing the drip Type irrigation system for each kilogram of beans produced was about 2.7 times more than the Rain flat irrigation system.

Physical efficiency of water in Rain flat irrigation is not significantly different from Tape drip irrigation, but it is significantly different from Furrow irrigation. However, bean cultivation using Rain flat sprinkler irrigation method is recommended due to better economic efficiency compared to Tape drip irrigation systems and Furrow surface irrigation.

One of the ways to increase the quality of irrigation water is to magnetize it. Research in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018.The experiment was completely random in the form of a factorial design and three treatments included irrigation method (usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying and three levels of magnetic water). This included: ordinary water, one-time magnetic water with a Tesla intensity of 0.367 and Tesla 0.633). Examination of the experimental results showed that in the usual irrigation method and magnetic water with a Tesla intensity of 0.367, the highest plant height (110 cm) , Dry weight of aerial limbs (41.9 g.plant-1, dry weight of roots (17/1 (g.plant-1 and root volume (137 cm3.plant-1) and in the usual irrigation method and water Tesla's magnitude of 0.633 was the highest leaf area (25.24 cm2), total fruit weight (508.18 g), lycopene (48.6 (mg.gfw-1). fixed partial root-zone drying magnetic water with .0.367 intensity Tesla The highest amount of chlorophyll b (0.489 mg.gfw-1) and single fruit weight (48.03 g) and in the intensity of Tesla 0.633, the highest percentage of dried fruit (%11.1) was observed. The highest water use efficiency Total biomass (36.6 g / liter) was observed in fixed partial root-zone drying and control water. alternative partial root-zone drying and magnetic water with Tesla 0.367 intensity, maximum leaf-stem ratio (1.37 g.plant-1), air-to-underground ratio (3.14 g.plant-1) and root length (53.2 cm) was observed, but the highest content of relative moisture content of leaf water in alternative partial root-zone drying and magnetic water showed Tesla with a intensity of 0.633. Among the irrigation methods, the highest total fruit weight in each pot was observed in usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying was observed as variable and both Tesla 0.367 and 0.633 intensity of magnetic water were able to improve traits. It is recommended to reduce the effects of drought stress, it is recommended to use this method that is safe, easy and safe for the environment.

In order to determine the best irrigation method to improve growth and physiological traits of some promising peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) lines in Guilan province, two experiments carried out in 2017 - 2018 cropping seasons as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Two irrigation methods including of cretaceous (conventional) and furrow (ridge) methods and five promising peanut lines ( 128, 176, 192, 201 and 208) comprised experimental treatments as main and sub plots, respectively. Results showed that cretaceous irrigation method caused to increase pod numbers per plant (26.46). In this experiment, peanut 192 line produced the greatest seed yield (3128 kg/ha), seed unmber per pod (2.08) and biological yield (8983 kg/ha) in response to cretaceous irrigation method. In addition, the greatest seed oil content (52.94 %) was obtained under conventional cretaceous irrigation method. In general, results showed that the cretaceous (conventional) irrigation method of peanut enhanced seed numbers per pod, seed yield and biological yield of peanut promising lines under region climatic condition.

Deficit irrigation is one of the ways to increase water productivity in irrigated lands. This study was conducted as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications on flat tomato cultivar at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during the 2018 cropping season. Treatments included three irrigation methods including; usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying as main plots and three levels of deficit irrigation (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) as subplots. Results show that the highest and lowest concentration photosynthetic pigments observed in the alternative partial root-zone drying and the fixed partial root-zone drying respectively. Maximum plant height (68.8 cm) was observed in fixed partial root-zone drying. Results show that, the maximum leaf area index (2.15), stem dry weight (76.5 g.plant-1), leaf dry weight (72.6 g.plant-1) and fruit yield (4.50 kg.m-2) was found in 100% field capacity. According to the results of the present study, the best result observed in usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying respectively. Fruit yield in fixed partial root-zone drying was more than the alternative partial root-zone drying method.

Proper and efficient use of water in the agricultural sector is of great importance. Therefore, it is not possible to achieve development without preventing water loss and utilizing new technologies. One way to achieve this aim is to replace the tape irrigation system Instead furrow irrigation method. For this purpose, two irrigation methods and water requirement for peanut yield and water use productivity in a split plot experiment were conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2015 in Guilan province. The main treatment consisted of two levels of surface irrigation (furrow) and tape and sub-treatment consisted of 40, 60, 80 and 100% water requirement management. The results showed that the highest biological yield, pod and seed yield under tape irrigation and 100% water requirement were 13894, 5029 and 3273 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest water use productivity based on biological yield was observed in diameter irrigation conditions at 100 and 75% of water requirement with average of 2.12 kg / m3. The highest water use productivity was based on pod and seed yield under tape irrigation and 100% water requirement with mean of 0.77 and 0.5 kg m-3, respectively. Due to the peanut water requirement and the limited rainfall and water resources at flowering time, the least water should be used to the maximum. Therefore, tape irrigation can be used as an efficient and useful tool for optimizing peanut moisture.

Despite the importance of determining and measuring the indices of irrigation water management in the agricultural sector for application in macroeconomic planning, these indices have not yet been done in modern and conventional irrigation networks. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the indices of irrigation water management (water consumed, water productivity and water application efficiency) in modern and conventional irrigation networks producing silage maize in Iran. The data were obtained by direct measurements from fields in the provinces of Alborz, Tehran, Fars, Khuzestan, Khorasan Razavi, Ardebil, Isfahan and Qazvin, which covered about 70% of areas under cultivation of silage maize in Iran, in more than 100 farms in modern and conventional irrigation networks. Results showed that the differences in water consumption and water productivity indices of modern and conventional irrigation networks were statistically significant to produce silage maize. Consequently, the yield of silage maize measured 50.54 and 54.32 ton ha-1, water consumption measured 6983 and 9085 m3 ha-1 ,water productivity measured 7.46 and 6.26 kg m-3, and water application efficiency measured 73% and 68% under the modern and conventional networks, respectively. These findings indicate that development of modern irrigation networks can promote water productivity and are valuable to be applied in the five-year national development plan and economic programs.

Recent droughts and water crisis require the use of modern irrigation systems In order to properly use and increase the productivity of water resources. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of two irrigation systems (Tape and Furrow Irrigation system) and different nitrogen levels (0,60,120 kg .ha-1) on yield, water use efficiency of garlic product at Ekbatan station, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot with three replication. Two irrigation systems (Tape and Furrow Irrigation) were as main plot and different amount of N (0, 60, 120 kg.ha-1) were as sub plots. The results of analysis showed that effect of different irrigation system on yield and bulb weight wasn’t significant and the yield was equal in two irrigation systems approximately. The average of water productivity in two irrigation systems was 5.6 and 2.4 Kg. m-3. Water consumption in Tape irrigation relative to Furrow irrigation decreased about 54 %. The amount of water productivity in tape irrigation was increased about 103 percent relative to furrow irrigation. Respectively. The maximum of water productivity (4.27 kg/m3) related to 60 kg.ha-1 of N treatment. Considering that the cost-benefit ratio in two scenarios: increasing the area under cultivation and preservation of water resources was 2.84 and 2.54 respectively, therefore the use of drip irrigation system is economical for the garlic product.

Reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation is increasing due to an increased demand for water resources in different parts of the world. Almost 70% of deviated water from rivers and pumped groundwater is used for agriculture. If wastewater is used for irrigation in agriculture, then the amount of discharged water from natural sources will be decreased and the flow of wastewater to the environment and its ensuing pollution will be prevented. Using wastewater in applications such as irrigation of agricultural lands has caused an increase of some exchangeable ions, salts and suspended solids (organic and mineral) in the soil and has significantly affected physical, chemical and biological features. Therefore, paying attention to the soil health is important during use of wastewater when it is the source of irrigation water. In such cases, there will be some worries about pollution of harvested products, contact of farm workers with pathogenes and environmental issues in the farm. In these conditions, attention to irrigation methods along with consideration of environmental protection standards is important. In this study, the effects of treated wastewater (TW) irrigation were tested on some chemical properties of soil for three years under five different irrigation treatments. The treatments were as follows: surface furrow irrigation (FI), surface drip irrigation (SDI), subsurface drip irrigation in 30 cm depth (SDI30), subsurface drip irrigation in 60 cm depth (SDI60) and bubbler irrigation (BI). At the end of the experiment, soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm in order to measure the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), organic matter (OM) and calcium carbonate equivalent (CaCO3). According to the results of soil analysis, the soil became more saline than the beginning by applying the treatments. Generally, in two plots of urban and industrial wastewater, the least salinity was observed in SDI (19.0% increase in salinity) and the maximum value of these parameters was observed in BI (99.7% increase in salinity). The results showed that average SAR in soil saturation extract of three layers were 5.5 and 6.6 dS m-1, respectively for urban and industrial plots. Considering these values along with EC, the soil will be categoraized as normal soil in terms of salinity and alkalinity. An increase of 14.3 % in BI and 8.2% in SID30 were observed in comparison with the initial values of the period. These were the extremums for SAR. The results also showed that the application of TW caused a 38.75 % reduction in SAR for the 30-60 cm. Soil pH of the plots under study was decreased significantly and reached its acceptable limit in the soil during the experiment. On the average, the pH of soil layer has been 7.4 and 7.3 for urban and industrial plots, respectively. The results showed that soil organic matter was influenced by the irrigation method and this was more pronounced in the location of wastewater injection. In the soil surface, the highest amount of organic matter was observed in treatment FI and SDI. However, in a depth of 30-60 and 60-90, SDI30 and SDI60 revealed the highest amount of organic matter content. The average concentration of chloride (Cl-) ions in industrial wastewater (12.3 meq L-1) was more than that of urban wastewater (7.3 meq L-1). Therefore, the effect of industrial wastewater on increasing soil Cl- has been more pronounced than that of urban wastewater. Soil Cl- was increased at the location of wastewater injection and the highest amount of Cl- in the irrigation treatments was observed in BI. The results also showed that the application of TW caused a 23.4% reduction in soil CaCO3 content at a depth of 60-90 cm. The lowest amount of CaCO3 was recorded in treatment SDI60. There was no significant difference between the average of irrigation treatments in the urban plots. But in the last layer, it showed that SDI30 had a significant difference with both SDI and SDI60, in the industrial plots. Generally, SDI irrigation in the root zone depth (in this study was up to 60 cm) is recommended for protecting safe environmental conditions, supplying water demand in the root zone and improving soil quality.

Demand for water resources in different parts of the world, necessitate the use of wastewater. In using wastewater the soil health must be considered. This study was carried out at Green Space Zob Ahan in the years 1382 to 1385. In this study, the effects of urban and industrial wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of soil for three years by using five different irrigation treatments were examined. The treatments were as follows: surface irrigation (FI), surface drip irrigation (SDI), subsurface drip irrigation in 30 cm depth (SDI30), Sub surface drip irrigation in 60 cm depth (SDI60) and irrigation procedures babbler (BI). At the end of the experiments, solid samples were taken of the soil of zero to 30, 30 to 60 and 60 to 90 cm depth in order to measure the heavy metal. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) were measured by using atomic absorption in soil samples. Results showed that the density of heavy metals in urban and industrial wastewater is in an allowable range and heavy elements of soil are not limiting factor. And also concentration of heavy metals was higher in the zone of wastewater injection and as whole treatments SDI60 and BI respectively had the highest and least amounts of heavy metals.

The research has been tested over four long-date onion cultivars for purpose of studying 3 methods of irrigation (drip, furrow and basin) on the yield, germination, water use efficiency (WUE) of onion produce at the Neyshabur Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center for two years (2005- 2007). Three methods of irrigation were taken as main factor in three levels and cultivars of onion (Azarshahr red, Kashan White, Neyshabur Red and Neyshabur White) were sub factor in four levels. According to the essence of experiment, the treatments were analyzed in a Strip Plot design based on randomized complete blocks in three repetitions and finally the means were compared on basis of Duncan multi-domain test. The results showed that, yield average in drip irrigation method was more than another irrigation methods. Different between yields on irrigation systems were significant at the 5% level and basin irrigation had least yield. Different between yield cultivars was statistically significant at 5%. So that, Kashan with cultivar with a 19% increase compared to the other cultivars, had the highest yield. WUE in drip irrigation method was higher than other methods in 28% more than furrow method and 52% more than basin method. Economical analysis results showed that expense increment was along income decrement, so basin and furrow treatments in each row of comparisons had negative final income, and finally treatment of drip irrigation was the best among other cultivars.