جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "mycorrhizal fungi" در نشریات گروه "آب و خاک"

Due to the low amount of rainfall and vegetation and the low use of organic fertilizers, Iran's soils have a low amount of organic matter, which affects the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Sewage sludge is an organic waste that is used as fertilizer in agriculture in some areas and can both improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increase the concentration of macro- and micro-nutrients that are essential for plant growth. Maize, Zea mays, is a tropical and subtropical four-carbon plant that is one of the most important grains in the world and has high nutritional requirements. Plant inoculation with symbiotic microorganisms, especially roots symbiotic fungi, could increases the ability of plants to better absorb water and nutrients, fight against environmental stresses, and improve plant growth and health. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of sewage sludge application adjust by inoculation with root endophytic fungi in maize cultivation on the uptake of some micronutrients and phosphorus was investigated.

A surface soil sample (0 to 30 cm) was prepared from the agricultural farm of Lorestan University. A factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design including soil microbial inoculation at three levels (no inoculation, inoculation with Rhizophagos intraradices, and inoculation with Serendipita indica) and sewage sludge (zero and 2 percent; w/w) was performed in three replicates under greenhouse conditions. Maize seeds were grown in 4 kg pots and after 3 months, the concentration of phosphorus, copper, zinc, iron and manganese elements in the shoot and root of the plant were measured. Also, some microbial characteristics (respiration, microbial carbon biomass, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) were measured in the soil.

The results showed the positive effect of both applications of sewage sludge and microbial inoculation on the concentration of elements in the plant. Biological parameters significantly increased (p< 0.05) with the application of 2 % sewage sludge: soil respiration (33 %), microbial carbon biomass (38 %), acid phosphatase (35 %), and alkaline phosphatase (6.5 %). Also, fungal inoculation significantly increased the concentration of phosphorus and micro-nutrients in the roots and shoots of the plant. There were no significant differences between the applications of the two symbiotic fungi; the only exception was the Zn concentration of root that was higher in treatments inoculated with R. intraradices than in treatments inoculated with S. indica. There was a positive correlation between available phosphorus with soil organic matter, plant biomass, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity.

The results showed the positive effect of using purified sewage sludge at the level of two percent and inoculation of root endophytic fungi in the uptake of phosphorus and micronutrients by the plant, improving plant growth characteristics, and improving soil biological characteristics such as microbial carbon biomass and phosphatase enzyme activity. Inoculation with both symbiosis fungi was similar, but regarding this point that reproduction of S. indica is simpler, so it is recommended as a plant-promoting fungi that could reduce the application of P fertilizers and help the plant to uptake more P from soil. In this research, refined sewage sludge was used in low content (2 %), so it is essential to pay attention to the application of unrefined or higher amounts of sewage sludge that may result in microbial contamination or future problems.

Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) is particularly an important tree because its fruits are freshly used and also they are used in the food industries. Lemon tree has high economical value among all other citrus trees. In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on lemon tree under draught stress, an experiment was carried out in split-block design with three replications. The study area was Darab and the experimental period was two years. The main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation (60 %, 80 % and 100 % of lemon water requirements), and the subplots were three levels of mycorrhizal inoculation (0, 1 and 2 kg per tree). Mycorrhizal inoculant was prepared by mixing of three species Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. The results showed that moisture stress, regardless to mycorrhizal inoculation, caused significant decrease in the majority of the measured traits, except Water use efficiency (WUE) that showed the opposite trend. Main effects of mycorrhizal inoculation increased the majority of measured traits. In 2 kg per tree inoculation treatment, fruit yield, fruit weight, leaf chlorophyll, leaf phosphorous concentration, relative water content, WUE and root colonization were significantly increased (22.1, 53.3, 42.0, 19.5, 15.3, 24.0 and 508 percent, respectively). Under the conditions of mild and sever moisture stresses, the use of mycorrhizal inoculant (1 and 2 kg per tree)  improved some of the measured traits, such as fruit yield that increased 20.2% and 37.6%, respectively. As a general conclusion, using of mycorrhizal inoculation had significant effect on yield and some growth characteristics and increased tolerance to moisture stress probably due to improve P concentration and water relation in plant, such as osmotic adjustment, water hydronic conductivity and stomatal regulation

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on growth indices of maize (Zea mays L.) in lead-contaminated soils, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the greenhouse of soil science department at Zanjan University in 2015. Factor I included: soil contamination levels of lead (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg soil) and Factor ΙΙ, No inoculation (C), inoculation with soluble bacteria, Phosphate (Pseudomonas putida) (P), inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (M), inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae + phosphate solubilizing bacterium (M + P), inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices mycorrhizal (I), inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus intraradices + phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (I + P).  The measured parameters were leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, lead of shoot and root, Copper and Iron of root and shoot. Inoculation of soil with mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria improved plant growth and yield indices in the absence of lead. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae + phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (I + P) increased leaf chlorophyll index 11.65% compared to the no-inoculation treatment (control). Also, biofertilizers were able to increase the amount of absorbed lead in the plant root compared to the control treatment by 61.9%. In other words, they are able to retain the absorbed lead from the soil by plant root. According to the obtained results at the critical concentration of lead (400 mg/kg soil), biofertilizers could not have a beneficial and increasing effect on chlorophyll index and plant height. However, at lower concentrations of Pb, biofertilizers can decrease the harmful and adverse effects of these heavy metals on shoot and root of plant.

Heavy metals are one of the pollutants in the ecosystem. They are of great importance due to their specific physiological effects on living organisms, even at low concentrations. Cadmium is one of the most important heavy metals due to its high mobility in the soil, and high solubility in water and soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and two factors and three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, to evaluate the growth characteristics, membrane stability, relative water content and uptake of some nutrients in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under heavy metal stress and mycorrhizal inoculation. The first factor was cadmium nitrate in 4 levels of 0, 40, 20, 80 mg/kg soil, and the second factor was mycorrhiza in 3 levels (without fungi inoculant, Funnetiformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradicese). The results showed that with increasing stress levels, the membrane stability index, root colonization percentage, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, and zinc in coriander were significantly reduced. While increasing cadmium concentration in soil, increased significantly cadmium concentration and relative water content of leaf (p ≤ 0.01). However, the mycorrhiza inoculation reduced the harmful effects of cadmium in the plant. The highest concentrations of nitrogen (3.08%), phosphorus (0.126%), calcium (2.92%), magnesium (0.85%), and zinc (121 mg/kg) were observed in mycorrhizal fungi application. Funnetiformis mosseae was more effective than Rhizophagus intraradices with a 42% decrease in cadmium concentration of leaf at the highest level of soil cadmium contamination (80 mg/kg cadmium nitrate). Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (especially Funnetiformis mosseae) increased plant tolerance against cadmium stress. So, plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi had higher growth and yield than non-inoculated plants, and their application in these conditions is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers on contamination rate of plants to heavy metals, a factorial experiment based on completly randomized design with three replications was carried out in greenhouse of soil science department at agriculture faculty of Zanjan University in 2015. The proposed treatments were: contamination levels of soil to cadmium (0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg of cadmium per Kg of soil) and inoculation with bio-fertilizers including; phosphate solubilizing bacteria Pseudomonas putida, mycorhiza fungi Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices. The measured factors were leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, phosphorus and potassium of shoot and root and cadmium concentration in plant. The results indicated that the use of bio-fertilizers increased the leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, phosphorus and potassium of shoot and root significantly as compare to the control. The treatment of Funneliformis mosseae and Pseudomonas putida (M+P) could improve leaf chlorophyll index and plant height by 11.93 and 21.89 % in comparing whit control respectively. The chlorophyll index was significantly decreased by increasing cadmium levels in the soil. Simultaneous application of Funneliformis mosseae and Pseudomonas putida (M+P) and cadmium increased the shoot and root dry weight by 6 and 7 % as compared to treatment of 100 mg cadmium per Kg of soil. Totally, the results indicated that the inoculation of soil whit bio-fertilizers could reduce the harmful effects of cadmium on plants growth and yield.

  The use of medicinal plants for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils is an economical, cheap and effective strategy. The widespread transfer of natural materials and pollutants to different parts of the environment (soil, water and atmosphere) has imposed great pressure on the self-purification ability of the soil. Accumulation of pollutants is a concern regarding both humans and ecosystems. Among pollutants, heavy metals are particularly important because they are not decomposable and also have harmful physiological effects on organisms even at low concentrations. Soil pollution with heavy metals in human societies is one of the major environmental problems and the transfer of these elements via crop production to men affecting human population health. One of the modern and low cost methods for remediation of contaminated soils, is the use of plants. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology which utilizes plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere to delete, modify or limit the toxic chemicals in soil, sediment, groundwater, surface water and even used the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation ability Thymus daenensis Celak. symbiotic with mycorrhizal fungi in polluted soils of Lead and Cadmium was by herb with. This study was conducted as a factorial exam in the greenhouse conditions. The first factor was four levels of heavy metals: lead (100 mg kg), cadmium (15 mg. Kg soil), concurrent use of lead and cadmium + control (zero) and the second factor was fungal treatments (at five levels: G. intraradices, G. Mosseae, G. fasciculatum, the simultaneous use of all three species and control-non inoculated -) in a randomized complete block design in three replications. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect of mycorrhizal fungi on Pb and Cd concentration in shoots and roots of thyme. The highest cadmium concentration in polluted soil was observed in Shoot(62/1 mg.Kg DW) inoculated with G.mosseae and root (56/1 mg kg dry weight) ) inoculated with G. fassiculatum respectively. The results showed a high ability of Thymus daenensis Celak. to absorb heavy metals from contaminated soils. Other findings of this study was more accumulation of lead in root than shoot. Based on the results, this plant is able to absorb significant amounts of lead and cadmium of bed and accumulate in roots or transfer to shoots. Mycorrhizal fungi especially G.mosseae and G. fassiculatum can improve the Cd and Pb phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Keywords: Mycorrhizal fungi, Cadmium, Lead, medicinal plants , Phytoremediation

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhiza, potassium, and manure application on the yield and quality of pomegranate fruits, in 2014, an experiment were conducted in a randomized complete block design as factorial with 12 treatments and three replicates. Experimental factors included combinations of two levels of mycorrhiza (0 and 500 g.tree-1), three levels of sheep manure (0, 10, and 20 kg per tree) and two levels of potassium (0 and 500 g K2O.tree-1). The measured traits included yield per tree, contents of carbohydrate, brix, and phenolic acids (sinapic acid, gallic acid, catechin, rutin and ascorbic acid) in the pomegranate fruits. The results showed that the main effects of potassium, mycorrhizae and manure were significant (P

Calcium is an essential element affecting fruit quality. Fruits that have enough calcium have greater capability to transport and warehousing (2, 21 and 22). Mycorrhizal symbiosis due to the increases uptake of water and nutrients, as well as due to increases photosynthesis activities, can increases plant biomass (36 and 37). Plants with mycorrhizal symbiosis, has better growth and higher yield and show greater resistance to stresses (40). Manure can improve soil organic matter and soil health (3 and 6). Amiri and Fallahi (2009) reported that by use of manure in apple, yield and average fruit weight significantly increases (3). In order to study the main and combined effects of mycorrhiza, calcium and manure on the pomegranate production, this research was conducted in Fars province.
In order to achieve the desired goals, in 2014, an experiment were conducted as factorial in a randomized completely block design with 12 treatments in three replicates. Experimental factors were included combinations of two levels of 0 and 500 g.tree-1 mycorrhiza, three levels of 0, 250 and 500 g.tree-1 manure and two treatments of without foliar spray and foliar spray of calcium chloride with 0.5% concentration. Treatments were carried out on two ten-year-old pomegranate trees with almost uniform growing conditions. The measured traits were including yield per tree, contents of pH, berix, carbohydrates and phenolic acids (sinapic acid, gallic acid, catechin, rutin and ascorbic acid) in the pomegranate fruits. All obtained data were analyzed with SAS software.
Results and Discussion The results showed that main effects of different treatments on the decreasing of pomegranate juice acidity were significant. Mycorrhiza application, except sinapic acid, significantly (P The results showed that application of mycorrhiza, manure and calcium spraying in pomegranates are very effective in increasing of its production and improving its quality. The highest yield (24.04 kg.tree-1) were obtained from combined application of 500 g.tree-1 mycorrhiza, 500 g.tree-1 of manure and calcium chloride spray which in compared with the control treatment showed 42.6% increase in yield. In general, due to one year of testing, to achieve more reliable results need to investigate further.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungion yield and morphological traits of eight landraces sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an experiment was conducted using factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Station of Urmia Agricultural High School in 2014-2015 growing season. The main factor consisted of different levels of irrigation namely no drought stress irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evapotranspiration), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm evapotranspiration) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 110 mm evapotranspiration) and mycorrhizal inoculation were considered as subplots including Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub-sub plots consisted of eight landraces of sesame Jiroft13, Zanjan Tarom landrace, Moghan landrace, Naz of several branches, TC-25¡ TS-3, Darab 14 and Dashtestan 5. The results of variance analysis showed that the effects of different levels of irrigation, mycorrhizal fungi and sesamegenotypes on traits were significant. Means values comparison showed that with increasing severity of drought stress, grain yield, plant height, stem diameter, leaf, stem and capsule with grain dry weight, number of grains per square meter and number of branches per plant decreased significantly. Severe drought stress reduced grain yield and number of grains per square meter about 63 and 70 percent, respectively. Symbiosis mycorrhizal fungi improved all the above mentioned traits. Based on the results of this study, for increasing grain yield and morphological traits using mycorrhizal fungi especially, G.mosseae species was recommended. Also in three different irrigation conditions, Moghan landrace and Zanjan Tarom landrace were presented as superior landraces.

Biological nitrogen fixation would be affected severely by water stress. In recent years, beneficial microorganisms were evaluated as one of the practical methods to reduce the effects of drought stress and increase agricultural production. To investigate the synergistic effects of mycorrhizal fungi on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in lentil plant under water stress conditions, a completely randomized factorial design was conducted in green house condition. The first factor had four levels of water stress (0/2, 0/4, 0/6 and 0/8 field capacity). The second factor had four microorganism types (Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, their combination and negative control). The results showed that in water stress treatments, the number of root nodules, root and shoot dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence, root colonization percentage, total nitrogen content decreased significantly. When plants inoculated by mycorrhizal fungi, shoot N content and shoot and root dry weight of inoculated were significantly different compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Nodule number, shoot nitrogen content, shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence, and root colonization percentage were increased by inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi.

Salt cedar is widely spread out in most part of the country but there is lack of information about its symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Then, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the symbiosis of AMF with salt cedar and its affectability by distance from river and soil physiochemical properties. For this purpose, riparian Maroon forest width was divided to three locations including riverside area, intermediate area and the area far from river with 200-hundred-meter interval. In each site 10 salt cedars were randomly selected and soil plus hair root samples were gathered from the salt cedar rhizosphere. Our result indicated that root colonization and spore density in the intermediate distance had the lowest and highest values, respectively. These values were significantly different compared to the other two sites. The average root colonization percent in the riverside area, intermediate area and the area far from river sites were 82.37, 73.77 and 80.17, respectively. While the average spore density in the riverside area, intermediate area and the area far from river were 189, 245.5 and 188.8 in five gram soils, respectively. Root colonization had significant positive correlation with soil potassium while spore density had significant correlation with studied soil physiochemical properties. Also, soil nitrogen, organic carbon, potassium and clay showed 52.6, 51.19, 50 and 23.4% decreasing trend from the riverside area to the area far from river. Regarding this research results, salt cedar showed high level of symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but this symbiosis could be affected by distance from river in riparian forest.

In order to study the effect of phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (P) and mycorrhizal fungi on quantitative and qualitative traits of sweet william (Dianthus barbatus), a factorial experiment carried out based on completely randomized block design with 12 treatments: mycorrhizal fungi in two levels (with and without), solubilizing phosphorous (P) bacteria in two levels (with and without) and super phosphate in three levels (0, 50, 100%) and 4 replications, 48 plots and 240 plants. Pseudomonas fluoresens and Claroideoglumus etunicatum, Rhizophgus intraradices and Funneliformis mossea were used for seed inoculation at sowing date. In this experiment, display life, chlorophyll content, colonization percent, phosphorus concentration and main stem height were measured. Results showed that effect of solubilizing P bacteria was significant on main stem height, display life, phosphorus uptake. Solubilizing phosphorus bacteriaÇmycorrhizal fungiÇ50% super phosphate treatment was the best treatment in colonization. Root colonization reduced significantly with increasing the chemical fertilizer application. The highest shoot dry matter observed in mycorrhizal fungi and 100% chemical fertilizer treatment. Solubilizing phosphorous bacteria increased vase life (66.00 days) compared to control treatment (32.75 days).

Phytoremediation is a biological method by which plants are used to remove environmental pollution caused by toxic elements such as the accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, etc. from soil. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help the plant to increase uptake and translocation of low mobility nutrients and also micronutrients. In this research, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant was produced through the isolation of fungi from the roots of marigold and its propagation with clover and sorghum under greenhouse conditions. Moreover the symbiotic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration and transfer of cadmium from the roots to the shoots in Marigold was studied under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial based on randomized complete books design with five levels of Cd (0,100, 200, 400, 800 mg kg-1 soil), using the soluble from of CdCl2.H2O and two level of mycorrihizal inoculation (non- inoculated and inoculated) with four replications. Greenhouse test results showed concentrations of cadmium in shoots ranges between 3.91 to 94.9 and in roots between 4.23 and 151 mg.kg-1, which causes toxicity in the plant, with more severe symptoms of toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants. The results also showed inoculation of marigold with AMF caused increase of P translocation to shoot and accumulation of Cd in roots. Phytoremediation is a biological method by which plants are used to remove environmental pollution caused by toxic elements such as the accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, etc. from soil. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help the plant to increase uptake and translocation of low mobility nutrients and also micronutrients. In this research, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant was produced through the isolation of fungi from the roots of marigold and its propagation with clover and sorghum under greenhouse conditions. Moreover the symbiotic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration and transfer of cadmium from the roots to the shoots in Marigold was studied under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial based on randomized complete books design with five levels of Cd (0,100, 200, 400, 800 mg kg-1 soil), using the soluble from of CdCl2.H2O and two level of mycorrihizal inoculation (non- inoculated and inoculated) with four replications. Greenhouse test results showed concentrations of cadmium in shoots ranges between 3.91 to 94.9 and in roots between 4.23 and 151 mg.kg-1, which causes toxicity in the plant, with more severe symptoms of toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants. The results also showed inoculation of marigold with AMF caused increase of P translocation to shoot and accumulation of Cd in roots.

Use of unbalanced chemical fertilizers especially P, having low absorption efficiency and low solubility compounds with soil components, has resulted in the production and use of bio fertilizers (17, 23 and 29). Bio-fertilizer is a preservative material consisting of one or several specific beneficial micro-organisms or their metabolic products used to supply plant nutrients and development of root systems (29). There are a lot of micro-organisms in soil capabling help to plant nutrition and uptake of nutrient elements in different ways that can be mentioned by the dual symbiotic relation between micro-organism and plant. Mycorrhizal fungus and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Azotobacter and Pseudomonas are able to increase uptake of nutrient elements particularly when they are applied with others and hence they increase the yield of different crops (12, 14; 24 and 30). P solubilizing fungus and bacteria facilitate uptake of slowly diffusing nutrient ions such as P, Zn and Cu and increase their availabilities usually by increasing volume of soil exploited by plants, spreading external mycelium, secreting organic acids, production of dehydrogenase and phosphates enzymes and reducing rhizosphere acidity (9, 15, 19, 23 and 26). The main beneficial use of micro organism is increasing of host plant growth. It can be done with increase of nutrient elements uptake. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of P and Zn bio-fertilizers on yield, yield components and shoot nutrient elements in two cultivars of bean for the first time in the Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province. This field experiment was carried out as a factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments of this research consisted of two cultivars of Chiti bean (Talash and Sadri), four levels of P (P0: Control, P1: Chemical fertilizer on the basis of soil test, P2: 50 percent of recommended P + bio-fertilizer (P), and P3: bio-fertilizer (P)), three levels of Zn (Zn0: Control, Zn1: 50 kg ha-1 Zinc sulphate, and Zn3: bio-fertilizer (Zn)). Bio-fertilizer (P) treatment consisted of mycorrhizal and five strains of Azotobacter chroococcum. Bio-fertilizer (Zn) treatment consisted of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MPFM and Pseudomonas fluorescent strain 187. Grain inoculation (5%) was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Two g of mycorrhizal fungus was applied at the base of the grain hole just prior to sowing. Chemical fertilizers were applied from TSP at a rate of 100 and 50 kg ha-1 in P1 and P2 respectively, 50 kg ha-1 ZnSO4.7H2O in Zn1 and 50 kg ha-1 urea as a starter before planting. The size of each plot was 3 × 4 meters. Statistical analysis was done with SAS) statistical software. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate means. The results revealed that there were significant differences between the two cultivars on seed yield, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and Zn, but there was no significant difference between the other parameters. P treatment showed a significant effect on the examined parameters except the number of seeds per pod. The highest content of yield (3446 kg ha-1) was observed in P2 treatment (18.5% seed yield increase). Zinc treatment also had a significant effect on the parameters being studied except the number of seed per pod and manganese (Mn) concentration. The maximum seed yield (3339 kg ha-1) was monitored in Zn1 and Zn2 treatments. The effect of interactions between P and Zn was significant on the number of pods per shrub, 100 seed weight and K concentration, but it was not significant on the other parameters. However the highest content of seed yield 3520 kg ha-1) was obtained from P2Zn1 (32.5% seed yield increase) treatment. Our results were similar to findings of other researchers (1, 3, 12, 15, 17, 26 and 30). They reported that dual inoculation increases plant productivity. In this study, phosphate and Zn bio-fertilizers caused an increase in yield, yield component and shoot nutrient by increasing nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, growth hormones and creating favorable growth conditions. Also results showed that the consume of P fertilizers were decreased (50 percent) with proper integration of chemical and bio-fertilizers. These results correspond with the results of other researchers (17, 22, 23, 24 and 27). In this research proper integration of bio- and chemical fertilizers was shown to increase yield and yield components with increasing and improving P and other nutrients’ uptake in both bean cultivars. The result also indicated that combining bio and chemical phosphate fertilizers increased the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers by 50 percent. Sadri cultivar is a suitable cultivar for Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province and regions with a similar climate.

In order to evaluate the effect of bio-fertilizer and phosphate and zinc fertilizer on yield, nutrient concentration and molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc (PA/Zn) of two bean cultivars, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Kiyar region of Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province. Examined factors include: two cultivars of chiti bean (Talash and Sadri), four levels of phosphate (Control (P0), triple superphosphate on the basis of soil test (P1), 50 recommended triple superphosphate + phosphate bio-fertilizer (P2) and phosphate bio-fertilizer (P3)) and three levels of Zn (Control (Zn0), 50 kg ha-1 Zn sulphate (Zn1) and Zn bio-fertilizer (Zn2)). The results revealed that phytic acid/zinc molar ratios of two been cultivars were significantly different (p< 0.01). P1 treatment had significant effect (p<0.01) on all examined parameters except iron concentration. In P2 treatment, yield (18%), nitrogen (18%), P (46%), potassium (26%), iron (13%), Zn (35%) concentration were increased but PA/Zn molar ratio (11%) was decreased significantly. Seed yield, potassium, Zn concentration (p < 0.01), nitrogen and iron (p < 0.05) were raised up in Zn treatments. Zn enriched seeds were observed in Zn1 and Zn2 treatments. PA/Zn molar ratio decreased when Zn concentration increased. Interaction between P and Zn had a significant effect (p<0.05) on potassium content of seed. Seed yield was enhanced by application of bio- fertilizer but PA/Zn molar ratio was decreased in both bean cultivars. The result also showed that 50 percent of chemicalphosphate fertilizers can be replaced by biofertilizer.

The most important limiting factor for mass production of mycorrhizal fungi inoculums and subsequently their use in arable soil is obligate nature of this symbiosis. To overcome this problem، several methods such as hydroponic، aeroponic، and root organ culture have been proposed for spore production of these fungi. Each of these methods has several capabilities and limiting factors. The goal of this research were in vitro production of three species of mycorrhizal spores. In the first stage، attempt was made to produce induced roots by inoculating three strains of Agrobacterumrhizogenesto and using sterile carrot disks. Results showed that، from the inoculated tissues، induced roots developed on carrot. Due to genetic stability، induced roots from carrot disks were used for next stages of this project. Spores of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi including Glomus intraradices، Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mosseae were prepared by trap culture of Sudan grass، isolated from soil and disinfected by proper antibiotic compounds. These spores were placed near the head of induced carrot roots on M medium in sterile condition. After establishment of symbiotic relationship between these two organisms for spore production، the colonized roots were transferred to 250 ml glass bottle with 100 ml of M medium. After 8 weeks، roots and fungi were isolated from medium. Results of this project showed that In Vitro culture was an effective method for spore production of Glomus intraradices and Glomus etunicatum. But، Glomus mosseae did not produce any spore by this method and we suggest that other methods، such as aeroponic and hydroponic، be used for spore production of this fungus

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial not only for providing plants with nutrients but also for improving the soil structure and aggregate stability by producing glomalin، which is a glycoprotein. A completely randomized block experimental design was conducted with two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi، Glomus intraradices (GI)، Glomus etunicatum (GE) and non-mycorrhizal (control) under growth of tomato with four replicates in a sandy loam soil at greenhouse conditions. Results showed that GI and GE significantly (P < 0. 01) increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD) by 193. 4 and 288. 8 %، mesopores by 49. 7 and 25. 9 %، micropores by 5. 5 and 19. 6 %، field capacity (FC) moisture by 14. 1 and 35. 1 %، permanent wilting point (PWP) by 12. 4 and 22. 6 %، available water capacity (AWC) by 14. 9 and 41. 3 %، but decreased bulk density (Db) by 4. 1 and 8 %، macropores by 10 and 14. 1 %، saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) by 52. 4 and 70. 8 %، respectively in comparison with control treatment. GI and GE fungi significantly (P < 0. 01) increased uptake of phosphorus and potassium by 600. 8 and 1089. 2 %، 506. 2 and 811. 5 %، respectively relative to the control in tomato shoot.

Zinc deficiency is one of the most common micronutrients deficiencies in plants and reduces production. The purpose of this research was to use arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and study its effect on Zn deficiency in corn and the plant ability to absorb zinc، phosphorus، and iron، and growth of corn plants. This experiment was performed in two parts. The first part was a factorial experiment conducted in completely-randomized design (CRD) with two factors zinc-deficient (-Zn) and zinc-sufficient (+Zn) (0 and 16 μM) and two fungi levels: +M and -M (mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal) cultured in perlite in plastic pots. Each treatment had four replicates. The second part of the experiment was conducted as completely-randomized design (CRD) with two levels of fungi (+M and -M) and four replicates cultured in perlite. The first results showed that in treatments with zinc deficiency، mycorrhizal plants had significantly less growth than non-mycorrhizal plants. Zinc deficiency caused a significant increase in the concentration and amount of phosphorus in shoot and root of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants with zinc deficiency had the highest concentration and amount of iron and non-mycorrhizal plants with sufficient zinc had the lowest concentration and amount of iron. Zinc deficiency increased the percentage of root colonization of mycorrhizal plants to 58%. In the second part of this study، it was observed that mycorrhizal inoculated plants were able to absorb zinc from the insoluble sources of zinc (such as ZnO).