جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « net profit » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Since water is one of the most important factors affecting the production and performance of agricultural products, the efficient management of this scarce resource is considered one of the important fields of agricultural development. The purpose of this research is to analyze and compare the cultivation pattern and the gross profit of farmers in two cases due to the implementation of price and non-price water policies and the implementation of pressure irrigation system in the fields of Erzuye city, one of Kerman province. Irrigation water price policy (increase in water extraction cost) was considered under scenarios of 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent. To achieve these goals, the positive mathematical programming model was used. In order to achieve practical results, production function with constant elasticity of substitution and non-linear cost function were added to this model. The required data were collected using simple random sampling method and completing 100 questionnaires in the crop year of 1401-1400. The obtained results showed that with the adoption of the water price policy, the cultivated area of the crops with the least water consumption increased and other selected products faced a decrease in the cultivated area. Under the last scenario, the gross profit of the model decreased by 26% and at the same time the water consumption decreased by 10.5%. Comparing showed that the implementation of this irrigation system compared to the observed level, increases the net profit of the model by 30.75% and reduces the water consumption of selected crops by 210%

in order to determine the economic evaluation of Grain Maize crop behavior in relation to Surge and alternate Deficit irrigation strategy, a research in Jaydar plain of Poldokhtar city during the year 2021-2022 was done. The statistical design of the research was Factorial design in a randomized complete block design Which has two factors at 5 and 3levels. Factor A (five furrow irrigation methods) including conventional irrigation (C), Surge irrigation with one-to-one flow wave cycle ratio until advance time is complete (S_1), Surge irrigation with two-to-one flow wave cycle ratio until advance time is complete (S_2) , fixed alternate irrigation (FF) and variable alternate irrigation (AF) as well as factor B (three irrigation regimes) including 100% water requirement (I_100), 80% water requirement (I_80) and 60% water requirement (I_60). The number of experimental treatments was 15 and the number of replications was 3 replications. The results showed that in irrigation methods, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water consumed is related to the s_1 surge irrigation method respectively with values of 20.24 and 9.87 thousand Rials per cubic meter. In different irrigation regimes, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water consumed respectively is related to the (I_80) with the amount of 19.46 thousand Rials per cubic meter and (I_100) with the amount of 8.29 thousand Rials per cubic meter was determined. Finally for different irrigation treatments, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water used was related to the treatment S_1 I_60 respectively is 22.53 and 10.7 thousand Rials per cubic meter.

Limited water resources and increasing the need for it in the agricultural sector have made the use of strategies to increase physical productivity and improve economic water efficiency in the agricultural sector inevitable. In this regard, water productivity indicators can be considered as one of the main components in the field of national planning. In this research, economic and physical productivity was calculated using Indicators Crop Per Drop (CPD), Benefit Per Drop (BPD) and Net Benefit Per Drop (NBPD) indicators for lands under citrus and paddy in the west and center of Mazandaran province, which were irrigated as a Modern (irrigation and underwater irrigation). the method used in this study is based on field visits and perceptions and including performance estimation, water consumption, net and gross costs. The study area in Mazandaran province was divided into four plains including Ramsar - Chalus, Nor - Noshahr, Amol - Babol and GhaemShahr - Joybar. The results of this study showed that the average economic and physical productivity in lands under citrus culture and paddy for CPD index, 5.8 and 0.76 kg/ m3 per hectare, for BPD index, 261 and 175, 1000 Rials/m3 per hectare for the NBPD index, 209 and 127, 1000 Rials/m3 per hectare. Therefore, citrus and paddy fields in Nor - Noshahr and Ramsar - Chalous areas have the best performance in terms of economic productivity of NBPD index and Nor - Nowshahr and Amol - Babol areas have the best performance in terms of CPD index. According to the results of the present study, water management in the field, the use of modern irrigation methods and changing the pattern of culture due to the climatic. Also, creating the necessary infrastructure to replace malfunctioning machines and incentive and punitive policies can be an effective way to increase water productivity.

Due to extensive agricultural activities and the need for significant irrigation, water consumption in the agricultural sector has increased. Therefore, providing solutions to reduce water consumption is an important issue. For this purpose, the optimization model was calculated and presented separately using the multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with two functions of net profit and agricultural water consumption in the Shahriar plan(Tehran, Iran). Also, the optimal values of net profit, cultivation pattern, irrigation uses and gross irrigation requirement were estimated in the optimization model. The results showed that the highest net profit, cultivation area and the volume of optimal water demand are related to Islamshahr area, then Shahriyar area and finally Robat Karim have the most desired values. Shahriar area has the highest optimal water consumption in the agricultural sector, then Islamshahr and finally Robat Karim has the lowest optimal amount of agricultural water consumption. The highest ratio of net profit to cultivated area in the optimal condition was related to Robat Karim area, then Shahriyar area and finally Islamshahr area. Also, according to the cultivation area and the optimal water consumption of grape, pomegranate, onion, vegetables in each area, their net profit is appropriate and ideal. And grape is the best possible crop among them.The policy of optimal utilization of water resources has led to a reduction in the area under cultivation, the volume of optimal water consumption and the volume of water needs in the whole area compared to the current situation by 20.44, 49.71 and 20.35 percent.

Drought and water scarcity in Iran is a climatic reality, and given the increasing need of different sectors for water, the problem of water scarcity in the coming years threatens the sustainability of cultivating some strategic crops with high water requirement. Rice cultivation requires high irrigation and is susceptible to water stress, so the best way to save water is to improve its water productivity. In this regard, in the present study, the estimation of rice water productivity indices was done in four major rice producing provinces of the country, including: Guilan, Mazandaran, Khuzestan, and Fars provinces. This study uses cross-sectional data from 2014-2015 rice production cost plan of Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture collected by cluster sampling from each province's farmers and estimated water requirement through remote sensing to calculate water productivity indices. The results showed that Mazandaran and Guilan provinces had the highest water productivity (yield/water requirement) with average of 0.99 and 0.88 kg/m3, respectively, Fars and Khuzestan provinces were in third and fourth places with averages of 0.65 and 0.52 kg/m3, respectively. The results showed that the highest net benefit of water consumption were in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces with averages of 9310 and 6590 Rials/m3, respectively. According to the results of this study, it is recommended to limit rice cultivation in Khuzestan and Fars provinces, especially in years with water deficiency.

Stability of soil and water resources in agriculture, above all depends on the type of resource utilization and cropping pattern. Nowadays, Maximization of factors such as income, job opportunities and minimization costs as the economic and social aspects along with the limitations of arable land and water is considered. One of the most important questions is the issue of sustainability, how to evaluate, measure and analyze sustainability. One of the methods and models to assess the stability is mathematical programming approaches. Application of these models for agricultural planning has a long history and a wide range. But using a particular type of this models to assess the sustainability, means fractional models is a new topic. Lara and Stancu-Minasian (1999) examined the theoretical aspects of this model in a research titled as “Fractional programming: A tool for the assessment of sustainability”. As mentioned above, there are three main objectives for sustainable crop pattern, maximization income and job opportunities and minimization costs (In this case water consumption). Using fractional programming provides the possibility to make three goals in two goals which include maximization of “the net profit/water consumption” and “making job opportunity/water consumption”. In this way, the number of solutions is lower and therefore the decision-making process is easier. Fractional programming for planning and optimization cropping pattern has not been done yet. This paper is being studied to evaluate the stability in the agricultural systems of Bajestan plain in the Razavi Khorasan province; and also determine the best cropping pattern according to that. There are about 10,000 hectares of agricultural lands in the plains Bajestan. These lands are cultivated in seven major crops which include barley, saffron, wheat, pistachios, cotton, pomegranate and melon. Now the area under cultivation of these crops is 2250, 1630, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1350 and 670 hectares, respectively. In this region, about 70% of the working population are employed in agriculture.To verify the effectiveness of the fractional models first of all, three mono goal linear models were prepared. The goal of each of these three models was maximization income and maximization job opportunities and minimization water consumption. By solving those models, three cropping patterns A1, B1 and C1 was obtained. For combination the triple dimensions of social, economic, and environmental, two relative criteria have been explained as the indications to evaluate system stability. Thus, In the next step, by dividing each of the two functions (maximization income and maximization job opportunities) to water consumption, two new objective function were obtained in the form of fractional model. In fact, this two models represent two sustainability index. By solving those models, two cropping patterns A2 and B2 was obtained. Finally, an ideal fractional/mathematical programing model was prepared in which the last two functions were optimized. Optimization in relationships “the net profit/water consumption” and “making job opportunity/water consumption” leads to new copping pattern (C2).In optimized cropping pattern the area of barley, saffron, wheat, pistachios, cotton, pomegranate and melon obtained 111.4, 1608, 110.8, 7202.3, 103.1, 404.8 and 159.5 hectares, respectively. With the aim of maximizing the net profit, two relative criteria (“the net profit/water consumption” and “making job opportunity/water consumption”) in fractional model to the linear increase 17.3% and 19.0%, respectively. With the aim of maximizing “making job opportunity”, two relative criteria in fractional model to the linear increase 25.2% and 22.1%, respectively. In multi-goals programing approach, two relative criteria in fractional model to the linear increase 32.4% and 42.5%, respectively. Overall, the ratio of income to water consumption in three cropping pattern of linear programming (A1, B1 and C1) is lower than three cropping pattern of fractional programming (A2, B2 and C2). The values are respectively 17.8%, 26.7% and 33.3%. Also, the ratio of making job opportunity to water consumption in three cropping pattern of linear programming (A1, B1 and C1) is lower than three cropping pattern of fractional programming (A2, B2 and C2). The values are respectively 18.9%, 22.1% and 42.5%. It can be concluded that fractional models in terms of both sustainability index are superior to the linear models. These results are consistent with previous results and confirm it, such as Castrodeza et al. (2005), Maros et al. (2009), Hu et al. (2010) and Sabaghi et al.