جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « zeolite » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Zeolites have been developed to utilize in agricultural sector due to their high water holding capacity and cation exchange. In this research, the effect of zeolite on evaporation from the soil surface and volume of drainage water in sandy loam soil was investigated. For this purpose, the HYDRUS-2D model was used to simulate evaporation and drainage and the required data was collected by conducting pot experiments. The studied treatments included four levels including zero, 5, 10, and 15 grams of zeolite gr kg-1 of soil. Four irrigation frequency were done on bases of readily soil moisture and the soil moisture values before and after irrigation events were measured using the Wet sensor in the depth and radial directions and recorded for 45 days. The initial amounts of evaporation and the volume of drainage water were determined by using the water balance equation and measuring the drainage water output, respectably from the pot at each stage. The results showed that increasing in the amount of zeolite cause to decries the amount of evaporation from the soil surface and the volume of drainage water in the treatment of 15 grams of zeolite by 17.11% and 20.6%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) for HYDRUS-2D model simulation varied between 0.90 and 0.93. The value of the efficiency factor (EF) of the model, which shows the quality and the fitting of the observed and estimated data, is between 0.59 and 0.98 for evaporation and between 0.86 and 0.92 for the drainage water volume. These results show the high efficiency of the model in simulating the mentioned parameters.

The present study investigated the effect of the combination of zeolite, mycorrhizal inoculation, and phosphorus fertilizer on mung bean production in the year 2022-2023 in the climatic conditions of Isfahan City. The experiment was performed as a split-split plot as a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included zeolite at three levels (zero, 3, and 6 ton/h), and the secondary factors included mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculation and non-inoculation) and phosphorus fertilizer at three levels (zero, 75 and 150 kg/h). The results showed that the main effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer application on all measured traits were significant. The interaction effect of zeolite and phosphorus fertilizer showed that the highest seed yield was observed in the treatment of six ton/h of zeolite and not use or using 75 kg/h of phosphorus fertilizer at the rate of 2920.6 and 2895.67 kg/h, respectively, and the lowest in the absence of zeolite. The zeolite and phosphorus fertilizer consumption was obtained at the rate of 2063.36 kg/h. The results showed that the highest biological yield was observed in the treatment of six ton/h of zeolite and mycorrhiza + 75 kg/h of phosphorus fertilizer at the rate of 8127 kg/h, and the lowest in the case of no zeolite consumption, no mycorrhiza use and no use of phosphorus fertilizer. A total of 3893 kg/h was obtained. In general, combining or using zeolite, mycorrhizal, and phosphorus fertilizers in mung bean cultivation has led to improved growth, increased production, and improved product quality.

Ongoing drought and population growth, the use of treated wastewater for various purposes has become essential. On the other hand, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater is of paramount importancet. In this study, woodchips of Prosopis Juliflora trees, zeolite, and woodchips of Tamarix tress woodchips were used for pollutant removal. Four laboratory-scale reactors were employed to compare the performance of these materials in the removal of nitrates and phosphates from wastewater effluent. The main experimental treatments included a reactor filled with a combination of woodchips of Prosopis Juliflora trees and zeolite (PWZ), a reactor filled with woodchips of Prosopis Juliflora trees (CPW), a reactor filled with woodchips of Tamarix tress (TW), and a reactor filled with a combination of woodchips of Prosopis Juliflora trees, zeolite, and woodchips of Tamarix tress (PWZTW). Each of these treatments was tested at three hydraulic retention times of 12, 18, and 24 hours to investigate the influence of the mentioned filter media on pH, nitrate levels, and orthophosphate levels in the effluent. The average nitrate removal efficiencies in the PWZ, CPW, TW, and PWZTW treatments, across all three retention times, were found to be 82.72%, 72.93%, 76.61%, and 81.12%, respectively. The highest nitrate removal efficiency was achieved in the PWZ treatment , The average orthophosphate removal efficiencies in the mentioned treatments were calculated as 84.04%, 77.46%, 63.94%, and 81.60%, respectively. Overall, the use of a combination of woodchips and zeolite as an amendment improved the removal efficiency of nitrates and phosphates.

The accumulation of heavy metals in the wetlands may cause significant damage to the environment. In this study, an experimental study was performed to reduce the amount of heavy metals using inexpensive and available materials. For this purpose, three metal ions of lead, chromium, and nickel, which had high values in the wetland were studied. Three treatments of sawdust, straw and zeolite clinoptilolite (ZC) were used in laboratory columns to investigate the heavy metal removals. The laboratory columns with a length of 1 m and a diameter of 160 mm were prepared and the wastewater were passed through them. The results showed that the maximum adsorption of lead metal ions in straw (37.6%) was better than sawdust (33%) and zeolite (12.2%). Besides, the maximum chromium adsorption in zeolite (44.4%) was higher than sawdust (40.2%) and straw (37.6%). Finally, for nickel adsorption, sawdust (39.4%) gave better results than straw (35.9%) and zeolite (33.3%). However, it seems that all the treatments used are relatively effective in removing the studied heavy metals. However, for maximum Adsorption, it is better to use a mixture of the studied treatments. The results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that the absorption rate of all three heavy metals in the treatments was significant at the 1% level and all three adsorbents had the ability to absorb the investigated heavy metals. Also, according to the LSD test, except for lead absorption by zeolite, there was no significant difference between the adsorbents used.

Mulberry is a single-stemmed tree, growing in a variety of climates. Mulberry leaves are the main source of food for silkworm, which plays a key role in silk industry. In recent decades, since the use of chemical fertilizers has caused many environmental problems, the application of organic and bio-fertilizers has increased significantly. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of growth promoting bacteria and municipal waste on enzyme changes in mulberry leaves as well as soil phosphatase enzyme. For this research, 27 mulberry seedlings were collected from Iran Silk Research Centre. This research was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Guilan University. In this study, the treatments used included two levels of municipal waste (two and four percent), two levels of Pseudomonas sp. inocula (106 and 5×106 cells per liter) and control sample. Catalase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase, chlorophyll a and b in mulberry leaves were measured and also soil phosphatase was determined. The results indicated that the application of bacteria inocula led to the increment in the amount of soil phosphatase enzyme. The results also showed that the amount of superoxide dismutase enzyme were increased from 77.2 in the control treatment to 276 μmol/g of fresh leaf tissue in the higher level of compost and bacteria treatment (second level). Furthermore, the highest amount of this enzyme was equal to 0.16 (μmol · min−1 · g−1 wet weight), which was observed in the higher level of Pseudomonas sp. inoculum (5×106) along with the higher level of organic fertilizer (4%). In general, the results demonstrated that a combination of organic fertilizer and beneficial bacteria inocula can be used instead of chemical fertilizers to provide the elements required by the mulberry plant.

Due to the importance of nickel (Ni), and the effect of common soil additives on Ni fractions distribution, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of zeolite and vermicompost on nickel fractions over time. The experimental design consisted of a factorial combination of two levels of vermicompost (zero and 2% by weight), three levels of zeolite (zero, 4% by weight of Firoozkooh zeolite, and 4% by weight of Semnan zeolite), and two soil texture (clay and sandy loam) in a completely randomized design in triplicates. Treatments were contaminated with 50 and 100 mg nickel/kg soil. Ni fractions were extracted and measured at 20 and 60 days. The results showed that in initial soils, Car-Ni in sandy loam soil was higher than in clay soil, while the content of Fe, Mn- Ox Ni, OM-Ni, and Res-Ni in the clay soil was higher. In sandy loam soil, more nickel was recovered in Exch- and Car-fractions, while nickel recovery was higher in Mn, Fe-Ox Ni, OM-Ni, and Res-Ni in the clay texture. Zeolite addition caused a significant decrease of Exch- and Car-Ni in the clay soil on 60d and 100 mg/kg Ni level. Exch-Ni was reduced due to vermicompost application. Vermicompost application caused the decrease in Fe, Mn Ox-Ni in both studied soils and times, and OM-Ni increased by vermicompost application. Aging generally reduces the Exch-Ni but changes in Car-Ni over time depending on the soil texture. Aging did not affect Mn, Fe-Ox Ni, and Res-Ni, while OM-Ni increased over time in clay soil.

Cadmium is one of the heavy metals, which the results of recent research indicate the severe biological toxicity, irreversibility, accumulation and non-degradability of this element in nature, and its accumulation in the soil causes a decrease in soil fertility and crop yields. One of the ways to improve the fertility of contaminated soils is the use of waste materials such as fly ash and its derivatives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fly ash derivatives and genotype treatments on rice yield. The experiments of two cropping years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were performed in two forms of field and pot cultivation in private lands located in Kheyber town of Dezful city. This research was done by split plot method and in the form of randomized complete block design. The main factor included four amendments; soil with zero ash (as control), ash, intermediate material and zeolite. The sub-factor included two cultivars; Champa and Anbarbo. The studied traits are grain yield and plant dry weight. Comparison of treatment averages were done by Duncan's method and at two probability levels of 1% and 5%. According to the results, the effect of fly ash treatment and its derivatives on rice yield had a significant effect at 1% level. Genotype also had a significant effect on rice yield at 1% level. Also, the interaction effect of fly ash treatment and derivatives and genotype treatment had a significant effect on rice yield at 1% level. So that the lowest and the highest amount of yield with the amount of 3065.42 and 3555.96 kg/ha in the field experiment and 3162.54 and 3668.1 kg/ha in the pot experiment were corresponeded to the control treatment and Anbarbo variety and fly ash Champa treatments respectively. It was found that the treatment of fly ash and Champa variety was statistically higher than the other treatments at 5% level according to Duncan's test. According to the comparison results, the highest yield in both field and pot tests was observed in intermediates treatment and Champa variety.

Use of nitrate fertilizer to increase crop yield is a method used by many farmers. Once this ion enters the soil, it is converted to nitrate and easily leached. Using zeolite is one of the methods to prevent nitrate leaching has received much attention today; however, determining the exact amount of nitrate fertilizer when using zeolite is very important. Performing experiments in a classic way and taking into account the effect of all factors (factorial design) needs time and cost in performing experiments. For this reason, old research methods should be replaced by simple and standard methods such as Taguchi and central composite design. For this purpose, this study was conducted in a completely randomized as factorial design. Treatments consisted of zeolite (at three amount; zero, 2 and 6%) and nitrate application (at three levels; zero, 200 and 400 mg nitrate per kg of soil) with three replications. Taguchi and central composite designs were considered with 9 and 13 experiments, respectively. The results of complete factorial method showed that the amount of zeolite had a significant effect on nitrate leaching; however, nitrate fertilizer had no effect on nitrate leaching. According to Taguchi results, both zeolite and nitrate fertilizer were very important on nitrate leaching reduction from soil. Based on prioritizing the effect in the central composite design, it was observed that zeolite was the most important factor in reducing nitrate leaching. Based on the results, the application of 2% zeolite was the beginning of the effect of zeolite on nitrate leaching. Therefore, it can be expected that in amounts between 2 to 6% zeolite, a significant reduction in nitrate leaching occurs.

This study investigated the effect of the inoculation of the soil with some phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) on inorganic P fractions in sandy soil enriched with inorganic and organic amendments. A factorial experiment arrangement was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications, using two factors: microorganisms (control, Entrobacter cloacae, Brevundimonas, and piriformospora indica) and amendments (control, (5%) apatite, (5%) apatite + (3%) zeolite, (5%) apatite + (1%) molasses). A 60-days incubation was performed after the application of treatments. Inorganic P fractionation and alkaline phosphatase activity of soil were measured at the end of the experiment. Phosphorus distribution in soil was as follow: octacalcium phosphate > apatite P > dicalcium phosphate > Olsen p > aluminium phosphate > iron phosphate. The application of apatite increased all of the P mineral fractions. The application of zeolite-appatie was very effective and although did not increase Olsen P (probably because of the low cation exchange capacity of soil), had a significant effect (p<0.05) on other P forms and caused dicalcium phosphate to increase (69.2%) and apatite P and octaclcium phosphate to decrease (34.8% and 60.0%, respectively) compared to apatite application. Application of molasses resulted in significant increases in dicalcium phosphate and octacalcium phosphate (48.9% and 29.3%, respectively) and decreases in apatite P and Olsen P (62.1% and 63.9%, respectively). Microbial inoculation resulted in a significant increase in Olsen P and dicalcium phosphate and a decrease in octacalcium phosphate and apatite P; showing the ability of these organisms to increase the phosphorus availability. Entrobacter and Piriformospora indica were more effective than Brevundimonas. It seems that microorganisms in different substrates had used different mechanisms; such that in apatite and apatite-molasses treatments microbial inoculation resulted in an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, but in zeolite-apatite treatment, pH had decreased indicating the organic acid production by microorganisms.

The effect of various biochars and nano-clay on Cd immobilization and uptake by plants has been widely studied, but few studies have focused on the migration of different Cd fractions in saline-alkaline soils. Moreover, the remediation potential of biochar and nano-clay in saline soils polluted with heavy metals is still to be studied. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the Cd movement is influenced by biochar and nano-clay application in soil contaminated with the matter. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of biochar and zeolite on the uptake of cadmium by green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) and its downward movement in saline-alkaline and cadmium-contaminated soils.

The present study was carried out under two soil modification materials including wheat straw biochar (Triticum ( and zeolite nanoparticles at the level of 5 g/kg of cadmium-contaminated soil. The soil was collected at 0 to 30 cm depth from a plain in Sejzi, Esfahan. The soil was air-dried and stones, as well as plant litter, were removed, and then the soil was passed through a 5 mm sieve and prepared for the experiment. The heavy metal contaminated soil was created by placing 500 g air-dried soil into a 2 L glass beaker and mixing it with 250 mL cadmium nitrate (1.2 g Cd, Cd(NO3)2· 4H2O). In the Sejzi plain area, three plots were filled with biochar and zeolite at the level of 5 g/kg of cadmium-contaminated soil. After preparing the contaminated soils, green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) were planted in them under natural conditions. 

The results showed that biomass of green bell pepper increased significantly by 79.2% and 18.3% using biochar and zeolite, respectively. The concentration of cadmium in green bell pepper’s fruit in biochar application was reduced by almost 30% compared to both control and soil treatments with zeolite. Cadmium absorbed by green bell pepper stems was about 50% of the total plant cadmium. Application of 5 gr of biochar and zeolite per kg of soil increased 42% and 78% of soil cadmium in topsoil (0-12 cm), respectively, compared to the subsoil.

According to the results, it can be stated that green bell pepper can be introduced as a cadmium absorber. The results also show the superiority of zeolite treatment over biochar treatment in reducing contamination transfer to the underlying layers of saline and alkaline soils and the addition of biochar caused a greater increase in green bell pepper biomass compared to zeolite nanoparticles in cadmium-contaminated soil.

In drought stress, in addition to inhibiting water uptake, the availability and uptake of various nutrients is also limited. Proper soil nutrition through the use of organic and inorganic modifiers is known as one of the soil management methods under various environmental stresses.the main objective of this research is to test the performance of concurrent application of amendents in field under qinoa.

In order to investigate the changes in the concentration of nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc) in soil by application of organic amendments (rice straw biochar, municipal waste compost) and mineral amendments (bentonite and zeolite) under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of faculty of agricultural, University of Tarbiat Modares in 2019. Organic amendments (biochar, compost) in 2 levels (0.4 and 0.8%) and mineral amendments (bentonite and zeolite) in 2 levels (0.75 aand 1.5%) were used and drought stress in 4 levels (discharge of 25 % available water (control), 40%, 55% and 70% (servere stress) was applied to the soil, which was a total of 108 pots. Soil sampling was done in three stages four-leaf stage, flowering and harvesting of quinoa.

The results showed that organic and mineral amendments under different levels of drought affected significantly on the P concentration (in four-leaf stage and flowering stage), K (in each three stages), Cu (in each three stages), Fe in four-leaf stage and available Zn in four-leaf stage and flowering stages of quinoa. With increasing drought levels, Application of organic and mineral amendments increased P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in all three sampling stages .While the concentration of these elements in the first stage of sampling (four-leaf stage) was more than others.

The results showed that the application of four soil amendments increased the concentration of macro and micronutrient compared to control in drought stress status , but municipal waste compost at 0.8% level and then biochar at 0.8% level could provide the most suitable nutritional conditions in loam soil. Therefore, according to the results obtained in this experiment, Based on the findings of this study, in drought stress conditions, the use of municipal waste compost and biochar compared to zeolite and bentonite is recommended to improve soil nutritional status.Key words: Biochar, Bentonite, Drought Stress, Zeolite, Compost.

Water scarcity is the most important problem in agricultural development, especially in arid areas. Therefore, the study of strategies to increase water use efficiency must be considered. Providing methods to control and reduce soil evaporation can be a suitable way to increase water use efficiency. Soil surface Evaporation can be considered as the main part of water balance components in arid areas that cause water wastage. One of the ways to control and reduce evaporation from the soil is to use natural amendments. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of three minerals including bentonite, vermiculite and zeolite on the amount and intensity of evaporation from the soil surface in a period of 4 months from Tir (July) to Mehr (October).

This study was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and three replications at Shahrekord University. The studied treatments in this research include 3 types of natural amendments (bentonite, vermiculite and zeolite) at three levels of 0.5, 1 and 2% with a control treatment (soil without any amendment). These natural minerals were mixed in soil of whole pots. The amount of evaporation was measured by measuring the amount of irrigation water of each pot and outlet water of them and based on the water balance equation. Moisture content was measured with a hygrometer at two depths of 5 and 15 cm. Finally, the soil moisture characteristic curve for each treatment by using of pressure plate was obtained and compared.

The results showed that among the three studied minerals, the highest reduction in soil evaporation was related to bentonite. The two minerals vermiculite and zeolite also significantly reduced evaporation compared to the control treatment, but the difference between them was not significant. Among the studied treatments, the highest reduction effect on evaporation was observed in 2% bentonite mixed with soil and the lowest effect was observed in 0.5% zeolite treatment. This treatment did not show a significant difference with the control, but 2% bentonite treatment significantly reduced the rate of evaporation compared to the control by 6.4%. The results the soil moisture in the treatments was the opposite of the evaporation results. In the treatments where the evaporation rate was lower, the moisture content increased. Due to the significant effect of the three minerals on the soil moisture, the soil moisture curve in the studied treatments has also changed compared to the control.

The use of natural soil amendment in addition to preventing soil contamination, helps to improve soil structure to reduce evaporation. Overall, due to the highest effect of using 2% bentonite on significant decreasing of soil evaporation therefore, this soil amendment can be recommended to control of evaporation from soil.

The Arak Meighan wetland, is one of the important habitats of migratory birds that has faced serious challenges in recent years due to its various reasons. In this study, the status of heavy metals entering the Meighan wetland and solutions to reduce them was investigated. At first, an ICP test was conducted to determine the status of heavy metals entering the wetland. Then, three treatments of anionic resin, Clinoptilolite zeolite and Perlite with two repetitions were used to investigate the reduction of heavy metals (Pb, Ni and Cr). For this purpose, a series of columns with a height of one meter and a diameter of 160 mm were used. On the pipes, absorbent material were filled up to a height of 70 cm and artificial wastewater was entered into each of the test columns. Then sampling were taken at five minutes, 30 minutes, one hour, two hours, and four hours from the inlet and outlet of pipes. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and the values of heavy metals were measured with the atomic absorption device. The results showed in most of the experimental columns, the adsorption process had an upward trend at the beginning and a slow and even decreasing trend at the end of experiment. Also, the absorption rate of all three heavy metals in the resin is higher than the other two adsorbents and is about 90%. The highest percentage of adsorption for zeolite was 44% and for Perlite was about 30%. However, in the absorption of heavy metals, the performance of the treatments was different, but it seems all treatments have a relative efficiency in removing heavy metals.

Nitrogen is one the most important nutrients in achieving optimal yield of crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of clinoptilolite zeolite on nitrate ion adsorbstion and growth indices and cucumber parameters including, number, weight, length and diameter of the cucumber. This research was conducted at greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Urmia University and in completely randomized design experiment with four levels including 0, 5, 10 and 15 gr zeolite per kg of sandy loam soil in three replications with drip irrigation system.The results show that zeolite has positive effect of on reducing nitrate leaching at p < 0.01 level.Comparing the averages, it showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the control treatment and 15 g zeolite per kg of soil. Also, results showed that the application of zeolite on crop yield (Multiplied by fruit number in fruit weight), number of fruits, leaf area and plant diameter was significant at p < 0.01 level and also on fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length and plant height at p < 0.05 probability but had significant effect on leaf number. Increasing amount of zeolite cause to increase yield by 2.6 time greater than control treatment.

There are several methods for desalination which could be divided into two classes of membrane and thermal processes. Other methods are also existed, of which, bioremediation (including phytoremediation), is the most important method. Halophytes are recognized as plants associated with the capability of tolerating those amounts of salt concentrations that could not be tolerated by other plants. Current investigation utilizes Atriplex Lentiformis plant as the purifier and solution of 15000 μS/Cm as the saline water. Three levels of plant density (0, 12, 24 plants) and four retention times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) were considered in this study. This experiment was carried out without and with the presence of zeolite. Different parameters including; electrical conductivity (EC), concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride ions were measured before and after the treatment and the average reduction percentages of the proposed factors were measured. It was found that the zeolite treatments with 0, 12 and 24 plants reduced the EC 4.1, 13.4and 15.9%, respectively. Also, the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride ions were reduced 35.9, 25, 18, and 16.9%, respectively.

The presence of nitrate in water resources is one of the most important global concerns, so it can be very helpful to prevent it from entering the water using materials such as hydrocar, biochar, zeolites and superabsorbents. For this purpose, this study with four treatments at 3 different levels and 4 repetitions was conducted in 2019. In this study, 36 PVC pipes with diameter and height of 10.5 and 50 cm, respectively, were used at research farm Faculty of Water Sciencs Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Treatments included hydrocar (H), biochar (B), potassium zeolite (Z), and superabsorbents of type A200 (S) at three levels (M0, M2, and M5, respectively, including zero, 2, and 5 g / kg soil), respectively. The duration of the experiment included 10 irrigations, and at the end of each irrigation, the output nitrate was measured. The results showed that the effect of superabsorbent, zeolite and biochar in all irrigations and hydrocar other than irrigation 4 and 6 at 5% level was significant on reducing nitrate leaching. SM2 and SM5 treatments were 42% and 58%, respectively, ZM2 and ZM5 treatments were 20% and 29%, respectively, BM2 and BM5 treatments were 30% and 43%, respectively, and HM2 and HM5 treatments were 20% and 31%, respectively, compared to control treatment was effective in preventing nitrate leaching. In general, superabsorbent treatment is recommended due to higher absorption.

One of the brine waste disposal options used by developed countries is “evaporation ponds”. In order to increase the efficiency of evaporation ponds in terms of increasing the amount of evaporation and consequently, decreasing the amount of required area for ponds, this subject has been paid more attention by researchers. As, the evaporation rate from ponds is the most important component, the possibility of saving solar energy and releasing the stored heat by Zeolite was studied in this research to increase the evaporation potential of the pond. For this purpose different amounts and types of Zeolite were examined and the Zeolite 13x was chosen. The experiments have been carried out on the platform of Karaj Meteorological Station using two evaporation pans; a test pan including the setup used in this research, and a synoptic available pan as the control pan. The results showed by using different mass of Zeolite (43.8 to 525.1 g/m2), the evaporation rate increases 4 to 22% as compared to the control pan. Also, the effect of Zeolite on evaporation rate from saline water was investigated. The results showed that the evaporation rate decreases as compared to the one from Zeolite pond with fresh water. Also, a linear relationship was established between different percentages of salinity and evaporation rates. The results of this study showed by considering saline drainage water, the price of Zeolite and land for construction of evaporation ponds, it is possible to increase the amount of evaporation rate from evaporation ponds and consequently reduce the dimensions of these ponds for economical purposes. Therefore, it is possible to prevent agricultural drainage disposal into rivers.

One of the important elements in mechanized irrigation is to know the relation between suction force (matric force) and soil moisture, which is referred to as moisture curve. The shape and coefficients of this curve are influenced by the texture and structure of the soil and can change with soil structure modification.  The most important goals of this study were to evaluate the effect of using zeolite on water holding capacity and coefficients of moisture curve patterns of two sandy and loamy soil texture, the effect of using zeolite on the shape and soil moisture curve coefficients based on various models, some of them so far in Iran, zeolite was added to soils at levels of consumption (2, 5 and 10%). The moisture content of each soil was determined at various points in 12 points using a Dicagon machine.  Soil moisture curve coefficients using software and fittings of six Brooks and Corey models, Kosugi, Durner, Fredlund and Xing,  VanGenuchten and Seki. The results indicate that in all models, the parameter value increases with the use of zeolite and increase the level of use. Water storage capacity also increases with the use of zeolite.  Other results showed that the best model for estimating the moisture curve of laryngeal and sandy soils of the Darren model is weakest and the weakest models in the lush soils of the broccoli model and Kasughi model and in the sandy soil of the Brooksouli model Blindness and model-gnuchten Shand.

In order to investigate the qualitative changes in forage products using unconventional waters and zeolites, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications at Gharakhil Agricultural Research Station in Ghaemshahr. In this experiment, the main treatment was irrigation water quality (well water as control (W1) ; 75% well water and 25% seawater (W2); 25% well water and 75% seawater (W3); 100% urban treated wastewater in alternative with 100% seawater (W4); 50% seawater and 50% urban treated wastewater (W5); irrigation with urban treated wastewater (W6)) and sub-treatment including three levels of zeolite as soil modifier (without zeolite Z1, zeolite calcium Z2 and zeolite potasic Z3). The results of data analysis showed that the effect of irrigation water quality treatments and zeolite levels on forage yield had a significant effect at a probability level of 5%. Salinity reduced forage yield but no significant difference was observed between W5 and W4 treatments. The amount of fresh forage yield in treated wastewater with zeolite calcium was 129 t.ha-1, which was more than the rest of the treatments. The protein content of sorghum was decrease with increasing the amount of salinity, but carbohydrate increased. The highest leaf protein content was observed in W6Z2 treatment at 14.83%. The highest carbohydrate content was seen in W3Z3 treatment at 9.75 mg.g-1. The highest rate of adsorption of cadmium and chromium was in W3 treatment, which was higher in root of plant than leaves and stems, and in zeolite-containing treatments, this amount was lower in leaves and stem.

Laccases are potent enzymes that are capable of oxidizing various phenolic and non-phenolic compounds as well as resistant environmental pollutants. One of the most effective methods for improving their properties, such as increasing the stability of these enzymes and even increasing their activity, is the immobilization of laccases on different carriers. In the process of immobilization, the enzyme is bonded to a solid carrier which is insoluble in the reaction mixture. In this process, the movement of the enzyme in space is severely restricted, while its catalytic activity is still maintained. One of the carriers used to create recyclable biocatalyst systems is mineral. Minerals as inorganic carriers are inexpensive, abundant in nature, readily available, and also have high biocompatibility. The objective of the present study was to investigate the adsorption properties of Laccase enzyme from T. versicolor fungus on montmorillonite K10 and zeolite minerals using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms. For this study, the pure laccase enzyme (> 10U mg-1), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) substrate and montmorillonite K10 mineral (with a specific surface area of 220-270 m2/g and a cation exchange capacity (CEC) equal to 30 meq 100 g-1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Zeolite mineral was provided from a mine located in southeast Semnan province. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of both minerals, CEC of zeolite with sodium acetate solution (pH=8.2) and zeolite surface area were determined. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyzes of zeolite mineral were also done. In order to immobilize laccase on the minerals, 200 mg of both minerals were activated by shaking with 0.5N HNO3 for 2 hours and a solution of 2% 3-aminopropyltriethoxylane in acetone. The activated minerals were treated by a 5% solution of glutaraldehyde in a 0.1M sodium acetate buffer (pH=5) and were shaken for 24 hours with 0.25-2.0 mg of the laccase dissolved in the buffer. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were determined. The experiment was carried out at a constant temperature of 20°C. The results were analyzed using the MSTATC software and the means of the data were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Based on the results, the zeolite type was clinoptilolite with a chemical formula of (Na,K,Ca)2.5Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36.12H2O. Moreover, BET Surface Area, Langmuir Surface Area, t-Plot Micropore Area and t-Plot External Surface Area of zeolite were 40.2712, 645.4780, 3.5188 and 36.7524 m2/g, respectively. Laccase absorption on montmorillonite K10 showed the highest compliance first with the Dubinin–Radushkevich model (R2=0.97) and then with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (R2=0.96). Based on the D-R model, the theoretical monolayer sorption capacity (qm) and the constant of the sorption energy (ß) of montmorillonite K10 were 3 mg/g and 0.62 (×103 mol2/J2), respectively. According to the Langmuir isotherm, there was probably a homogeneous distribution of active sites on the montmorillonite K10 mineral surface. On the other hand, laccase adsorption on zeolite showed the best compliance with the Freundlich model (R2=0.87). Accordingly, sorption capacity (KF) of zeolite was 0.05 mg/g (L/mg)1/n. The amount of n parameter as an indicator of the favorability of sorption process was 1.49 demonstrating favorable absorption condition. The values of R2 obtained for Temkin isotherm model were, however, equal in both minerals (R2=0.62 for montmorillonite K10 and R2 = 0.61 for zeolite), and based on this model, the adsorption process was likely to be exothermic. According to the values of the equilibrium parameter (RL) of montmorillonite K10, the absorption was favorable. However, with increasing the initial concentration of laccase, the amount of RL approached zero indicating the laccase adsorption on the mineral is more favorable at higher initial concentrations of laccase. Based on % Removal parameter, the highest percentage of laccase adsorption on montmorillonite K10 and zeolite was related to concentrations of 250 and 125 mg/L, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference with other concentrations. In general, laccase absorption on montmorillonite K10 showed the best fit with Dubinin–Radushkevich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. On the other hand, adsorption of laccase on zeolite mineral showed the best fit with Freundlich model. A higher degree of steric hindrance and conformational changes in the enzyme structure is likely to occur and subsequently, the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme complexes may decrease. Therefore, montmorillonite is more suited to be used as a carrier of laccase enzymes. However, complementary studies such as kinetic tests will help to make final decisions.