جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آثار رفاهی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

Increasing demand for water resources and reducing resources has led to the implementation of various water management policies and procedures. Water transfer plans are one of these methods, which on the one hand is a response to the problem of imbalance with the distribution of the population and its related activities, and on the other hand, the spatial distribution of water. These plans, while is a solution to the water crisis, have effects. Therefore, this study investigates the long-term welfare and economic effects of Taleghan water transfer project to Tehran Province in 30 years in the form of a general dynamic equilibrium model. For this purpose, the input-output table of Tehran province was first designed and social accounting matrix was obtained. and then the dynamic general equilibrium model was used to investigate water transfer in the long-run. The results of this study show the negative effects of household welfare,and the effect of these projects on gross output, value added, investment demand, household demand in agriculture, industry and services is not significant, and also in This trend continues for 30 years. Hence, the results of such studies and studies of other effects can be a guide for planners and policymakers for future plans.

Measuring changes in economic welfare has been known as one of the practical economic issues. So, this study aimed to calculate the welfare changes resulted from the changes in Iran food prices. To accomplish such task, welfare macroeconomic theory, compensating variation (CV) criteria, household income and expenditure data of Iran in 2014 were used. The purpose of this study is to provide scientific solutions to assess consumer behavior and estimate the price elasticity of goods. Compensating variation represents the net income that must be given to household in order to restore them to the utility level they have been before the price changes. The price change is negative after an increase because it is expressed as a central authority’s expenditure to restore the household to the pre-price change utility level. In order to estimate compensated variation, at first household's demand system should be estimated. So, the parameters of the demand system are estimated by applying nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression to the system of eight share equations. Parameter estimates, summarized in form of income and price elasticities, provide more clear understanding of household food consumption behavior in 2014 and also these parameter estimates provide a theoretically consistent model of household food demand that can be used to evaluate the welfare impressions of food price increases. Uncompensated own price elasticities are calculated. Due to the absolute value of the coefficients of elasticity, it can be stated that for urban households the demand for all selected goods, other than oil and fat, is not elastic to price changes. Investigation of the non-compensatory cross-sectional for cereals indicates the existence of a complementary relationship between cereals and most foods. Meanwhile, the most and the least complete complementary relationship is between cereals- meat and cereals - sugar. In other words, urban households after the inclusion of cereals in their basket regard this food as a supplement to their food basket. Investigating cross-sectional elasticity of meat in urban households revealed a substitution relationship between meat, dairy, oil and fat, fruits, vegetables and sugar. According to the absolute value of cross-sectional, it can be stated that there is a weak substitution relationship between the desired foods. The positive sign of cross-sectional elasticity implies an increase in meat consumption in urban households as a result of rising food prices. Also, the relationship between meat and cereals with respect to the negative elasticity is a Complementary relationship. Therefore, a one- percent increases in the price of cereals, assuming that the other requirements for meat demand are fixed, leads 0.023% to –percent decrease in meat demand. Based on the results of Table 2, non-compensatory cross-sectional of dairy products indicates the existence of complementary relationship between dairy products and cereals. Other cross-sectional elasticities for dairy products are positive and indicate the substitution relationship of dairy products with other foods, including meat. The highest ratio of substitution to dairy is tea and coffee with cross-sectional elasticity equals 0.415%. Therefore, urban households, after adding dairy products in their basket, add tea and coffee as a substitute for dairy products to their food basket. An examination of cross-sectional elasticity for oil and fat indicates the existence of a complementary relationship between oil and fat with fruits, tea and coffee. In other words, urban households after adding fat and oil in their basket will add fruits, tea and coffee as a complement to their basket, which means increasing the consumption of fruits, tea and coffee along with fat and oil consumption for urban households.
Results of current study indicate of high income elasticity for cereals due to the variety of goods as well as existence of numerous types of cultivars processed in this kind of foods. So this kind can be considered as luxury especially for the types of processed products. The elasticities of other foods are positive and smaller than one. So these foods are considered as essential commodities for urban households.
In the next section, three scenarios including 15, 25 and 50 percent increase in food prices are considered and the impacts of changes in food prices on urban household expenditures are calculated by means of the welfare index of compensatory changes for the eight main food groups. Results reveal that for urban households the average consumption of meat is higher than other food stuffs. After meat, the highest consumption expenditure is allocated to cereals with the average consumption expenditures calculated for urban households s 892,000 Rials. In other words, these two groups of foods including cereals and meat are among the main commodities in the household food basket. Considering the importance and share of food commodities in the consumption basket of households, this study examines the effect of rising prices of edible chips on welfare and consequently on poverty of urban households. In this regard, the quadratic ideal demand system has been applied to estimate the demand for household food commodities and the criterion of compensating variation has been used as the welfare measure The results show that, given the absolute value of the coefficients of own elasticity, it can be stated that for these households demand for all selected goods other than oil and fat is inelastic in response to price changes. Therefore supposed that foodstuffs have a high share of the households basket, it is necessary to provide financial support to maintain the welfare of households and pay equivalent compensatory changes calculated to retain the desirability of households.

Given that most government policies through mechanisms relative price change is done, it is necessary the effects of price changes on economic welfare is measured. This paper investigates the welfare effects caused by price changes of protein food stuffs in urban households. For this purpose, using urban household information, almost ideal demand system was estimated. The findings of expenditure elasticity of urban households show that meat, poultry, fish and shrimp and its products, and milk and its products are not elastic. The results of compensated own-price elasticity showed that the sensitivity of urban households to price change of meat and fish and shrimp is low compare to other protein food stuffs. If the price of protein food stuffs is doubled, the welfare of urban households is decreasing about 48 percent.

The high share of subsidies on inputs such as chemical fertilizers in the Iran and the negative effects of these policies on variables such as yield and government expenditures has been caused the decision to removal these types of subsidies. The rice is one of the products that have been affected following the application of this policy. In this study, the spatial equilibrium model was used to investigate the effects of government policies in the field of targeted subsidies for fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium on the rice producers and consumers welfare in different regions of Iran. Results of this study show that the removal of fertilizers subsidies had various effects in different regions, and this is more noticeable changes in the major areas of this production. In general, the removal of essential inputs subsidies such as nitrogen, mainly increased rice producers and consumers welfare, so that producer and consumer total welfare have been increased about 1.83 and 4.56% respectively. While the removal of phosphate and potassium fertilizers subsidies despite its positive impact on the producers welfare in some areas, have been caused decrease in Iranian producer total welfare about 0.188 and 0.191%respectively and also decrease in consumer total welfare about 0.46 and 0.47% respectively.

Generally the biggest group of people diet every grain of rice cereal group is the second largest member in some regions. However, unlike other grains such as rice, white beans and cooked completely consumed, Fastidious taste may vary from one region to another. The overall index of consumer tastes more rice grains in appearance, size and shape, manner of cooking, the aroma, the taste of it Measuring the effects of rice quality change on consumer welfare is the main objective of this study. Data were randomly collected by completing questinnare from 350 households in Shiraz from 1389 to1390. The results showed that average monthly household welfare in 5834currency north of downtown and south of the city in 2338currency increased by 4776 currency. Thus, information on average costs 34 percent of rice consumers in the north, center and south of the city, 18 percent to 30 percent decrease. Thus, information about the qualitative characteristics of paddy rice consumer welfare is increased Shiraz. But information alone does not reduce the cost of rice in poor strata of the society is significant. This is due to the high cost of living, many of the low purchasing power of households and lower classes of society.

This study aims at analyzing the price transmission between domestic and export markets of selected agricultural crops including raisin، saffron and pistachio as well as measuring the welfare impacts of asymmetric price transmission. For this purpose، a time series of 1970-2009 period was applied. Examination of causality between domestic and world prices showed a long run causality from export price to domestic one for rasin and pistachio، while saffron domestic price was found as a source of price change in its export market. In addition، price transmission analyses for raisin and saffron showed a symmetric price transmission in long run but an asymmetric one in short run، while these were found quite conversed for pistachio. Welfare analysis also showed that price increase led to higher welfare for domestic consumers، producers and exporters of the selected crops as a whole، and decrease in crop prices resulted in a decreased welfare. However، in terms of absolute values، the welfare changes caused by the decreased prices exceed those resulting from the increased prices.

The purpose of this paper is measuring and analyzing the impacts of meat price changes on consumer’s welfare. First، the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) was estimated for meats in urban household in 1984-2009 years. Then، Compensating Variation (CV) criterion was computed to measuring the consumer’s welfare changes based on Taylor series expansion method and the results from the estimated AIDS model. Finally، the urban households’ welfare loss due to the meats price increasing was measured for the period of 2006-2009. Results showed that the chicken and beef are necessary and the fish and mutton are luxury goods for Iranian households. The results of the CV computing indicated that in this period، the Iranian households were lost 19 percentage of annual expenditure spending to the meat group in this period.

Energy is considered as an important input for agricultural products. A decrease in energy subsidy and its demand reduces agricultural outputs and raises the production costs. Changes in production and costs may significantly affect welfare of the agricultural producers. The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of increased energy prices (reduction in the subsidy) on the agricultural producers as well as the government expenditure. In order to achieve the objective, production factor demands (labor, capital and energy) were estimated. Then, impact of increased energy price (decrease in subsidy) on its demand was analyzed. Using production function, the impact of decreased energy consumption on agriculture production was estimated. Using the demand function for agricultural products, the impact of decreased energy consumption on the agricultural prices was estimated. The study groups to analyze the welfare were agricultural producers and the government. The welfare impact of reduced energy subsidy includes a change in the production value, in the production costs and the government expenditure allocated to the energy subsidy in the agricultural sector. The results showed that for the short run an increase in energy prices raised energy cost, however the total production costs tended to decrease due to robust reduction in the agricultural production. Increased energy price results in an increase in the production prices which is beyond the decrease in the production and the decrease in the government expenditure. In the long run, increase in the energy costs and decrease in the government expenditure tended to progress rapidly. However, in the long run compared with the short run, due to the increased production and the decrease in the output price a lower increase in the production value occurs. The welfare analysis showed an increase in the welfare of the study groups, however, that was more considerable in the short run compared with the long run. Supporting the agricultural producers with credit facilities and technology improvement were suggested as the effective policies.

Regarding the importance of dates pricing policy in Iran, the objective of this research was to study the welfare effects of procurement program by middlemen in Fars province. The data were collected from a sample of 302 producers for evaluation of farmer's satisfaction through filling up questionnaires. Moreover, time series data were obtained from Fars Agricultural Organization, Statistical Center of Iran and Rural Cooperative Organization in the province. Date supply function was determined by use of ARDL method. Farmer's satisfaction was determined by use of Ordered Probit method. Results of estimating the ordered Probit method showed significant effects of producer's education, distance to purchase centers and the record of activity on the satisfaction of producers. The results of the study showed that performance of the program caused increase in producer's welfare and reduction in government expenditure. Finally, some recommendations were made to improve the procurement program.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the welfare effects of reduction in rice import tariffs as a major factor in price stabilization policy. Iranian government in certain time decided to reduce rice import tariff from 150% to 4% to prevent sharp price increase and protect consumers. For this purpose, time series data for period of 1386-1358 were collected from the Ministry of Agriculture, FAO database and Statistical Yearbook of Customs. The effects of such policy on domestic prices, demand, domestic production, import level, social welfare and tariff income were investigated under different scenarios i.e. tariff reduction of 100, 80, 40 percent and posing fixed tariff of 1500 Rials per kilogram using a simple partial equilibrium framework. Results showed that consumers gain at the expense of the producers and government. Other disadvantages of such policy were increase in probability of bankruptcy, failure of self sufficiency policy and more dependence on foreign markets. Finally, some recommendations were made to improve the situation.

With respect to impact of chemical fertilizer subsidy elimination on wheat production costs, this study aimed at evaluating welfare impacts of reduction in chemical fertilizer subsidy on bread consumers. To achieve this objective, supply and demand of bread was estimated using data for period of 1353-85 (1974-2006). Then, welfare effects of subsidy reduction were determined. Findings of study showed that due to lack of sensitiveness of bread consumers to price changes, the increase in cost of wheat production would transfer to consumers via bread price increase. As a result, consumers would loose 661.8 billion Rials as chemical fertilizer subsidy was eliminated. Meanwhile, government expenditure decreased by 3927.6 billion Rials, and overall impact was 3265.8 billion Rials gain for the society. The results also indicated that the removal of chemical fertilizer subsidy is expected to increase the bread retail price by 6.72 percent. Finally, gradual reduction of chemical fertilizer subsidy and targeting subsidy paid to bread consumers is recommended.