جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بیمه محصولات کشاورزی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

The dependence of agriculture on environmental conditions has caused the activity in this sector to face natural and unnatural risks. After several years of agricultural insurance activity in Razavi Khorasan province, most of the pistachio farmers are not insured. Drought insurance is one of the methods that has become important to cover the risks of drought and lack of water resources in order to compensate part of the gardeners' losses. The main issue from a managerial perspective is risk management. The use of agricultural insurance, which is one of the risk management tools, will ensure financial security and stability for farmers. Given that insurance is a tool for risk management, and given the uncertainty and risks of climate change in agriculture, insurance can be a very adaptable tool to water scarcity. Agricultural insurance is considered as a useful and appropriate solution to deal with natural hazards. . Drought insurance is an important factor in off-farm drought risk management that can mitigate the effects of this inevitable phenomenon. Insurance as one of the risk management tools can increase the risk-taking of farmers and, consequently, increase the sense of security in farmers, the necessary ground for proper and efficient use of factors of production and investment in the use of new technology and thus increase productivity in agriculture provide. The effects of water scarcity can be summarized as follows; Loss of production and income, abandonment of busy crops (with high water demand) and decline in agricultural employment, on the other hand, intensifies the over-exploitation of groundwater aquifers, which has tempted many farmers to do so meet your water needs. Access to water in the study area is one of the important variables affecting pistachio yield and quality as well as the survival of pistachio trees. This variable directly affects the profitability of producers and gardeners may suffer losses from this vital input. For this reason, gardeners' behavior in relation to regular pistachio insurance can affect access to water and make more farmers inclined to drought insurance.

This research seeks to answer the question that with 5% reduction in available water, pistachio growers in Sabzevar city, whether these people are willing to accept pistachio drought insurance or not, and if so, what is the extent of this desire. The Probit pattern is one of the most suitable econometric patterns for censored observations. This model was first proposed by Tobin (1958) to estimate the demand for durable goods. Subsequently, Arab Mazar and Schmidt (1979), Brown and Mufit (1982), Madela and Nelson (1982), and Hard (1975) worked on and developed the model, validating its high capability. This pattern was named by Goldberger (1964) as the Tobit or Probin Tobin model. Assume that y is the level of activity or action desired and xi are factors that generally affect the level of activity or action in question, namely:Also assume that one group of the observed observations performs the desired activity and the other group (the rest) does not perform the desired activity. As mentioned earlier, the values of xi and yi are visible for the first group. While for the second group only xi values are available and yi values are zero.In Hackmann's proposed two-step method for estimating the Tobit model, it is assumed that one set of variables may influence the decision to participate in the activity and another set of variables may affect the amount of activity performed after the decision is made. Therefore, two different sets of variables can be included in the Probit model, which are not necessarily barriers to aggregation. Therefore, two different sets of variables can be included in the Tobit model, which are not necessarily barriers to aggregation. Because it does not have a one-step model of this flexibility, it assumes that the variables influencing a person's decision to engage in an activity are the same as the variables that determine the amount of activity, if this is not necessarily the case. Hackman's two suggested steps are:Step 1: In the first step, the variables that affect the decision of gardeners in accepting pistachio drought insurance are identified and placed in a model with a binary dependent variable (zeros and ones); This means that the positive values of the dependent variable that indicate the tendency to accept pistachio drought insurance become the number one, and the dependent variable that does not tend to accept the drought insurance is set to zero. The number one means the decision to perform the activity and zero means the non-performance of the activity. At this stage, in order to identify the factors influencing the individual's decision, the Probit Model is used and estimated by the maximumlikelihood method. The first step is to create a new variable inverse of the Mills ratio to enter the second step. In other words, this variable is the first and second stage communication bridge.Step 2: In the second stage, the measures affecting the willingness to participate in drought insurance after the decision is made along with the inverse Mills ratio variable are placed in a classical regression model. The dependent variable in the second stage is the amount of garden area likely to be allocated to drought insurance.Reasons to use the Tobit model: Many econometric models face two types of errors, either due to the use of specific observation data or due to the structural features of the models: first, the error due to incorrect sample selection, which usually occurs in using classical regression models, and second, the same error Assuming effective variables in the decision stage and the amount of activity performed after the decision is made (decision and action or intention and action), which usually occurs in regression models with binary and multiple responses. The Tobit model has been developed to prevent the occurrence of these two types of errors in studies.The first error is the error of incorrect sample selection; in the sense that in many econometric models, information is obtained only from observations that have acted on the activity and omits observations that have refused to do that activity. Therefore, these models are not able to assess the reaction of observations that did not act on the independent variable changes. Tobit model (type one) solves this problem in terms of observations that have performed the desired activity as well as other observations. Under these conditions, the effect of changes in independent variables on both the total observations and on the observations of the activity can be calculated separately.The second error means that the factors that influence a person's decision to perform an activity are not necessarily the same as the factors that determine the amount and level of activity desired, and can be two different sets of variables. The Tobit model (type two, Hackett or Hackman two-stage) solves this problem by separating the factors influencing the decision and the amount of activity.

The data show that the response of pistachio growers to the reduction of available water in the next 2 and 5 years is that all gardeners will insure their pistachio orchards with a 5% reduction in available water, but in terms of area under cultivation, only 39% Gardeners will increase their arable land in the next 2 years and 33% of gardeners in the next 5 years. The reaction of gardeners who did not have a history of pistachio insurance to accept pistachio insurance and increase or decrease the area under pistachio orchard in exchange for a 5%  reduction in available water in the next 2 and 5 years shows that about 51% of gardeners face a 5%  reduction in water in 2 And in the next 5 years, they will insure their pistachio orchards, and about 60%  of gardeners will increase their cultivation in the next 2 or 5 years in the face of a 5%  reduction in available water. The results of the evaluation of gardeners' reaction to the continuation of the horticultural profession in the face of a 5%  reduction in available water in the next 2 years will cause 34%  of gardeners not to continue this profession and 51%  of gardeners will not continue this profession in the next 5 years. In the long run, water shortages can reduce the incentive for gardeners to grow pistachios. The reaction of gardeners to pistachio insurance against the reduction of available water quality shows that only 1.38 percent of the total population in the face of reduced quality of available water reduce the level of their insured garden and about 30% of them faced with declining available water quality, they will increase the level of their insured garden; And the rest of the gardeners (about 68.6%) do not change their insured level in the face of declining water quality.

According to the obtained information, the variables as gardener's age, ownership, relationship between gardener's field of study and agriculture, location, variety of cultivation, existence of insured pistachio garden in the neighborhood, frequency of risk, total water available to each gardener and garden life of each gardener in the first stage (Probit Model) have positive coefficients; which indicates the positive effect of these variables on the probability of willingness to accept pistachio drought insurance. In the second stage (linear regression), the variables of pistachio horticulture history, frequency of risk, garden life and total number of water hours available to gardeners have positive coefficients, which indicate the positive effect of these variables on the dependent variable of the second stage, is the tendency to accept pistachio drought insurance.

Agriculture is inherently a high-risk activity, and agricultural production is always associated with a set of risks related to prices and environmental risks. Crop insurance contributes to reducing these risks and encouraging farmers, gardeners, and other operators in the field of agriculture to work and produce. Insurance is an effective tool in risk management in agriculture. It is actually a type of technology that was created to reduce the risk aversion of farmers and, as a result, increase their efficiency in the optimal use of production factors. The present research aims to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of crop insurance.

In terms of purpose, the research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study conducted by the survey approach. The statistical population consisted of gardeners in Gachsaran County. The sample whose size was estimated at 340 gardeners using Cochran's formula was taken by the random sampling method. The main instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was estimated at 0.73 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The results showed that economic factors with a significance level of 0.258, social factors with a significance level of 0.243, motivational factors with a significance level of 0.226, and insurance-related factors with a significance level of 0.221 had a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of crop insurance. Based on the results, economic factors play the biggest role in the acceptance of crop insurance, so it is suggested to apply such solutions as guaranteed purchase of products, elimination of middlemen, quick payment of compensation, focus on risky farmers, and orientation of crop insurance with farmers.

Moghan plain (Ardabil province) always has been considered as one of the important pillars of agriculture in Iran. However due to the new climatic changes, increasing occurrence of phenomena such as drought and reduction of water resources, and spread of pests and weeds, farmers facing with the phenomenon of risk as a major challenge in the region. Farmers will be obliged to make decisions about allocating resources to their agricultural productions which facing environmental conditions and different biotic and abiotic risks, as ambient conditions, the status of inputs and outputs prices and their agronomic performance, are not stable enough. Finally, these conditions influence farmers' agronomic decisions which under such circumstances the results of farmers' decision making are different from the results in safer conditions. There are also different values of inputs consumption in risky and safe agricultural conditions and these values also depend on other factors such as variance of the product price, the degree of risk aversion and the marginal share of inputs in production variance as well as outputs and inputs prices and production levels. In this regard, agricultural crop insurance is one of the major management strategies to overcome agricultural risks, weather and other unavoidable natural hazards. Risk management is an appropriate management of operational unit with awareness and understanding of the environment and risky factors. It is actually one of the ways to increase productivity of production factors and to improve the efficiency of farming operation systems through making suitable decisions about controlling risk factors and resources. Therefore, increasing range of production risk and the importance of agricultural crops insurance of maize production in Moghan plain led to investigate and determine the effects of agricultural crops insurance adoption on the components of production risk management among the maize farmers of Moghan plain. This study is an applied one based on descriptive-correlative method that was designed and implemented in 2016-2017. Study area was Moghan plain that it located in the northern part of Ardabil province. Sampling method was multi-stage and applying the Yamane (1967) formula. Data including sample size of 278 maize farmers in 9 villages were collected. The research instrument was a questionnaire including 69 items in three sections (personal and professional characteristics, determining risk aversion coefficient and risk management components). Items of questionnaire were composed of personal and professional characteristics of respondents (18 items), variables determining risk aversion coefficient (19 items) and risk management components (32 items). Risk management components were consisting of planting risk management (5 items), maintenance risk management (5 items), harvest risk management (4 items), Risk management of economics and marketing (5 items), risk management of farm and technical infrastructure (7 items) and the risk-sharing management (6 items). Items of risk management components with equal weights were collected in the five-part Likert scale (the range of 1 (very low) to 5 (very much)).
To calculate the risk aversion coefficient and the risk sentiments in maize farmers' decision-making, we used safety first rule (SFR). For the final analysis of the main purpose of the research was to use the binary logistic regression method in step-by-step approach. According to study results, maize farmers with different risk aversion coefficient, includes four groups as follow: 1: risk-taker (15.1% of respondents); 2: risk-neutral (19.8% of respondents); 3: low risk-averse (37.4% of respondents) and 4: high risk-averse (27.7% of respondents). There was also a significant difference between the adopter and non-adopter maize farmers of insurance based on the degree of risk aversion. In other words, non- adopter maize farmers of insurance had significantly higher risk aversion compared to adopter maize farmers of insurance. Based on the results of logistic regression, from among 17 studied factors in eight steps, only 8 components including education (B = 0.254), average annual agricultural income (B= 0.68), number of agricultural risks (B =0.361) and risk-sharing management (B=0.447) at 5% level, and risk management variables of economics and marketing (B= 0.492), planting risk management (B = 0.382) and risk management of farm and technical infrastructure (B = 0.617) at 1% level were positive and significant. But for the component of age (B= -0.142) a negative and significant relationship at the 5% level was found.
The results of calculating the risk aversion coefficient showed that majority of maize farmers were risk-averse (65.1%). Also, the adopter maize farmers of insurance were significantly less risk aversion than non-adopter maize farmers of insurance. Many number of maize farmers in the area are small-holder farmers (mean of farm lands size equals 5.0054 hectares). The smallholder farmers compared to other farmers are very vulnerable facing with the agricultural risks, so this leads to high risk eversion level of maize farmers in the study area compared to other farmers. Also, the adopter maize farmers of insurance were significantly less risk aversion than non-adopter maize farmers of insurance. The results of logistic regression showed that among various types of risk management components, planting risk management (Wald: 0.382), risk management of economics and marketing (Wald: 0.492), risk management of farm and technical infrastructure (Wald: 0.617) and risk-sharing management (Wald: 0.447) had the positive and significant effects on agricultural crops insurance adoption.

Reducing of the existing economic risk in agricultural activities and increasing security for investment is one of the important functions of agricultural insurance. This function is the main factor in creating tendency in private sector to improve investment in this sector. Insurance models and risk management methods of agricultural product, which are always designed and implemented by governments, are intended to compensate for any of these risks. In this study, first using a sample of 500 Rafsanjan pistachio producers, the willingness to pay for pistachio insurance was obtained by two methods of integration and proportional ratio, then the premium was determined and the factors affecting income insurance using Contingent Valuation Method and a one-dimensional dual questionnaire was investigated. The results of this study showed that there is a reverse relationship between the willingness to pay with the offers of premium rate, number of households, income, predictability of yield and increase in income compared to last year. But the education of farmers has a direct relationship with the willingness to pay. The average willingness to pay by farmers according to the income quarters derived from the completion of the questionnaire for the five income scenarios was 144, 447, 616, 729 and 907 million Rials per hectare. The average willingness to pay for income insurance for Rafsanjan pistachios was estimated 35734405 Rials per hectare. According to the results of the research, in order to reach the comprehensive plan of pistachio farmers' insurance, it is recommended that income insurance be considered.

Among different supportive policies of agricultural sector, crop insurance as a useful solution has always been emphasized. Moreover, it is necessary to attract private sector to involve agricultural insurance industry. Agricultural insurance fund of Iran actually began its work in September 1984. From 1996, some parts of its activities have been transferred to production cooperatives (PC) and continuing this policy, some parts of its activities have also been transferred to private agricultural insurance (PAI) agents in second half of 2002. To ensure effective and efficient services of these two agents (PC and PAI) in the field of agricultural insurance, it is necessary to evaluate their performance and to learn more about their strengths and weaknesses. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the performance of PC and PAI. Survey research method was used in this study. Validity of the research tool (questionnaire) was confirmed using face validity procedure. Also, Cronbach's alpha was used to calculate its reliability that obtained from 0.64 to 0.80 for the different parts of the questionnaire. CSM and Seaqual techniques were used to calculate PC and PAI performances. The results of both techniques indicated that PCs have a better performance in terms of social and economic aspects, while PAIs are better in management, general and "law and procedures" aspects. Also, calculating total performance revealed that PAIs have a better performance and farmers have been more satisfied with them.

Economic growth as an important indicator has always considered by policy makers. In presence of production inputs constraints، the most appropriate way of growing each sector is increase of productivity. In the agricultural sector due to several risks that farmers face as a result of activity in an open environment، productivity is also affected by these risks. Because of the importance of agriculture in the economy and food security، some strategies should be devised to reduce the risk that mechanization and infrastructure development for reducing the risk of cropping، expansion of insurance and crop diversification are taking place in this category. Hence، the present study has measured total factor productivity of agronomy and horticulture subsectors by using the Tornquist-Theil Index for years 1974-2007 and then by estimating a regression model، influence of the above factors on productivity has been evaluation. The average of total factor productivity growth of agronomy and horticulture subsectors was 0. 96 for this period. The results showed positive effect of crop diversification and insurance on productivity and also، it will be reduced by excessive use of tractor.

Crop insurance is a main tool for coping up with different adversities in farming. The purpose followed in this study was to identify the major motivating and determinant factors of re-purchase of crop insurance by and among already insured farmers. Survey research and Multi sectional sampling procedures employed used to select farmers. The sample consisted of two groups of farmers: 1) currently insured, 2) past time insured. Results indicate a high rate of re-purchase of crop insurance among farmers. A stepwise regression was employed to determine factors which influence farmer's willingness to re-purchase crop insurance. The regression revealed that satisfaction, perceived quality as well as cost value of insurance can significantly determine the re-purchase of insurance. Finally, some suggestions were put forward for more farmers’ willingness to re-purchase insurance.

Although farmers always have been seriously depended on the banks for their capital formation, but the more important issue, which has been less considered, is to investigate how the agricultural loans are spent by farmers and to explain principles of productive use of the loans. The present research aims to investigate how different groups of farmers spend the loans and to explain the related discriminatory variables. The sample (n=120) was selected through stratified sampling method, from a population including Khoy County farmers who had borrowed agricultural loan during 2002-2007 at least once (N=4592). The results showed that farmers were different from each other in terms of loan's spending behavior because of variables including "type of agricultural loan, use of crops insurance, monitoring times on the quality of loan use, loan amount, and educational level".