جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "agricultural" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد کشاورزی"

The purpose of this research was investigating the effecting factors on the adoption of agricultural supplemental insurance by Alborz Province farms. The type of research is descriptive-correlation that is done through survey method. Statistical population of research are farmers in the villages of Alborz province that throught Krejcy & Morgan table and clustered sampling was selected 317 people totally random. Main tool of this research is a questionnaire that it`s validity is obtained by using panel of experts and masters in the agricultural managment field. The reliability of the questionnaire is done through pre-test and by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, that was acceptable. The results of analysis regression are indicated annual agricultural income, awareness of insurance conditions, land ownership, having a non-agricultural job, level of education and riskiness well explain for 68.1% changes in adoption of agricultural supplemental insurance.

With increasing population, agricultural activities should provide enough food for 80 billion people around the world until 2030. Many farmers are dependent on chemical technologies for pest management and producing enough food. However, despite the many benefits, it is indicated that, chemicals and pesticides, may have bad consequences for the health of human being and environment. Hence, due to the response to concerns about common agricultural activities, the interest in organic products has been increased around the world. Increasing health problems and diseases associated with food products has made consumers to give more importance to buying these products. One of the people's reactions has been moving forward to using organic agricultural products. Many researchers, have proved that, organic products, are safer and better for people's health and unhealthy products are a threat for society. For instance, in developing countries, 5 million children under age of 5 are afflicted to illness symptoms caused by poisonous and chemical residues in food, and more than 3 million people die and in 2010 the World Health Organization has declared that; Iran, ranked 93rd out of 160 countries in the world for bad consequences of agriculture. Organic products have characteristics such as taste, health, and issues related to environment and animals' right, which are not tangible in the first sight. In some cases, when consuming or buying, consumers hardly understand these features. For success and development of organic products these features should be understood by consumers and they should be willing to pay for these products. Organic agricultural products have higher prices for several reasons (such as production conditions and issuing the certificate). Economically, the value of a product is equal to the sum of payments for that product, in addition to the consumers' welfare. Surplus consumer welfare is defined as the difference between the consumer's willingness to pay and the real price paid for it. In this regard the notion of willingness to pay can be defined as the total payment that reflects the difference between the surplus consumer welfare before and after adding or improving one characteristic of food. Many consumers are looking for food safety and they have tendency to pay more for healthy food products, because it simultaneously increases the level of utility and reduces the risks for health. A review of research literature on willingness to pay for organic agricultural products shows that most studies have been conditional on the costs of organic agricultural products and estimation of willingness to pay for them by methods such as valuation and less attention have been paid to the reasons that make consumers to pay for these products. Hence, it seems that an exploratory study for identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the willingness to pay for organic agricultural products has a great importance. Therefore, the purpose of present study is identification and prioritization of factors affecting the willingness to pay for organic agricultural products.

This research in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of research method, is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study included all consumers of organic agricultural products of Bioneshan shops in Tehran, who have been using these products at the time of collecting the research data on November 2018. To determine the sample size, Comrey and Lee patterns were used, and 384 samples were selected by sampling method. Analyzing the research data was done by SPSS and EXCEL software.

Before conducting an exploratory factor analysis, in order to identify factors affecting willingness to pay for organic agricultural products, and in order to ensure that existing data can be used and the number of data is appropriate for factor analysis and the adequacy of exploratory Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sample size, Bartlett test was used. In the next step, for exploratory factor analysis, research data were analyzed by using main components analysis method and the choice of varimax rotation method. The results of exploratory factor analysis show that, factors affecting willingness to pay for organic agricultural products consist of seven elements or dimensions. These include the quality of products, perceived benefits, income levels, information barriers and access to products, environmental concerns, life styles and food safety. These seven identified factors totally define 68/123% variance of affecting factors on willingness to pay for organic agricultural products. In order to prioritize the factors affecting the willingness to pay for organic agricultural products Shannon entropy was used. According to respondents, food safety is ranked first in terms of its importance.

The first identified factor is the quality of the products which corresponds with the studies of Krystallis and Chryssohoidis (2005) and Villanueva and colleagues (2015). One of the factors that causes the consumer to focus on a product, is the quality of that product. Organic agricultural products are not exceptions to this fact and more than being organic, their quality should be considered as well. The fact that products should be both organic and have a high quality, is difficult due to the lack of chemical and artificial compounds. The second identified factor is perceived benefits, which correspond with the studies of Van doorn and verhoef (2011) and Zaho and colleagues (2018). Consumers consider some benefits for themselves of using each product. In order to enhance the willingness to pay for organic agricultural products, People who are active in agricultural activities, should try to increase the level of perceived benefits in consumers. The third identified factor is income level which corresponds with the studies of Nandy and colleagues (2017) and Vapa-Tankosic and colleagues (2018). One of the obstacles to the expansion of organic agricultural products is people's low income level and higher prices of organic agricultural products. The forth identified factor is information barriers and access to products which corresponds with the studies of Nandy and colleagues (2017) and Sriwaranun and colleagues (2015). Lack of information about organic agricultural products and inadequate supply and availability affects the willingness to pay for them. By increasing information about the benefits of these products the interest in paying for these products will be increased. So when the supply and access to these products can easily happen, and people have access to these products in different stores, the desire to use and pay for this products increases and with increasing supply, the price of these products reduces. The fifth identified factor is environmental concerns, which corresponds to the studies of Nandy and colleagues (2017) and konuk and colleagues (2018). Many people by understanding that organic agricultural products entail less harm to the living environment, are satisfied with paying more for these products. The sixth identified factor is lifestyle, which corresponds to the studies of Skreli and colleague (2017). People who primarily establish a healthy lifestyle for themselves, and care about their health more, have willing to pay for organic agricultural products as a healthy product. The seventh identified factor is food safety which corresponds with the studies of Budak and colleagues (2006) and Chen and colleagues (2015). According to food respondents, food safety has the top priority. Consumers should be certain about the organic state of the products and their health in order to have desire to pay for them.

The agricultural price fluctuations are one of the main problems in front of producers and policy makers especially in developing countries. In this regards price prediction play an important role in control of price instabilirt and risk reduction. The current study attempted to select a proper pattern to predict the major agricultural as well as selected crops in Kurdistan province (wheat, Alfa- Alfa and Potato). Data were collected from retailer price of wheat, Alfa-Alfa and potato crops ducring 2000-2013 for each six months. To acsses stability of data the Dicky Fuller used and it could get stable and predictable at one different deduction level. The patternd used in the srudy are ARIMA, MA and AR. The results showed that, among three used pattern ARIMA respect to evaluation criteria precision follow less error and has more power in prediction in case of selected crops.

Weather factors such as temperature has an enormous influence on agriculture. Therefore, efficient weather risk management has become an urgent requirement for this sector. In recent years, a new instrument named weather derivatives has been introduced to cope with production risk. So, this paper aims at designing and pricing the temperature-based weather derivatives (WD) in order to reduce risk exposure for Iranian agriculture industry. For this purpose, a put option with cumulated growing degree days (GDD) as its underlying index has been selected   We first examine the relationship behavior of temperature and yield for wheat and Rice in Shiraz. Then, for designing and pricing WD in agriculture, GDD index has been selected as one of the most widely used temperature indicators in agricultural sector. We design this contract for each stage of wheat and rice life cycles instead of designing one contract for crop’s growing seasons. So, the life cycles of two crops (Wheat and Rice) divided into 7 stages titled: Emergence, Tillering, and stem elongation, Gravidity, Flowering, Milky ripe and Maturity. Since contract design happens during these stages, we have 6 contracts for each product. Each contract starts with the beginning of one stage and continues until the other stagestarts.
The GDD index is calculated based on the temperature data and the life cycles of the wheat and rice in Shiraz. So, the long-term mean of GDD is calculated as the Strike level of put option contract. The simulation method based on daily temperature data is used for pricing the contracts. Finally, the expected payoff and the price of the options are determined using the Monte Carlo simulation method.   The results revealed a significantly positive relationship between wheat yield and GDD as well as a positive impact of GDD on Rice yield. This implies that increasing growing degree days would increase wheat and rice yield. The R2 coefficient also indicates that 76 percent of the variations in yield of wheat and rice are explained by the growing degree day's index. Therefore, the design of temperature based weather derivatives contracts will have high efficiency in order to cover the risk of farmers.
As expected, rice has a relatively higher strike price than wheat as rice-groups accumulate GDD in warm seasons. We assume that the annual risk-free interest rate r is 15 percent and the expected payoff also the price of the contract put option is calculated based on 10000 Monte Carlo simulations. Based on the results, the most wheat payoff in Shiraz was related to the second contract (from the November 21st to the March 6st). Therefore, the use of the temperature option in this period will compensate farmers for their loss. In terms of rice, the most payoffs in Shiraz have occurred in the twelfth contract (Aug 19st to Oct 17st).   Financial weather derivatives (WD) are designed to serve as hedging instruments against weather risk and to balance the income of producers such as farmers. WD was first traded in 1997 and since then their popularity has increased. However, weather derivatives as well as designing and pricing of contracts based on weather has not been introduced in Iran. Therefore, in present research, while introducing the mechanism of the weather derivatives and options based on weather indicators the designing and pricing of put option contracts based on temperature have been discussed in Shiraz. For this purpose, GDD index has been selected as one of the most widely used temperature indicators in agricultural sector. The GDD index is calculated based on the temperature data and the life cycles of the wheat and rice in Shiraz. So, the long-term mean of GDD is calculated as the Strike level of put option contract. The simulation method based on daily temperature data is used for pricing the contracts. Finally, the expected payoff and the price of the options are determined using the Monte Carlo simulation method. As discussed before, the temperature options for each city and product are designed based on the different stages of life cycles of the crops so we plan and set the price of put options for six different time periods. Based on the results, the most wheat payoff in Shiraz was related to the second contract during the November 21st to the March 6st. Therefore, the utilization of the temperature option in this period will compensate farmers for their loss. In the case of rice, the most payoffs in Shiraz have occurred in the twelfth contract (Aug 19st to Oct 17st). Therefore, it is recommended to use the results of the present study to launch a weather derivative’s market. In addition, it is vital to change and revise these contracts by conducting various studies about the effects of changing contracts specifications on farmers and other Contributors in the market.

Nowadays, continuous growth of developed countries and the rapid growth in developing countries is owing to use of energy. But in recent decades the need to move towards sustainable development, public has thinks to increasing energy productivity to upgrade the production by the specific energy consumption. The other hand, researchers believe that the move to a diversified production system and Economies of Scope due to its, can increase the productivity of inputs. Hence, the present study has been checke the causal relationship between energy productivity and diversity of activities in the agricultural sector by the Toda-Yamamoto causality and Bounds tests. The results indicate the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship from energy productivity to diversity of activities. So, due to the positive influence of energy productivity from diversity of agricultural activities, suggested that government rather than various supportion policies from specific products, encourage agricultural system to more diversification.

The effects of trade liberalization on the agricultural sector's trade balance of Iran using ARDL model has been surveyed in this study during the period 1982-2012. Based on the results, variables of value-added agriculture, import price index, and currency have a significant and positive relationship with the agricultural sector's trade balance in short and long-term. Variables of earnings of oil sector and export price index are significant in the short term, but in the long run its coefficient is not significant. Also, agricultural trade liberalization index has a negative and significant effect on agricultural sector's trade balance of Iran in short and long run. Coefficient of the error correction model show that 60% of the imbalance disappear in each period. According to the results, trade liberalization led to worsening the agricultural sector's trade balance. So, it is essential that trade liberalization policy is implementing cautiously and policies with respect to global conditions and advantages of the agriculture sector is making and the maximum capacity of the agricultural sector was used in order to optimize the use of production resources.

The Purpose of this research was to determine the attitude of agricultural advisory and technical engineers towards ANREO. The population of this study included 127 engineers in Songhor Township. Based on their job tenure and field of study, a purposeful sample of 45 engineers participated in this study. This study was conducted using Q methodology. It is a combination of qualititative and quantitative methods to identify people´s mindset. Using focus group interview, 25 statements were derived and recorded on each Q card. In the next step, all 25 validated cards were handed over to participants for sorting. Results of Q factor analysis revealed that engineers hold four mindset (visionary, critically, constructivist and conservative look)towards ANREO. The result of this study has implications for ANREO in Kermanshah province. If ANREO is to attract and retain more members, they need to take members’ attitude into consideration.

In recent years، multifunctional agriculture as a new paradigm of agriculture and rural development was introduced to the world. Multifunctional indicates that the inclusion of agricultural production functions (food، fiber) and unproductive functions (field of employment and income، strengthening social capital، conservation of biodiversity and genetic enhancement of rural industries، represented beautiful landscape partially) is Multi-purpose farming، villagers and farmers benefit from، all the blessings of the agricultural sector. Hence، the aim of this study was to identify and determine the terms of agricultural practices agriculture and rural development experts using the Delphi Method. By using purposed sampling، 15 were identified as members of the Delphi panel. This study was conducted in three rounds، 7 functions as functions as functions of unproductive agricultural crop production and 33 performance in Subheading 8 (social functions and cultural، political، economic، educational، sociology of knowledge، art، environmental ecological and ecological) were identified. The most important functions of production - the production of food، feed and fiber production and the most important functions of the unproductive to food security، employment creation earn money، social investment، exports and exchange technology، conservation biodiversity and natural resources، especially soil and water production base pointed.

Detection of influential variables on acceptance of agricultural and horticultural products insurance by farmers can improve the proper policy making processes in this section. In this study, several variables such as bank loans beneficiation, number of family members, cultivation area (ha), damage compensation, participation to promotion classes, farming experiences (year), education level, age, income source, and awareness of farmers regarding the agricultural products insurance was taken in to consideration as the basic variables in admission or rejection of insurance of the citrus and paddy products in Sari and Ghaemshahr townships. Logit model results indicated that some variables such as number of family members, education level and income source had direct and significant effect on the citrus insurance acceptance by farmers whereas some other variables such as cultivation area showed the inverse significant effect in this regards. Furthermore, in case of paddy farmers, variables such as age, bank loans beneficiation and income level directly and significantly affected the insurance acceptance whereas, numbers of family members have a negative effect in this regards.

Purpose of this paper is Identify mechanisms for employing the Forestry Alumni by Agricultural and Natural Resources Engineering Organization (ANREO). This organization is a NGO with aims member’s right supporting, employment creation and tag determining and following the member’s demands. Regarding to global policies toward privatization, delegation, decentralization and cumulative unemployment rate of Agricultural and natural Resources alumni in Iran can use this organization for alumni’s employment task. Dominant paradigm in this research is qualitative paradigm. Statistical population of this research consist ANREO’s experts, responsibilities and members, experts of natural resources bureau in Lorestan province. Data were gathered by Semi Structured Interview and triangulation of interviewees was doing for research accuracy. finding showed that this organization have some problems in its activities; such as having multi responsibilities of stakeholders, haven’t intersectional collaborations, lower the alumni’s economic situation, higher expectances of members. For improving the ANREO roles are recommended such as Entrepreneurial education, establishing the collaborating committee between organizations and universities, revising in curricula for applicability of them, government attending for executing the privatization policies completely, government systemic supportive from ANREO, using the experiences and financing of international organizations and donors, employing the alumni in educational and research era, interaction with provincial responsibilities and policy makers for sustainability of ANREO role and relationship and collaborating between provinces and staff.